初中定語從句專題講解

初中定語從句專題解說.初中定語從句專題解說.11/11初中定語從句專題解說.定語從句專題解說一、基本見解:在復合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。Doyouknowthemanwhospokeatthemeetingjustnow?Thatisthehousewherehelivedtenyearsago.定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞;定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來指引,關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連結(jié)作用,同時又作從句中的一個成分。指引定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有:that,who,whom,whose,which,as關(guān)系副詞有:when,where,why.二、關(guān)系詞的用法:(一關(guān)系代詞的用法:1.作主語用who,which和that,如:Heisthemanwho/thatlivesnextdoor.Thetrainwhich/thathasjustleftisforShenzhen.2.作賓語用whom,who,which,that,如:Theman(whom/who/thatwehavejustseenisafamouswriter.Whereisthebook(which/thatIboughtlastweek?注:在非正式文體中,用于指人的關(guān)系代詞whowhom,that平時能夠省略,但在正式文體中平時用whom,不可以省略;用于指物的關(guān)系代詞which和that在非正式文體中也平時省略,但在正式文體中一般不省略。3.作定語用whose,如:(aHeisthemanwhosecarwasstolenlastweek.(bItwasameetingwhoseimportanceIdidnotrealizeatthattime注.:“whose名+詞中心詞”這一構(gòu)造在定語從句中既能作主語(如上a句,又能作賓語(如上b句。whose的先行詞常用來指人,但有時也能夠用來指詳細事物或抽象見解,這時能夠與ofwhich構(gòu)造交換,詞序是:“名詞+ofwhich”,如:Theycametoahousewhosebackwallhadbrokendown..(=thebackwallofwhichHe’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(=whosename4.作表語只用that,它既能夠指人,也能夠指物,但經(jīng)常省略。如:Heisnolongerthemanthatheusedtobe.Thisisnolongerthedirtyplace(thatitusedtobe.(二關(guān)系副詞的用法:1.when指時間,在從句中作時間狀語,它的先行詞平時有:time,day,morning,night,week,year等。如:IstillrememberthetimewhenIfirstbecameacollegestudent.DoyouknowthedatewhenLincolnwasborn?注:when經(jīng)常能夠省略,特別是在某些句型和某些時間狀語中。如:Eachtimehecame,hedidhisbesttohelpus.Buthelpneverstoppedcomingfromthedayshefellill.2.where指地址,在從句中作地址狀語。它的先行詞常有:place,spot,street,house,room,city,town,country等。Thisisthehotelwheretheyarestaying.IforgetthehousewheretheSmithslived.注:where有時也能夠省略。如:Thisistheplace(wherewemetyesterday.3.why指原由或原由,它的先行詞只有reason。如:Thatisthereasonwhyheisleavingsosoon.注:why經(jīng)常也能夠省略。如:Thatistherealreasonhedidit.(三使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意以下幾點:1.這三個關(guān)系副詞在乎義上都相當于必定的介詞+which構(gòu)造:when=on(in,at,during+which;where=in(at,on+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhichhearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhichheworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhichwedidit.2.當先行詞是表時間的time,day等和表地址的place,house等時,必定要注意分析從句的構(gòu)造,假如缺乏主語或賓語時,關(guān)系詞應(yīng)當用which或that,缺乏時間狀語或地址狀語時,才能用when或where,試比較:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.when和where既能夠指引限制性定語從句,也能夠指引非限制性定語從句。而why只好指引限制性定語從句。三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句1.限制性定語從句說明先行詞的狀況,對先行詞起限制作用,與先行詞關(guān)系十分親密,不可以用逗號分開,也不可以省略,不然全句意義就不圓滿。如:Thisisthetelegramwhichherefersto.Isthereanything(thatIcandoforyou?2.非限制性定語從句但是對先行詞作增補說明,沒有限制作用,它與先行詞的關(guān)系比較廢弛,因此不是重點性的,假如省略,原句的意義仍舊圓滿。這類從句在朗誦時要有停留,在文字中平時用逗號與主句分開。如:ThisnotewasleftbyTom,whowashereamomentago.Asaboy,hewasalwaysmakingthings,mostofwhichwereelectric引.導非限制性定語從句的關(guān)系詞有:who,whom,whose,which,when和where,不可以夠夠用that和why。其他,非限制性定語從句從意義上講,相當于一個并列句,在口語中使用其實不廣泛,在平時生活中,人們平時用并列句或簡單句來表達。如:ItoldthestorytoJohn,wholaterdidittohisbrother.ItoldthestorytoJohn,andhelatertoldittohisbrother.YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohn,whowaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.=YesterdayIhappenedtoseeJohnandhewaseagertohaveatalkwithyou.3.兩種定語從句的內(nèi)涵不同樣,限制性定語從句擁有涉他性,而非限制性定語從句擁有獨一性,這在理解和翻譯時應(yīng)特別注意。試比較:Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.Allthebookstherethathavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.只(有一個HisbrotherwhoisaPLAmaniseighteenyearsold.不(止一個4.有時,非限制性定語從句所修飾的不是某一個詞,而是整個主句或是主句中的一個部分,這時一般采納which或as來指引。當整個主句(先行詞在從句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。eg:Hepassedtheexam,which/ashehopedhewould.Hehaslefthere,whichgreatlyupsetsme.注:(1as指引的從句能夠放在主句以前,而which指引的從句只好放在主句今后。Theyarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.Asisknowntoall,TaiwanisapartofChina.