2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國社會科學院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號64

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國社會科學院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Withalltheseartsandpursuitsofpracticallife,theintellectualbusinessofthinking—ofsuchthinkingatleastasiscommontomostmen—andofcommunicatingthought,hasasortofaffinityandresemblance.For,unquestionably,itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomyandprudentstewardshipofthatever-shiftingmassofincomingandoutgoingthoughtswhichmakeupourintellectualestateandproperty.Andthisisthemorenecessarythegreaterarethetreasuresofthoughtpossessedbyourage.For,inthehighlyrapidinterchangeofandtrafficinideas,whichiscarryingon,thereceiptsanddisbursementsarenotalwaysdulybalanced.Thereismuchcause,therefore,tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould,byallmeans,wishtogainavictory,notindeedforyou,butwithyou,oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought,whichare,however,butcheatsandcounterfeitswhichdistractthemindsofthepresentgeneration,disturbtheharmonyoflife,andbanishpeaceevenfromtheintellectualworld.Andasrespectsthethirdillustration:Ishouldindeedrejoiceashaving,inagreatmeasure,attainedmyobject,ifonlyIshallsucceedindirectingyourattentiontosomestarinthehigherregionofintellect,whichhithertowaseithertotallyunknown,or,atleast,neverbeforefullyobserved.Butaboveall,Ithinkitnecessarytoobservefurther,thatinthesamewayasphilosophylosessightofitstrueobjectandappropriatematter,wheneitheritpassesintoandmergesintheology,ormeddleswithexternalpolitics,soalsodoesitmaritsproperformwhenitattemptstomimictherigorousmethodofmathematics.InthemiddleofthelastcenturyscarcelywastheretobefoundaGermanmanualforanyofthesciencesthatdidnotapethemathematicalstyle,andwhereeverysinglepositioninthelongarrayofinterminableparagraphsdidnotconcludewiththesolemnactofdemonstrativephraseology.Butitisalsowellknownthatthephilosophywhichwaspropoundedinthisinappropriateformandmethodwascrammedfoilof,nay,rather,washardlyanythingmorethanatissueofarbitrary,nowforgotten,hypotheses,whichhavenotbroughttheworldatallnearertothetruth—notatleasttothattruthwhichphilosophyisinsearchof,andwhichissomethinghigherthanamereexampleofaccuratecomputation.Andeveninthepresentday—although,indeed,theapplicationismadeinaverydifferentwayfromformerly—Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies,inwhichallthings,eventhemostopposite,admitofbeingcomprisedandblendedtogether.But,beitasitmay,thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction.Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual(Geistige).Asinacorrectarchitecturalstructureitisnecessarythatallitspartsshouldbeinunison,andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably,soineveryphilosophicalcommunication,thesolidsimplebasisbeinglaid,thearrangementofalltheparts,andthecarefulrejectionandexclusionofallforeignmatter,isthemostessentialpoint,bothforinternalcorrectnessandexternalperspicuity.But,intruth,thematterinhandbearsafarcloserresemblanceandaffinitytonaturalobjectswhichliveandgrow,thantoanylifelessedificeofstone;toagreattree,forinstance,noblyandbeautifullyspreadingoutonallsidesinitsmanyarmsandbranches.Assuchatreestrikesthehastyandpassingglance,itformsasomewhatirregularandnotstrictlyfinishedwhole;thereitstands,justasthestemhasshotupfromtheroot,andhasdivideditselfintoacertainnumberofbranches,andtwigs,andleaves,whichlivinglymovebackwardandforwardinthefreeair.Butexamineitmoreclosely,andhowperfectappearsitswholestructure!Howwonderfulthesymmetry,howminutelyregulartheorganizationofallitsparts,evenofeachlittleleafanddelicatefiber!Inthesamewaywilltheever-growingtreeofhumanconsciousnessandlifeappearinphilosophy,wheneveritisnottornfromitsrootsandstrippedofitsleavesbyapretendedwisdom,butisvividlyapprehendedbyatruescience,andexhibitedandpresentedtothemindinitslifeanditsgrowth.

1.Themainpurposeofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whatistheauthor’sconcernasexpressedthroughthefirstmetaphoricexposition?

3.Thesecondconcernoftheauthorrefersto

（

）.

4.Whatisthefunctionoftheauthor’sfrequentusageofrhetoricalfiguresofspeech?

5.Inthepassage,theauthoroutlinesapleafor（

）.

問題1選項

A.toclarifythesystemofeconomictheory

B.tosuggestanewsystemofphilosophy

C.tocriticizethesystemofmathematics

D.toillustratethesystematicdialectics

問題2選項

A.Randomdisbursementofproposalsandhypothesis.

B.Aconfusionofalgebraicformularies.

C.Anunwarrantedlossofappropriatereference.

D.Violationofintellectualpropertyrights.

問題3選項

A.avariegatedsetoffallacies

B.acantankeroustypeofpessimism

C.unqualifiedquackery

D.theproliferationofmetaphysics

問題4選項

A.Definition.

B.Clarification.

C.Exemplification.

D.Illustration.

問題5選項

A.rigor

B.topicality

C.reliability

D.flexibility

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:1.主旨大意題。文中提到“itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomy”，這是眾多關(guān)系創(chuàng)建明智經(jīng)濟體的哲學問題之一。其中it是指前面的“theintellectualbusinessofthinking”，后續(xù)圍繞哲學及思想展開闡述，因此B選項“提出一種新的哲學體系”符合題意。

第2題:2.判斷推理題。作者的第一次metaphoricexposition“隱喻性闡述”出現(xiàn)在“…tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.”即擔憂對最高貴的精神天賦的輕率和奢侈的揮霍會成為普遍現(xiàn)象，擔憂由于缺乏可靠的資本安全地投資于重要的思想和永恒的真題，虛假和毫無根據(jù)的信用體系會涌現(xiàn)出來。所以作者擔心的是思想天賦的消耗，C選項“不適當?shù)膿p失”符合題意。

第3題:3.判斷推理題。文中提到“Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould…wishtogainavictory…oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought”，本句說到，作者希望戰(zhàn)勝思想中的那些錯誤和假想。因此A選項“各種錯誤的見解”符合題意。

第4題:4.寫作手法題。文中幾處“hasasortofaffinityandresemblance”“Asforthesecondsimile”“andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably”等修辭手法都是為了生動說明文中提出的新哲學體系。因此B選項clarification“說明”符合題意。

第5題:5.作者意圖題。在文中，作者由“Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies…thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction”說到德國哲學只是一些代數(shù)公式，這種復雜的機械示范永遠不會產(chǎn)生真正的、內(nèi)在的、充分的信念。后又說到“Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual”，哲學真正需要的方法是與前面提及的德國哲學相反的。通過前后文，作者呼吁的是與“機械示范”相對的“靈活性”，因此D選項符合題意。

2.單選題

Thatwasaman-madedisasterthatclearly[A]couldhaveavertedifthefederalgovernment,specificallytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency,[B]hadquicklymarshaled[C]thepoliticalwillandresourcestoevacuatethosewithoutaccesstocars,insteadofpromotingonitsWebsiteafaith-basedcharity[D]thatwasclearlynomatchfortheproblem.

問題1選項

A.couldhaveaverted

B.hadquicklymarshaled

C.thepoliticalwill

D.thatwas

【答案】A

【解析】考查被動語態(tài)。A選項前的主語aman-madedisaster“人為的災(zāi)難”，與avert“避免”之間應(yīng)為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)將couldhaveaverted改為couldhavebeenaverted。

3.單選題

Thefounders,aswasthecaseofalmostalltheirsuccessors,werelongonexhortationandrhetoricregardingthevalueofciviceducation,buttheyleftittothetextbookwriterstodistilltheessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren.

問題1選項

A.infuse

B.disseminate

C.extract

D.demonstrate

【答案】C

【解析】劃線詞的賓語是theessenceofthosevaluesforschoolchildren，從那些價值觀中……本質(zhì)。A選項infuse“灌輸；浸漬”；B選項disseminate“宣傳；散步”；C選項extract“提取；提煉”；D選項demonstrate“證明；展示”。聯(lián)系句意可知“從那些價值觀中提取本質(zhì)”邏輯通順，因此C選項符合題意。

4.單選題

Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congressisthepowertoinvestigate,whichisusuallydelegated[A]tocommittees—either[B]standingcommittees,specialcommittees[C]setforaspecificpurpose,orjointcommittees[D]consistedofmembersofbothhouses.

問題1選項

A.to

B.standing

C.setfor

D.consisted

【答案】D

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句中的jointcommittees是consistof“由……組成”的邏輯主語。且consistof不能用被動語態(tài)，應(yīng)將D選項consisted改為consisting。

5.單選題

Detailedstudiesofthetribebythefoodscientistsat[A]theUniversityofLondonshowedthatgatheringisamoreproductivesourceoffood[B]thanishunting.Anhourofhuntingyields[C]onaverageabout100ediblecalories[D]asanhourofgatheringproduces240.

問題1選項

A.the

B.thanishunting

C.on

D.as

【答案】D

【解析】考查語義邏輯。D選項處“Anhourofhuntingyieldsonaverageabout100ediblecalories”與后面“anhourofgatheringproduces240”形成對比，應(yīng)將as改為可表示對比關(guān)系的while或whereas。

6.單選題

Thepolice[A]haddecidednottoproceedwithaprosecutionagainstIrwin,[B]clearlyrecognizingthatitwashighlyunlikelythatanyjuryintheland[C]wouldwishtopunishhimfordoingsomethingthatdoctorshavelongdoneinthefinalmomentsofa[D]patient’sorfriend’slives.

問題1選項

A.haddecided

B.clearlyrecognizing

C.wouldwish

D.patient’sorfriend’slives

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞用法。D選項處apatient’s和afriend’s中間是or，因此后面的life為單數(shù)形式，應(yīng)把lives改為life。

7.單選題

Ifthestateofourknowledgewere（

）itprovideduswithamodelofunquestionedvaliditythatcompletelyexplainedhumanbehavior,wecaneliminatealldisagreement.

問題1選項

A.suchthat

B.suchas

C.assuch

D.sothat

【答案】A

【解析】考查同位語從句。suchthat連用時，such為代詞，that引導的從句做such的同位語。句中such指代thestateofourknowledge，后面that引導從句對這個詞語作進一步解釋，因此A選項符合題意。

8.單選題

Aconditionisanessentialtermofthecontract.Ifacontractisnotperformed,itmayconstituteasubstantialbreachofcontractandallowtheotherpartyto（

）thecontract,thatis,treatthecontractasdischargedorterminated.

問題1選項

A.repudiate

B.spurn

C.decline

D.halt

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項repudiate“拒絕，拒不履行（法律）；否定”；B選項spurn“擯棄；藐視”；C選項decline“謝絕；下降；衰落”；D選項halt“停止；躊躇”。句意：條件是合同的一個重要條款。如果合同不履行，就可能構(gòu)成對合同的實質(zhì)性違約，并允許另一方……合同，即將合同視為解除或終止。因此A選項符合題意。

9.單選題

TheBuddhistreligiondevelopedfromtheteachingsofShakyamuniBuddha,wholivedfromabout563to483BCEinthepresent-dayregionsofNepalandcentralIndia.Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a“world-conqueringruler”—oraBuddha—a"fullyenlightenedbeing”.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain.Yettheprincewaseventuallyexposedtothesufferingofoldage,sickness,anddeath—theinevitablefateofallmortalbeings.Deeplytroubledbythehumancondition,Siddharthaatagetwenty-nineleftthepalace,hisfamily,andhisinheritancetoliveasanasceticinthewilderness.Aftersixyearsofmeditation,heattainedcompleteenlightenmentnearBodhGaya,India.

Followinghisenlightenment,theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.HereheexpoundedtheFourNobleTruths,whicharethefoundationofBuddhism:(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpathofrightview,rightresolve,rightspeech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,andrightconcentration.AftertheBuddha’sdeathattheageofeighty,hismanydisciplesdevelopedhisteachingsandestablishedtheworld’soldestmonasticinstitutions.

ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirththatotherwiseholdsusinitsgrip,whetherwearebornintotheworldofthegods,humans,animals,torturedspirits,orhellbeings.

TheearlyformofBuddhismknownasTheravadaorHinayana,stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself.TheravadaBuddhismhascontinuedinsouthIndia,SriLanka,andSoutheastAsia.Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen).CompassionforallbeingsisthefoundationofMahayanaBuddhism,whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.MahayanaBuddhismrecognizesBuddhasotherthanShakyamunifromthepast,present,andfuture.OnesuchisMaitreya,thenextBuddhatoappearonEarth.AnotheristheAmitabhaBuddha,theBuddhaofInfiniteLightandInfiniteLife(thatis,incorporatingallspaceandtime),whodwellsinparadiseknownastheWesternPureLand.AmitabhaBuddhabecameparticularlypopularinEastAsia.MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas(thosewhoseessenceiswisdom),saintlybeingswhoareonthebrinkofachievingBuddhahoodbuthavevowedtohelpothersachieveBuddhahoodbeforecrossingoverthemselves.

Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes.InHinduism,adeitymaydwellinitsimage,butinBuddhismportrayalsofBuddhasandbodhisattvasarerecognizedaspurelysymbolic,andnospiritisbelievedtoresidewithin.

1.WhichtypeofBuddhismdevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattva,andhowarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations?

2.WhichkindofBuddhismemphasizespersonaldevelopmentforthepurposeofachievingnirvana,andwhatisnirvana?

3.WhydidSiddhartha’sfathershelterhimwhenhewasyoung?

4.WhattypeofBuddhismflourishedhalfamillenniumaftertheBuddha’sdeath,andmainlydevelopedfurthertotheeast;whatwasitsmaingoal?

5.WhatarethefourNobleTruthsandwheredidtheBuddhafirstexpoundthisdoctrine?

問題1選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredressedlikeIndianprinces.

B.VajrayanaBuddhism,andtheyaredistinguishedbytheyellowhatsandsaffronrobestheywear.

C.ChanBuddhism,andtheycanbeidentifiedinartbytherobesthatcovertheirbodies.

D.TheravadaBuddhism,andtheyareidentifiedbytheprincelygarbofIndiathattheywear.

問題2選項

A.TheravadaBuddhism;theBuddhistequivalentoftheChristianheaven.

B.TheravadaBuddhism;thepersonalextinctionofthecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth.

C.HinayanaBuddhism;theextinctionofsamsara.

D.BothBandC.

問題3選項

A.Hewasafraidthathisson,whowouldonedaysucceedhimasking,mightgetsickanddieifhewereexposedtothedangersofeverydaylife.

B.Hewasworriedthathissonmightbecomegreatandchallengehisreign,andthatiswhyhetriedtodistracthimwithpleasure.

C.Helovedhissonverydeeplyanddidnotwantanypainorsicknesstoaffecthim;hewantedhimtoliveonlyintheperfect“world”thathecreatedforhim.

D.OraclesforetoldthatthebabySiddhartha,whenhegrewup,wouldeitherbeaworldconquerororafullyenlightenedbeing,buthisfatheronlywantedhimtobeanordinarykinglikehimself.

問題4選項

A.MahayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwasBuddhahoodforeverybeingthroughouttheuniverse.

B.ShakyamuniBuddism,anditsmaingoalwastoendsamsaraforeverybodhisattva.

C.ZenBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastobringthePureLandintothepresentworld.

D.VajrayanaBuddhism,anditsmaingoalwastosharetheBuddha’smessagethroughcreatingpurelysymbolicimagesoftheBuddhathroughpaintingsandsculptures.

問題5選項

A.Lifeissuffering;ignorantpeoplecausesuffering;ignorancecanbeovercome;onecanovercomeignorancebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingatBodhGayainIndia.

B.Lifeissuffering;sufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;ignorancecanbeovercomebycarefulstudy;hegavehisfirstteachingtothedeerthatgatheredaroundhimatBodhGayainIndia.

C.Lifeissuffering;thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachinginDeerParkatSamath.

D.Lifeissuffering;ignoranceisthecauseofsuffering;ignorancecanbeovercomebyfollowingtheeightfoldpath;hegavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:1.事實細節(jié)題。本題有兩個問題。第一個是“哪一種佛教擴大了菩薩的范疇”，第四段最后一句說到“MahayanaBuddhismalsodevelopedthecategoryofbodhisattvas…”，由此可知，是大乘佛教“MahayanaBuddhism”擴大了菩薩的范疇；第二個問題，howarebodhisattvasdistinguishedfromBuddhasinartisticrepresentations“菩薩與佛在藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)上有何不同”，最后一段第一句正說到了兩者在藝術(shù)方面的區(qū)別“Inart,bodhisattvasandBuddhasaremostclearlydistinguishedbytheirclothingandadornments:bodhisattvasweartheprincelygarbofIndia,whileBuddhaswearmonks’robes”，在藝術(shù)上，菩薩和佛最明顯的區(qū)別是他們的服飾：菩薩穿的是印度的公主服，而佛穿的是僧袍。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第2題:2.事實細節(jié)題。本題同樣有兩個問題。第一個問題“哪種佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展以達到涅槃的目的”，第四段第一句說到“TheearlyformofBuddhism…stressesself-cultivationforthepurposeofattainingnirvana,whichistheextinctionofsamsaraforoneself”，佛教的早期形式（小乘佛教）強調(diào)自我修養(yǎng)，以達到涅槃的目的，即不再輪回，因此是小乘佛教強調(diào)個人發(fā)展達到涅槃；第二個問題“什么是涅槃”，因為涅槃是佛教強調(diào)的個人發(fā)展目的，因此涅槃與佛有關(guān)，第三段中說到“ABuddhaisnotagodbutratheronewhoseestheultimatenatureoftheworldandisthereforenolongersubjecttosamsara,thecycleofbirth,deathandrebirth…”，佛陀不是神，而是一個看到世界終極本質(zhì)的人，因此不再受制于輪回，也就是生、死和重生的循環(huán)，由此可知，涅槃也就是不再受制于生、死和重生的循環(huán)。對比選項發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項符合題意。

第3題:3.事實細節(jié)題。題干中受到父親庇護的Siddhartha出現(xiàn)在文章第一段“Athisbirth,itisbelieved,seersforetoldthattheinfantprince,namedSiddharthaGautama,wouldbecomeeitherachakravartin—a‘world-conqueringruler'—oraBuddha—a‘fullyenlightenedbeing’.Hopingforarulerlikehimself,Siddhartha’sfathertriedtosurroundhissonwithpleasureandshieldhimfrompain”，釋迦牟尼在出生時，被預(yù)言他或?qū)⑹钦鞣澜绲慕y(tǒng)治者，或?qū)⑹且粋€完全開悟的人。他的父親希望他成為像自己一樣的統(tǒng)治者，想讓他免受痛苦而努力保護他。對比選項可知D選項正確。

第4題:4.事實細節(jié)題。本題又是兩個問題。第一個問題“什么樣的佛教在佛陀死后500年才興盛起來，而且主要在東方發(fā)展得更遠”，第四段第三句說到“Within500yearsoftheBuddha’sdeath,anotherformofBuddhism,knownasMahayana,becamepopularmainlyinnorthernIndia;iteventuallyflourishedinChina(asChanandVajrayana),andinKorea,Japan(asZen)”，佛陀去世后500年內(nèi)，另一種佛教形式大乘佛教主要在印度北部流行起來；它最終在中國（作為禪宗和藏傳佛教）和韓國、日本（作為禪宗）興盛起來。第二個問題“它的主要目的是什么”，第四段第四句說到“whosegoalisnotnirvanaforoneselfbutBuddhahood(Enlightenment)foreverybeingthroughouttheuniverse”，其目標不是為涅槃，而是為宇宙中的每一個眾生成佛（開悟）。對比選項可知A選項正確。

第5題:5.事實細節(jié)題。第二段中說到“theBuddha(EnlightenmentOne)gavehisfirstteachingintheDeerParkatSamath”，佛陀在薩馬斯的鹿園里進行了他的第一次教導，闡述了四圣諦的內(nèi)容：(1)lifeissuffering;(2)thissufferinghasacause,whichisignorance;(3)thisignorancecanbeovercomeandextinguished;(4)thewaytoovercomethisignoranceisbyfollowingtheeightfoldpath…對比選項可知C選項正確。

10.單選題

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

問題1選項

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項motivate“激勵；刺激”；B選項encompass“包含；包圍”；C選項entice“慫恿；誘使”；D選項undercut“削（價）競爭；削弱”。句意：1910年，超過60萬的黑人工人，或者說10%的黑人工人報告說他們從事“制造業(yè)和機械制造業(yè)”，這一聯(lián)邦人口普查類別大致……整個工業(yè)部門。綜合句意與選項可知B選項符合題意。

11.單選題

Sowhygothroughthe3-to-5year,gruelingandpainfulprocessofgettingadegreewhenyoucanjustgetajobstraightoutofcollegeandgetonwithyourlife,makingasalaryandworkingonstuffthatmatters?

問題1選項

A.arduous

B.hilarious

C.dreadful

D.straightforward

【答案】A

【解析】劃線詞grueling和后面的painful“痛苦的”都是用來描述獲得學位的過程。A選項arduous“努力的；費力的”；B選項hilarious“歡鬧的；情不自禁的”；C選項dreadful“可怕的；糟透的”；D選項straightforward“簡單的；徑直的”。綜合分析句意和選項，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項“費力的”更合適，C選項過于極端。

12.單選題

Thestudyconcludes:“Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone’spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecounterproductiveandevendangerous.”

問題1選項

A.disposition

B.resistance

C.apprehension

D.likeness

【答案】A

【解析】句意：某種形式的高自尊似乎會增加一個人對暴力的……。A選項disposition“處置；傾向”；B選項resistance“阻力；抵抗力”；C選項apprehension“理解；恐懼；逮捕”；D選項likeness“相似”。結(jié)合句意分析選項可知A選項“傾向”更符合題意。

13.翻譯題

TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintogoodChinese.

TheAmericantraditionhasfoundthisviewofhumanhistoryrepugnantandfalse.（1）

Thistraditionseestheworldasmany,notasone.Theseempiricalinstincts,thepreferenceforfactoverlogic,fordeedoverdogma,havefoundtheirmostbrilliantexpressioninthewritingsofWilliamJamesandintheapproachtophilosophicalproblemswhichJamescalled“radicalempiricism”.Againstthebeliefintheall-encompassingpowerofasingleexplanation,againstthecommitmenttotheabsolutismofideology,againstthenotionthatallanswerstopoliticalandsocialproblemscanbefoundinthebackofsomesacredbook,againstthedeterministicinterpretationofhistory,againstthecloseduniverse,（2）

Jamesstoodforwhathecalledtheunfinisheduniverse―auniversemarkedbygrowth,variety,ambiguity,mystery,andcontingency―auniversewherefreemenmayfindpartialtruths,butwherenomortalmanwillevergetanabsolutegriponAbsoluteTruth,auniversewheresocialprogressdependsnotoncapitulationtoasingle,all-consumingbodyof

doctrine,butonthe

unforced

intercourseofunconstrainedminds.

Thusideologyandpragmatismdifferradicallyintheirviewsofhistory.Theydifferjustasradicallyintheirapproachtoissuesofpublicpolicy.Theideologist,bymistakingmodelsforreality,alwaysmisleadsastothepossibilitiesandconsequencesofpublicdecision.Thehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyisarecordofthemanifoldwaysinwhichhumanityhasbeenbetrayedbyideology.

Letustakeanexamplefromcontemporaryhistory.（3）

Itisevidentnow,forexample,thatthechoicebetweenprivateandpublicmeans,thatchoicewhichhasobsessedsomuchrecentpoliticalandeconomicdiscussioninunderdevelopedcountries,isnotamatterofreligiousprinciple.Itisnotamoralissuetobedecidedonabsolutistgrounds,eitherbythoseontherightwhoregardtheuseofpublicmeansaswickedandsinful,orbythoseontheleftwhoregardtheuseofprivatemeanswickedandsinful.Itissimplyapracticalquestionastowhichmeanscanbestachievethedesiredend.Itisaproblemtobeanswerednotbytheologybutbyexperienceandexperiment.Indeed,Iwouldsuggestthatwemightwellbanishsomeoverloadedwordsfromintellectualdiscourse.Theybelongtothevocabularyofdemagoguery,nottothevocabularyofanalysis.

So,withtheinventionofthemixedsociety,pragmatismhastriumphedoverabsolutism.Asaconsequence,theworldiscomingtounderstandthatthemixedeconomyofferedtheinstrumentalitiesthroughwhichonecanunitesocialcontrolwithindividualfreedom.Butideologyisadrug;nomatterhowmuchitisexposedbyexperience,thecravingforitstillpersists.Thatcravingwill,nodoubt,alwayspersist,solongasthereishumanhungerforanall-embracing,all-explanatorysystem,solongindeedaspoliticalphilosophyisshapedbythecompulsiontoreturntothewomb.

Theoldestphilosophicalproblem,wehavenoted,istherelationshipbetweentheoneandtheoneandthemany.Surelythebasicconflictofourtimesispreciselytheconflictbetweenthosewhowouldreducetheworldtooneandthosewhoseetheworldasmany—betweenthosewhobelievethattheworldisevolvinginasingledirection,alongasinglepredestinedline,towardasinglepredestinedconclusion,andthosewhothinkthathumanityinthefuture,asinthepast,willcontinuetoevolveindiversedirections,towarddiverseconclusions,accordingtothediversetraditions,values,andpurposesofdiversepeoples.Itisachoice,inshort,betweendogmatismandpragmatism,betweenthetheologicalsocietyandtheexperimentalsociety.

Ideologistsareafraidofthefreeflowofideas,evenofdeviantideaswithintheirownideology.TheyareconvincedtheyhaveamonopolyontheTruth.Thereforetheyalwaysfeelthattheyareonlysavingtheworldwhentheyslaughtertheheretics.（4）

Theirobjectiveremainsthatofmakingtheworldoverintheimageoftheirdogmaticideology.Thegoalisamonolithicworld,organizedondieprincipleofinfallibility—buttheonlycertaintyinanabsolutesystemisthecertaintyofabsoluteabuse.

Thegoaloffreemenisquitedifferent.Freemenknowmanytruths,buttheydoubtwhetheranymortalmanknowstheTruth.Theirreligiousandtheirintellectualheritagejoininleadingthemtosuspectfellowmenwholayclaimtoinfallibility.TheybelievethatthereisnogreaterdelusionthanformantomistakehimselfforGod.（5）

Theyacceptthelimitationsofthehumanintellectandtheinfirmityofthehumanspirit.Thedistinctivehumantriumph,intheirjudgment,liesinthecapacitytounderstandthefrailtyofhumanstrivingbuttostrivenonetheless.

【答案】1.這種傳統(tǒng)將世界看成“多”，而不是“一”。威廉?詹姆斯的作品以及詹姆斯所謂的“激進經(jīng)驗主義”對待哲學問題的方法，最好地表達了這種經(jīng)驗主義的本能，即注重事實而不是推理，注重行為而不是教條。

2.詹姆斯主張被他稱為“未完成的世界”的觀點——一個以成長性、多樣性、不確定性、神秘性、偶然性為特征的世界——一個自由的人們可以找到部分真理、而不是某個凡人獨自掌握了絕對真理的世界；一個社會的進步不是依賴單一、耗盡所有精力的學說，而是依靠自由思想不受約束的交流的世界。

3.例如，在選擇公有制還是私有制的問題上，發(fā)展中國家在近來的政治經(jīng)濟討論中備受困擾，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很清楚了，這不是宗教原則問題。

4.他們的追求仍然是根據(jù)他們意識形態(tài)的教條概念去改造世界。他們的目標是按照確定無誤的理論，建造一個龐大而僵化的世界——然而，絕對的體制必然導致權(quán)力的濫用。

5.他們承認人類智力的局限性及心靈的脆弱性。根據(jù)他們的判斷，人類與眾不同的巨大成就在于他們懂得人類的奮斗雖然存在缺憾，但仍然奮斗不息的能力。

14.單選題

oncerningspeculation,philosophylooksuponthingsfromthebroadestpossibleperspective;forcriticism,ithasthetwofoldroleofquestioningandjudgingeverythingthatpertainseithertothefoundationsortothesuperstructureofhumanthinking.

問題1選項

A.inebriates

B.forsakes

C.relates

D.emaciates

【答案】C

【解析】Pertain作為后半句的定語從句中的謂語動詞，后面有to與之相搭配。選項中常與to搭配的只有relate。A選項inebriate“灌醉，使陶醉”；B選項forsake“放棄，斷念”；C選項relate“有聯(lián)系，涉及”；D選項emaciate“使消瘦”。從句意上來說，也只有C選項relate相符合。

15.單選題

Itisawell-knownhypothesisthatnewbornscanimmediatelyidentifythesmelloftheirmother'samnioticfluid;otherthanthisonepotentialexception,tasteinfragrancecanbethoughtofasnurturedintotalitybyexperienceandinfluence.Thereis,ofcourse,anargumentthatnatureintervenestotemperasubject'sagencybyinducingunfavorab