2022年考研考博-考博英語-東北大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號59

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-東北大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Forhundredsofmillionsofyears,turtleshavestruggledoutoftheseatolaytheireggsonsandybeaches,longbeforetherewerenaturedocumentariestocelebratethem,orGPSsatellitesandmarinebiologiststotrackthem,orvolunteerstohand-carrythehatchlingsdowntothewater’sedgelesttheybecomedisorientedbyheadlightsandcrawltowardsamotelparkinglotinstead.AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.Withallthatattentionpaidtothem,you’dthinkthesecreatureswouldatleasthavethegratitudenottogoextinct.

ButNatureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness,andareportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles,notablyloggerheads,whichcangrowtoasmuchas400pounds.TheSouthFloridanestingpopulation,thelargest,hasdeclinedby50%inthelastdecade,accordingtoElizabethGriffin,amarinebiologistwiththeenvironmentalgroupOceana.ThefigurespromptedOceanatopetitionthegovernmenttoupgradethelevelofprotectionfortheNorthAtlanticloggerheadsfrom“threatened”to“endangered”—meaningtheyareindangerofdisappearingwithoutadditionalhelp.

Theobviousquestion:whatelsedotheseturtleswantfromus,anyway?Itturnsout,accordingtoGriffin,thatwhilewehavedoneagoodjobofprotectingtheturtlesfortheweekstheyspendonland(asegg-layingfemales,aseggsandashatchlings),wehaveneglectedtheyearsspendintheocean.“Thethreatisfromcommercialfishing,”saysGriffin.Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.

Ofcourse,likeeveryotherenvironmentalissuetoday,thisisplayingoutagainstthebackgroundofglobalwarmingandhumaninterferencewithnaturalecosystems.Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Natureisindifferenttohumannotionsoffairness"(Line1，Para.2)?

3.WhatconstitutesamajorthreattothesurvivalofturtlesaccordingtoElizabethGriffin?

4.Howdoesglobalwarmingaffectthesurvivalofturtles?

5.Thelastsentenceofthepassageismeantto（）.

問題1選項

A.humanactivitieshavechangedthewayturtlessurvive

B.effortshavebeenmadetoprotectturtlesfromdyingout

C.governmentbureaucracyhascontributedtoturtles,extinction

D.marinebiologistsarelookingforthesecretofturtles’reproduction

問題2選項

A.Natureisquitefairregardingthesurvivalofturtles.

B.Turtlesarebynatureindifferenttohumanactivities.

C.Thecourseofnaturewillnotbechangedbyhumaninterference.

D.Theturtlepopulationhasdecreasedinspiteofhumanprotection.

問題3選項

A.Theirinadequatefoodsupply.

B.Unregulatedcommercialfishing.

C.Theirlowerreproductionability.

D.Contaminationofseawater.

問題4選項

A.Itthreatensthesandybeachesonwhichtheylayeggs.

B.Thechangingclimatemakesitdifficultfortheireggstohatch.

C.Therisingsealevelsmakeitharderfortheirhatchlingstogrow.

D.Ittakesthemlongertoadapttothehighbeachtemperature.

問題5選項

A.persuadehumanbeingstoshowmoreaffectionforturtles

B.stressthateventhemostuglyspeciesshouldbeprotected

C.callforeffectivemeasurestoensureseaturtles’survival

D.warnourdescendantsabouttheextinctionofspecies

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經(jīng)豎起來保護(hù)它們在大西洋海岸線上的主要筑巢地。B選項“已經(jīng)做出保護(hù)海龜免于滅絕的努力”符合題意。

2.【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到原文第二段“…areportbytheFishandWildlifeServiceshowedaworrisomedropinthepopulationsofseveralspeciesofNorthAtlanticturtles...”，中文翻譯為：一份由魚類與野生生物服務(wù)局提供的報道顯示，幾種北大西洋海龜?shù)臄?shù)量出現(xiàn)了令人擔(dān)憂的下降。以及參考第一段“AformidablewallofbureaucracyhasbeenerectedtoprotecttheirprimenestingontheAtlanticcoastlines.”，中文翻譯為：一堵令人生畏的官僚主義墻已經(jīng)豎起來保護(hù)它們在大西洋海岸線上的主要筑巢地。因此，D項正確，譯為“盡管人類的保護(hù)，但是海龜?shù)臄?shù)量已減少”。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到原文第三段“Trawlers(whichdraglargenetsthroughthewaterandalongtheoceanfloor)andlonglinefishers(whichcandeploythousandsofhooksonlinesthatcanstretchformiles)takeaheavytollonturtles.”，中文翻譯為：拖網(wǎng)漁船（其拖著巨大的網(wǎng)穿過海域和海底的）和多鉤長線漁船（其能在延伸數(shù)英里的釣線上布置數(shù)以千計的鉤子）讓海龜遭受重創(chuàng)?？梢酝茰y出B選項正確，譯為“未受管理的商業(yè)捕魚”。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞globalwarming可以定位到原文最后一段中“Thenarrowstripsofbeachonwhichtheturtleslaytheireggsarebeingsqueezedononesidebydevelopmentandontheotherbythethreatofrisingsealevelsastheoceanswarm.”，中文翻譯為：海龜產(chǎn)卵的狹窄帶狀海灘地帶，一方面正被發(fā)展所擠壓，在另一方面受到海洋變暖所帶來的海平面不斷上升的威脅?？梢缘弥狝選項正確。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句話“Ultimatelywemustgetahandleonthoseissuesaswell,oracreaturethatoutlivedthedinosaurswillmeetitsendatthehandsofhumans,leavingourdescendantstowonderhowcreaturesouglycouldhavewonsomuchaffection.”，中文翻譯為：最后，我們必須也著手處理這些事情，否則一種比恐龍活得長的動物將會在人類的手中走向滅亡，從而讓我們的后代去想知道如此丑陋的生物如何得到如此多的關(guān)愛。可以推測出C選項“呼吁采取有效的措施來確保海龜?shù)纳妗闭_。

2.單選題

Themayorisawomanwithgreat（）andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialassistance.

問題1選項

A.integrity

B.instinct

C.intensity

D.insanity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項integrity“完整；正直；誠實；廉正”；B選項instinct“本能；直覺；天性”；C選項intensity“強度；強烈”；D選項insanity“瘋狂；精神錯亂；愚頑”。句意：這位市長是一位非常正直的女性，因此值得我們的政治和財政援助。根據(jù)句意，A選項正確。

3.單選題

Recentlyanumberofcaseshavebeenreportedofyoungchildren（）aviolentactpreviouslyseenontelevision.

問題1選項

A.modifying

B.duplicating

C.accelerating

D.stimulating

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項modify“修改，修飾；更改”；B選項duplicate“復(fù)制；模仿”；C選項accelerate“加速；促進(jìn)；增加”；D選項stimulate“刺激；鼓舞，激勵”。句意：最近，許多有關(guān)少年兒童模仿先前在電視上所看到的暴力行為的案件被報道。根據(jù)句意，判斷出B選項正確。

4.單選題

AtthecloseoftheKyotoGlobal-WarmingTreatydiscussionsheldinBonnlastweek,exhaustednegotiatorsfromnearlyeverycountryonearthhadreasontobeproud.Theyhaddonewhatnooneexpected—theyreachedabreakthroughagreementtolimitgreenhousegases.Duringtheconcludingremarks,aseachspeakerpraisedthenext,onlythechiefUSofficialonthescenedrewanundiplomaticresponse.WhenPaulaDobrianskytoldthegatheringthattheBushAdministration“willnotabdicateourresponsibility”toaddressglobalwarming,thehallfilledwithboos.That’sbecausetheUS,theworld’slargestproduceofgreenhousegases,satonthesidelinesinBonn.

GeorgeW.Bushhasyettodecidewhat,ifanything,hewilldotocombatglobalwarming.ButhebelievestheKyototreatyisfatallyflawedbecauseitdoesn’trequiredevelopingcountriestolimittheirfossil-fueluseimmediately,asitdoesindustrializedcountries.SohekepttheU.S.outofthediscussions.Indoingso,theAdministrationmayhavelostitslastopportunitytohelpshapetheinternationalresponsetotheproblem.AndBushmaybeindangeroflosingcontroloverclimateactiondomestically.Aftermonthsofinternaldebate,theAdministrationisstill“consulting”ontheissue.

ThatnoiseyouhearisCongressrushingtofilltheleadershipvacuum.Atleastsixclimateplanshavebeenproposedsofar.ThefirstissponsoredbyformerRepublican,nowIndependentStatorJimJeffords,chairmanoftheSenateEnvironmentCommittee,whoproposestocutgreenhouse-gasemissionsfrompowerplants.Congressionalactionthisweekwillcenteronreducingemissionsbyraisingvehiclefuel-efficiencystandards,includingthoseforSUVs.IfSUVshadtomeetthesamestandardsascars—somethingMassachusettsRepresentativeEdMarkeywillproposethisweek—theycouldsaveconsumersanestimated$7billionatthepumpthisyearandcutgasolinedemandbytensofbillionsofgallonsover10years.

The“drillDetroit,nottheArctic”campaignwillfindsomesupportthisweekwhentheNationalAcademyofSciencesreleasesalong-awaitedstudy.Thereport,toneddownaftertheautoindustryprotestedthatraisingfuel-efficiencystandards,bymakingcarslighter,makesvehicleslesssafe,isstilllikelytoconcludethatfuelefficiencycanbeincreasedatleast25percentwithexistingtechnology.

Ifafuel-efficiencybillreacheshisdesk,Bushcouldbeinabind—caughtbetweenautolobbyists(hischiefofstaffusedtobeone)andhisconcernforenergysecurity.Withnewtechnologyputtingimpressivefuelefficiencywithinreach,itwillbehardforhimtoopposemeasuresthatcouldreducethenationalappetiteforforeignoilbymillionsofbarrelsayear.

1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby（）.

2.Thephrase“satonthesidelines”inthelastsentenceofparagraphoneprobablymeans（）.

3.ThereasonthatBushkeptUSoutofthediscussionsisthathebelieves（）.

4.TheNationalAcademyofSciencesfoundinthestudythat（）.

5.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

問題1選項

A.explainingaphenomenon

B.makingacomparison

C.justifyingasanassumption

D.posingacontrast

問題2選項

A.nottogetinvolvedinthediscussion

B.nottotakepartintheactivityeventhoughtheyshoulddo

C.nottosittogetherwiththerepresentativesfromothercountries

D.nottopayattentiontotheinternationalaffair

問題3選項

A.theindustrializedcountriesshouldnotshouldertheresponsibilityalone

B.theindustrializedcountriesseemtosharemoreintacklingthisissue

C.developingcountriesfailtomeetthesamerequirement

D.thedevelopingcountriesshouldnotbeincluded

問題4選項

A.theautoindustryshouldnotraisethefuelefficiencystandards

B.thelighterthecaris,thelesssafeitwillbe

C.theexistingtechnologycanincreasethefuelefficiency

D.thelightercarisnotsafeenough

問題5選項

A.newtechnologycanhelpBushoutoftrouble

B.Bushintendstostirthenationalappetiteforforeignoil

C.Bushfailstodealwiththesubtlesituation

D.autolobbyistshavedifferentideasfromBush

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段中“Duringtheconcludingremarks,aseachspeakerpraisedthenext,onlythechiefUSofficialonthescenedrewanundiplomaticresponse.”中文翻譯為：在致閉幕詞的時候，當(dāng)與會的每一位發(fā)言人都對此表示稱贊時，唯獨美國官方代表做出了毫無外交策略的回應(yīng)?？梢缘弥狣選項“提出對比”符合題意。

2.【試題解析】詞匯題。由題干可以定位到原文第一段“WhenPaulaDobrianskytoldthegatheringthattheBushAdministration‘willnotabdicateourresponsibility’toaddressglobalwarming,thehallfilledwithboos.”中文翻譯為：當(dāng)葆拉?多布林斯基向大會宣布布什政府‘不會放棄自己的責(zé)任’去處理全球變暖這一問題時，全場報以唏噓聲，可以推測出詞組“sitonthesidelines”可譯為“冷眼旁觀”。因此可知B選項“盡管應(yīng)該參加，但是他們卻沒有參加這個活動”為正確答案。

3.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段“ButhebelievestheKyototreatyisfatallyflawedbecauseitdoesn’trequiredevelopingcountriestolimittheirfossil-fueluseimmediately,asitdoesindustrializedcountries.SohekepttheU.S.outofthediscussions.”中文翻譯為：但是，他認(rèn)為京都協(xié)定有致命的缺陷，因為它沒有要求發(fā)展中國家如同發(fā)達(dá)國家那樣，去立刻限制礦物燃料的使用。因此，他讓美國沒有參與討論。可以得知A選項“發(fā)達(dá)國家不應(yīng)該獨自承擔(dān)這種責(zé)任”符合題意。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段中“Thereport...isstilllikelytoconcludethatfuelefficiencycanbeincreasedatleast25percentwithexistingtechnology…”中文翻譯為：這項報告……仍可能得出這樣的結(jié)論，即燃油效率憑借現(xiàn)存的科技至少可以被提高25%。故選C“現(xiàn)存的科技可以提高燃油效率”。

5.【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章尾段“Withnewtechnologyputtingimpressivefuelefficiencywithinreach,itwillbehardforhimtoopposemeasuresthatcouldreducethenationalappetiteforforeignoilbymillionsofbarrelsayear.”中文翻譯為：隨著新科技能帶來非常不錯的燃油效率，反對能減少國人每年對數(shù)百萬桶國外石油興趣的措施對他將是困難的，判斷出答案為B項“布什打算激起國人對國外石油的興趣”。

5.單選題

Apopularwayofkeepingfitistogo（）,whichisakindofslow-tomedium-pacedrunning.

問題1選項

A.trotting

B.sauntering

C.strolling

D.jogging

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項trot“小跑”；B選項saunter“漫步；閑逛”；C選項stroll“漫步；閑逛；巡回演出”；D選項jog“慢跑；輕推，輕撞”。句意：保持健康的流行方式是去慢跑，其是一種緩慢到中等步伐的跑步。結(jié)合此處語境，D選項正確。

6.單選題

Althoughmostbirdshaveonlyanegligiblesenseofsmell,theyhave（）vision.

問題1選項

A.vigorous

B.exact

C.acute

D.vivid

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項vigorous“有力的；精力充沛的”；B選項exact“準(zhǔn)確的，精密的；精確的”；C選項acute“敏銳的；激烈的；尖聲的”；D選項vivid“生動的；鮮明的”。句意：盡管大多數(shù)鳥類只有微不足道的嗅覺，但是它們卻有敏銳的視覺。根據(jù)句意可知C選項正確。

7.單選題

Therewasmuch（）amongthecyclistsafterthedifficultride.

問題1選項

A.camaraderie

B.camradene

C.commraderie

D.comraderie

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項camaraderie“友情”；B，C和D這三項在英語中不存在。句意：在這個艱難的騎行后，這些騎車者之間產(chǎn)生了很多友情。結(jié)合句意，故A選項正確。

8.單選題

AfterabigThanksgiving,mostpeoplefeel（）fromthetryptophanintheturkey.

問題1選項

A.slipshod

B.languid

C.diminutive

D.extemporaneous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項slipshod“潦草的；穿著不整潔的”；B選項languid“倦怠的；呆滯的；軟弱無力的”；C選項diminutive“小的，小型的，微小的”；D選項extemporaneous“即席的，臨時的；不用講稿的”。句意：在一個豐盛的感恩節(jié)后，大多數(shù)人因火雞中的色氨酸而感覺軟弱無力。結(jié)合句意，故B選項正確。

9.單選題

The（）airthatlingersaroundthesewerpipesisenoughtomakeanyonegag.

問題1選項

A.raillery

B.noisome

C.supine

D.liturgy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞、名詞詞義辨析。A選項raillery“逗趣；開玩笑”；B選項noisome“惡臭的；有害的”；C選項supine“仰臥的；懶得動的；向后靠的”；D選項liturgy“禮拜儀式；圣餐儀式；禱告文”。句意：縈繞在污水管周圍的惡臭的空氣足以使任何人窒息。結(jié)合句意，B選項正確。

10.單選題

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto（）furtherresearch.

問題1選項

A.stimulate

B.originate

C.renovate

D.endorse

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項stimulate“刺激；鼓舞；激發(fā)”；B選項originate“引起；創(chuàng)作”；C選項renovate“更新；修復(fù)；革新；刷新”；D選項endorse“背書；贊同”。句意：科學(xué)理論的一個重要特性是它激發(fā)進(jìn)一步研究的能力。根據(jù)句意，A選項正確。

11.單選題

Accordingtothenewspapercritic,theperformancesatthetalentcontestlastnight（）fromacceptabletoexcellent.

問題1選項

A.varied

B.receded

C.averaged

D.declined

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項vary“變化；變異”；B選項recede“后退；減弱”；C選項average“平均為”；D選項decline“下降；衰落；謝絕”。句意：這份報紙的評論家稱，昨晚才藝大賽上的表演在從可接受的到極好的范圍變化著。結(jié)合句意，A選項正確。

12.單選題

Thelocalgovernmentreducedthetaxonpetrolasa（）tothepublicoutcry.

問題1選項

A.conception

B.consensus

C.contempt

D.concession

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項conception“懷孕；概念；設(shè)想”；B選項consensus“一致；輿論；合意”；C選項contempt“輕視，蔑視；恥辱”；D選項concession“讓步；承認(rèn)；退位”。句意：當(dāng)?shù)卣疁p少汽油稅來當(dāng)作對公眾強烈抗議的讓步。根據(jù)句意可知D選項正確。

13.單選題

Manypeopleare（）toinsectbites,andsomeevenhavetogotohospital.

問題1選項

A.insensitive

B.allergic

C.infectious

D.alert

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項insensitive“感覺遲鈍的”；B選項allergic“對……過敏的”；C選項infectious“傳染的；傳染性的”；D選項alert“警惕的；留心的”。句意：很多人對蟲子叮咬過敏，且有些人甚至不得不去醫(yī)院。結(jié)合此處句意，B選項正確。

14.單選題

FastReading

Newspapers

Newspapersaretheoriginalformofbroadbandcommunication,adistinctionnotalwaysrecognizedintheageoftheInternet.Longbeforewehadcomputers,televisions,radios,telephonesandtelegraphs,newspaperswerethecheapestandmostefficientwaytoreachmassaudienceswithnews,commentaryandadvertising.Newspapers,fromtheirbeginningsashand-printed“broadsheets”,havebeenatruerandom-accessmedium-readerscanmoveeasilyandquicklythroughthedifferentsectionsofanewspaper,returningtothemdaysorevenweekslater.Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.

WhatDidtheGrowthofTVNewsMeantoNewspapers?

Withthegrowthoftelevisionnewsinthe1960s,newspapersconfrontedtheirfirstformidablecompetitor.Today,ABCNewsclaimsthatmoreAmericansgettheirnewsfromABCthanfromanyothersource—andit’sprobablytrue.TheUnitedStates’1,600dailynewspaperscontinuetoservemillionsofreaders,butnewspapersarenolongerthecountry’sdominantmassmedium.Howtosurviveandevenflourishinaculturemoreattunedto（吻合）electronicmediathantoprinter’sinkisthemostseriousissuefacingthenewspaperindustryasitentersthe21stcentury.

ItissafetosaythatnewspapersarenotabouttofollowtheMorsetelegraphintooblivion.Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium.Noonelugsacomputermonitortothebreakfasttabletogetthemorningnews.And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

WhatExactlyIsNewsandHowDoesItWork?

Curiously,forapublicationcalledanewspaper,noonehasevercoinedastandarddefinitionofnews.Butforthemostpart,newsusuallyfallsunderonebroadclassification-theabnormal.Itishumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisastersthatoften“makethenews”.Reportersareanewspaper’sfront-lineeyesandears.Reportersglean（收集）informationfrommanysources,somepublic,suchaspolicerecords,andothersprivate,suchasagovernmentinformant.Occasionally,areporterwillgotojailratherthanrevealthenameofaconfidentialsourceforanewsstory.Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

Somereportersareassignedtobeats,oranareaofcoverage,suchasthecourts,cityhall,education,business,medicineandsoforth.Othersarecalledgeneralassignmentreporters,whichmeanstheyareoncallforavarietyofstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.Inthemovies,reportershaveexciting,frenzied（狂熱的）anddangerousjobsastheyliveafamouspronouncementofthenewspaperbusiness:“Comforttheafflictedandafflictthecomfortable.”Althoughafewmembersofthemediahavebeenkilledasaresultofinvestigationsintowrongdoing,newspaperworkforthegreatmajorityofreportersisroutine.

Allreportersareultimatelyresponsibletoaneditor.Dependingonitssize,anewspapermayhavenumerouseditors,beginningwithanexecutiveeditorresponsibleforthenewsdivision.Immediatelybelowtheexecutiveeditoristhemanagingeditor,thepersonwhooverseestheday-to-dayworkofthenewsdivision.Othereditors―sports,photo,state,national,featuresandobituary（訃告）,forexample—mayalsoreporttothemanagingeditor.

However,thebestknownandinsomewaysthemostcrucialeditoristhecityormetroeditor.Thisistheeditorthatreportersworkfordirectly.Thecityormetroeditorassignsstones,enforcesdeadlinesandisthefirsttoseereporters’rawcopyonthecompositionsystemorcomputernetwork.Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.Oftenworkingunderthestressofbreakingnews,theirdecisionstranslatedirectlyintothecontentofthenewspaper.

Oncethecityormetroeditorhasfinishededitingareporter’srawcopy,thestorymovesfromthecompositionsystemviathecomputernetworktoanotherpartofthenewsdivision,thecopydesk.Here,copyeditorscheckforspellingandothererrorsofusage.Theymayalsolookfor“holes”inthestorythatwouldconfusereadersorleavetheirquestionsunanswered.Thecopydeskchiefroutesfinishedstoriestoothereditorswhofitlocalandwireservicestories,headlines（writtenbytheeditor—notthereporter!）anddigitalphotographsontopages.Newspapersareincreasinglydoingthiswork,calledpagination（分頁）,withpersonalcomputersusingsoftwareavailableatanyofficesupplystore.MicrosoftWindows,WordandQuarkExpressarethreeprogramsthat,thoughnotdesignedfornewspaperproduction,areeasilyadaptedforit.

WhatAretheEditorialPagesAllAbout?

Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.Thisiswhereeditorials,unsignedcommentarythatreflectsthecollectivepositionofthenewspaper’seditorialboard,appear.Editorialsarenotnews,butratherreasonedopinionbasedonfacts.Forexample,editorialsmaycriticizetheperformanceofpublicofficialssuchasthemayor,thepolicechief,orthelocalschoolboard;conversely,editorialsmaypraiseothersfortheirciviccontributions.Whateverthetopic,newspapershopetheireditorialswillraisethelevelofcommunitydiscourse.

Twowaysthisoccursarefamiliartoanynewspaperreader―letterstotheeditorandop-edarticles（acontractionofopposite-editorialpage）.Lettersarealwaysamongthebest-readsectionofanynewspaper,forthisiswherereadersexpresstheiropinions.Op-edarticlesusuallyrun850to1,000words.Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.

Theeditorialpagesareunderthedirectionofaneditoroutsidethenewsdivision.Newspaperpeoplecallthis“separationofchurchandstate”,meaningthereisalinebetweennewsandopinionthatmustnotbecrossed.Todosostripsanewspaperofitsmostvaluableasset-credibility.Forthatreason,editorialpageeditorsatsomelargenewspapersreporttothepublisher,whoisthechiefexecutiveofficerofthecompany,andnottotheexecutiveeditor.Othernewspapersmayhavetheireditorialpageeditorreportingtotheexecutiveeditor.Whatevertheorganizationalmodel,though,neitherdepartmentcantelltheotherwhattopublishinthenewspaper.

HowAreNewspapersDistributed?

Responsibilityforgettingthenewspaperfromthepresstothereaderfallstothedistributiondivision.Largenewspaperspublishtwo,threeorevenfoureditions,allofwhichmustbereadytoleavethenewspaperplantatacertaintime.Thefirstedition,sometimescalledthebulldogedition（晨版）,goestotheouterlimitsofthenewspaper’scirculationarea.

Thismaybeseveralcountiesorevenanentirestate.Latereditionscontainprogressivelyfreshernewsandgotosmallerareas.Thefinaledition,whichgoestopressaftermidnight,containsthelatestnewsbutcoversthesmallestgeographicalarea,usuallyacity.

Anysubscribertoadailynewspaperknowsthatitplops（撲通落下）ontothedrivewayintheweehoursofthemorning.Independentcontractorscalledcarriersbuycopiesofthenewspaperatdiscountanddeliverthem,usingtheirpersonalvehicles.ThefirstjobformanyAmericanyoungsterswasdeliveringtheafternoonpaperintheirneighborhood.

Thecirculationdepartmentdrawstheroutesthatcarriersfollow.Thisdepartmentisalsoresponsibleforracksales,newspapersthatgointocoin-operateddispensers（自動售貨機）.Thecirculationdepartmentmaintainssubscribers’billingrecords,stopsandstartsdeliveriesuponrequest,andusesservicerunnerstodelivermissingpapers.

In18hoursofhighlycoordinatedworkcarriedoutbynumerousdivisions,whatnewspaperpeoplecalla“roughdraftofhistory”asmovedthroughcomputersystems,imaging（成像）machinesandpresses,toitsfinaldestination-thereaders.

After3:30a.m.,fewpeopleremainatanewspaperplant.Alltheotherdivisionshavegonehome.Thepresseshavefallensilent,perhapsundergoingmaintenancefortheremainderofthenight.Thesuddensilencewillnotlastlong.Inlessthanfourhours,thenewspaper,asitmustdo365daysayear,willrousefromitsshortsleepandstartalloveragain.

1.Whatcanbestdescribethequalitiesofnewspapersnow?

2.WhatqualitiesshouldNewspaperspossessinordertosurviveinthecompetitionagainstothermedia?

3.Today’snewspaperspaymoreattentiontothefollowingaspectsEXCEPT（）.

4.WhyAmericannewspapersconsiderthemselves“thewatchdogbranch”?

5.Whatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaperisdecidedby（）.

6.Whatmustbepublishedonnewspapers’editorialpages?

7.Newspapersmakeroomforletterstotheeditorandopposite-editorialarticlesasimportantdevotionto（）.

問題1選項

A.Theyareoriginalandhand-printed.

B.Theyarethecheapestandmostefficient.

C.Theyareuniversalandeverlasting.

D.Theyarethewholeworld’sdominantmassmedium.

問題2選項

A.Convenienceandadaptability.

B.Convenienceandgooddesign.

C.Colorphotographyandadaptability.

D.Gooddesignandcolorphotography.

問題3選項

A.gooddesign

B.detailedstories

C.colorphotography

D.lowcostandhighincome

問題4選項

A.Becausetheyreportandinterpretcurrentevents.

B.Becausetheyuncoverlegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.

C.Becausetheyreporthumanfolly,mechanicalfailuresandnaturaldisasters.

D.Becausetheygatherstoriessuchasaccidents,civiceventsandhuman-intereststories.

問題5選項

A.thecopyeditor

B.theexecutiveeditor

C.themanagingeditor

D.thecityormetroeditor

問題6選項

A.Thecriticismofpublicofficialssuchasthemayorandthepolicechief.

B.Theopinionsthatreadersexpressaboutthedetailedstories.

C.Newspapers’commentsoncurrentevents.

D.Thegooddeedpublicofficialshavedonefortheirciviccontributions.

問題7選項

A.currentevents

B.publicreports

C.privatestories

D.civicdialogue

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:D

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第一段指出：Andbecauseanewspaper’s“software”consistsofacommonlanguage,itpossessesauniversalandtimelessquality.（因為報紙的“軟件”是由一種共同的語言組成的，所以它具有普遍和無時間限制的特質(zhì)）。因此C項“它們普遍而永恒”正確。

2.【試題解析】判斷推理題。第三段講了報紙是如何求生存：Newspapersareaportableconvenientmedium（報紙是一種方便攜帶的媒介），以及：And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.（驚人的是，報紙善于打造自身以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)今的讀者，通過注重好的設(shè)計，彩色攝影和報告和解釋時事的詳細(xì)報道）。由此可知，報紙為了在競爭中生存應(yīng)該具備方便和適應(yīng)性的特點，故選A。

3.【試題解析】判斷推理題。第三段指出：And,newspapersareprovingsurprisinglyadeptatreinventingthemselvesfortoday’sreadersbyemphasizinggooddesign,colorphotographyanddetailedstoriesthatreportandinterpretcurrentevents.（驚人的是，報紙善于打造自身以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)今的讀者，通過注重好的設(shè)計，彩色攝影和報告和解釋時事的詳細(xì)報道）。四個選項中，只有D項“低成本，高收入”未被提及，因此答案選D。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第四段指出：Americannewspapersproudlyconsiderthemselvesthefourthbranchofgovernment—thewatchdogbranch—thatexposeslegislative,executiveandjudicialmisbehavior.（美國報紙驕傲的自稱為政府第四個分支——監(jiān)察機構(gòu)——這暴露了立法、行政和司法方面的不當(dāng)行為）。由此可知B項正確。

5.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第七段指出：Theseeditorsarecalledgatekeepers,becausetheycontrolmuchofwhatwillandwillnotappearinthenextday’spaper.（這些編輯被稱作守門人，因為他們控制著第二天報紙上將出現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)內(nèi)容）。由此可知D項正確。

6.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第九段指出：Anewspaperpublishesitsviewsoncurrentevents-bothlocalandnational-onitseditorialpages.（報紙將其關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)鼗驀鴥?nèi)最近事件的觀點發(fā)表于社論版面里）。由此可知，社論版發(fā)表對最近事件的看法。故選C。

7.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實題。第十段指出：Newspapersmakespaceforletterstotheeditorandop-edarticlesfreelyavailableaspartoftheircontributiontocivicdialogue.（報紙為讀者來信和反對意見的文章騰出地方，是它們?yōu)槭忻駥υ捵龀鲐暙I(xiàn)的一部分）。因此，D項“公民對話”正確。

15.單選題

Atransformationisoccurringthatshouldgreatly（1）livingstandardsinthedevelopingworld.Placesthat（2）recentlyweredeafanddumbarerapidlyacquiringup-to-datetelecommu