(2從意義上講,which指前面主句的內(nèi)容;而as指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識性的東西,因此常譯成“就象那樣”。(3假如定語從句的內(nèi)容對主句的內(nèi)容起悲觀作用或當非限制定語從句為否認時,則常用which,而不用as,如:Shestoleherfriend’smoney,whichwasdisgraceful.Hetoreupmyphoto,whichupsetme.Tomdrinksaloteveryday,whichhiswifedoesn’tlikeatall.5.在正式文體中,以theway為先行詞的限制性定語從句平時以inwhich或that指引,如:Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.但在非正式文體中,人們平時省略inwhich或that:Theway(inwhichhespoketouswassuspicious.Idon’tliketheway(thatyoulaughather.四.關(guān)系詞的選擇1.在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作主語,只好用who指人,which指物;關(guān)系代詞做賓語,常用whom(口語中有時用who指人,which指物,它們都不可以夠用that取代。2.關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語,無論是在限制性定語從句中,仍是在非限制性定語從句中,當介詞前置時,只好用whom指人,which指物;但假如介詞后置,則不受這類限制,關(guān)系代詞還能夠夠省去,特別是在口語中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(thatshewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/thathewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.3.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指物時,關(guān)系詞可用which或that,二者常能夠交換;但在以下狀況中,只好用that,不用which:(1當先行詞是all,alot,(alittle,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等詞時。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.(2當先行詞被all,anyno,much,little,few,every等限制詞所修飾時。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.(3當先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.(4當先行詞是形容詞最高等或被形容詞最高等所修飾,以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高等同時修飾時,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.(5當先行詞被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修飾時。如:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.(6當先行詞為指人和指物的兩個并列名詞詞組時。如:TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.(7當主句是以which,who,what開頭的特別疑問句時。如:Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoisthepersonthatismakingthislecture?4.用which而不用that的狀況:①指引非限制性定語從句;②代表整個主句的意思;③介詞+關(guān)系代詞。e.g.Hehadfailedinthemathsexam,whichmadehisfatherveryangry他.數(shù)學考試沒有及格,這使他的父親很生氣。Thisistheroominwhichmyfatherlivedlastyear.這是父親昨年居住過的房屋。5.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指人時,關(guān)系詞可用who(m或that,二者?？苫Q。但在以下狀況中,用who(m,而不用that:(1當先行詞是one,ones,any,few,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody等詞時。如:Isthereanyonewhocananswerthisquestion?Hewasamongthefewwhomanagedtolivethroughtheenemyprisoncamp注.:在非正式文體中能夠說:You’retheonethatknowswheretogo.當(2先行詞是he,they,those,people,person等詞時。如:Hewhowantstocatchfishjustnotmindgettingwet.Thosewhoareagainsttheproposalputupyourhands.注:在固定構(gòu)造的諺語或習語中,可用hethat。如:Hethatpromisestoomuchmeansnothing.(3當先行詞有較長的后置定語修飾時。如:Doyouknowthewriterinbluewiththickglasseswhoisspeakingatthemeeting?(4在分開式定語從句中,若先行詞指人,為了明確修飾關(guān)系,應(yīng)當用who(m。如:AnewmasterwillcametomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.There’sonlyonestudentintheschoolwho/whomIwantedtosee.Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.(5兩個定語從句同時修飾一個指人的先行詞,第二個定語從句常用who(m來指引,如:SheistheonlygirlIknowwhocanplaytheguitar.在限制性定語從句中,當先行詞指人時,在以下狀況中,一般用關(guān)系詞that:(1當主句是以who或which開頭的特別疑問句時。如:Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?Whichofusthatknowsanythingdoesnotknowthis?(2當先行詞被形容詞最高等或序數(shù)詞所修飾時。如:Heisthegreatestmanthathaseverlived.(3當先行詞被theonly,thevery,thelast等詞所修飾時。如:Sheistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.當先行詞被thesame所修飾時,關(guān)系詞既能夠用as,也能夠用that。在表示詳細事物時,有時二者有必定的差別。一般說來,表示同一種類多用as,表示同一事物多用that。如:ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday這.就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday這.臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺一樣。在抽象見解上,同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區(qū)其他,因此兩個詞可換用:Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.這里要注意的是:(1使用as時,它指引的定語從句中的動詞能夠省略,但使用that時,定語從句中的動詞不可以省略。如:Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2在“thesamethat構(gòu)造”中,that但是用來增強語氣,重申“同樣”。that能夠省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的same也能夠省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday