2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號39

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東政法大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Whenyoutakemedicine,becarefulnotto___thatamountprintedonthebottle.

問題1選項

A.exceed

B.substitute

C.exert

D.surpass

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項exceed“超過；勝過（超過什么數(shù)量或者超過法律、命令等的限制）”；B選項substitute“替代”；C選項exert“運用，發(fā)揮；施以影響”；D選項surpass“超越（比某人或某事物做得更好）；勝過，優(yōu)于；非……所能辦到或理解”。句意：當你服藥時，注意不要___瓶子上印著的量。本句表達“超過印的數(shù)量”，因此A選項正確。

2.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問題1選項

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項glanced“瞥閃，瞥見，掃視，匆匆一看（強調主動的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開來；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項glimpsed“瞥見（強調被動的，比如某個東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動去看）”；C選項glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開辦公室前___手表。本句表達“主動地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項正確。

3.單選題

Thislaw___thenumberofaccidentscausedbychildrenrunningacrosstheroadwhentheygetoffthebus.

問題1選項

A.isintendedtoreduce

B.intendstobereduced

C.intendsreducing

D.isintendedreducing

【答案】A

【解析】考查語態(tài)和固定搭配。intendtodosth.“打算做某事；盤算做某事；旨在做；籌劃做某事”，主語law“法律”和intend的關系是被動，被旨在做……；句意：這項法律旨在減少兒童下車時跑過馬路造成的事故數(shù)量。因此A選項正確。

4.單選題

Herefusedto___thathewasdefeated.

問題1選項

A.burlesque

B.conceive

C.acknowledge

D.probe

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項burlesque“模仿嘲弄；取笑”；B選項conceive“懷孕；構思；以為；持有”；C選項acknowledge“承認；答謝；報償；告知已收到”；D選項probe“探查；用探針探測”。句意：他拒絕___自己被打敗了。本句表達“拒絕承認被打敗”。因此C選項正確。

5.單選題

Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.Somehaveplacedthedropoutslossashighas50percent.Theextentofthelosswas,however,largelyamatterofexpertguessing.Lastweekawell-roundedstudywaspublished.Itwaspublished.Itwasbasedon22,000questionnairessenttoformergraduatestudentswhowereenrolledin24universitiesanditseemedtoshowmanypastfearstobegroundless.

Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent,andinmostcasesthedropouts,whilenotcompletingthePh.D.requirement,wentontoproductivework.Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.

Discussingthestudylastweek,Dr.Tuckersaidtheprojectwasinitiated‘becauseoftheconcernfrequentlyexpressedbygraduatefacultiesandadministratorsthatsomeoftheindividualswhodroppedoutofPh.D.programswerecapableofcompetingtherequirementforthedegree.Attrition(縮/減員，磨損)atthePh.D.levelisalsothoughttobeawasteofpreciousfacultytimeandadrainonuniversityresourcesalreadybeingusedtocapacity.SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.’

“Theresultsofourresearch,”Dr.Tuckerconcluded,“didnotsupporttheseopinions.”

1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.

2.Mostdropoutswentasfarintheirdoctoralprogramaswasconsistentwiththeirlevelsofabilityortheirspecialities.

3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.

Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision,butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.Amongthesinglemostimportantpersonalreasonsidentifiedbydropoutsfornon-completionoftheirPh.D.program,lackoffinanceswasmarkedby19percent.

Asanindicationofhowwellthedropoutsweredoing,achartshowed2%inhumanitieswerereceiving$20,000andmoreannuallywhilenoneofthePh.D.swiththatbackgroundreachedthisfigure.ThePh.D.sshoneinthe$7,500to$15,000bracketwith78%atthatlevelagainst50%forthedropouts.Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.stendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.

Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.

31.Theauthorstatesthatmanyeducatorsfeelthat___.

32.Researchhasshownthat___.

33.MeetingforeignlanguagerequirementsforthePh.D.___.

34.Afterreadingthearticle,onewouldrefrainfromconcludingthat___.

35.Itcanbeinferredthatthehighrateofdropoutsliesin___.

問題1選項

A.stepsshouldbetakentogetthedropoutsbacktocampus

B.thedropoutsshouldreturntoalowerqualityschooltocontinuetheirstudy

C.thePh.

D.holderisgenerallyabetteradjustedpersonthanthedropoutD.thehighdropoutsrateislargelyattributabletothelackofstimulationonthepartoffacultymembers

問題2選項

A.dropoutsaresubstantiallybelowPh.D.sinfinancialattainment

B.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studies

C.D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.

D.sinfinancialattainmentB.theincentivefactorisaminoroneinregardtopursuingPh.D.studiesC.thePh.D.candidateislikelytochangehisfieldofspecializationifhedropsoutD.aboutone-thirdofthosewhostartPh.D.workdonotcompletetheworktoearnthedegree

問題3選項

A.isthemostfrequentreasonfordroppingout

B.ismoredifficultforthesciencecandidatethanforthehumanitiescandidate

C.isanessentialpartofmanyPh.

D.programsD.doesnotvaryindifficultyamonguniversities

問題4選項

A.optimismreignsinregardtogettingPh.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegree

B.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegree

C.D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.

D.dropoutstoreturntotheirpursuitofthedegreeB.aPh.D.dropout,byandlarge,doesnothavewhatittakestolearnthedegreeC.collegesanduniversitiesemployasubstantialnumberofPh.D.dropoutsD.Ph.D.sarenotearningwhattheydeserveinnonacademicpositions

問題5選項

A.salaryforPh.D.toolow.

B.academicrequirementtoohigh.

C.D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.

D.toolow.B.academicrequirementtoohigh.C.salaryfordropoutstoohigh.D.1000positions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】31.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文定位到第一段開頭Educatorsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthehighrateofdropouts(輟學者)amongthedoctorofphilosophycandidatesandtheconsequentlossoftalenttoanationinneedofPh.D.s.（教育工作者非常關注哲學博士候選人的高輟學率，以及一個需要博士生的國家隨之而來的人才流失）以及第三段SomepeopleexpressedtheopinionthattheshortageofhighlytrainedspecialistsandcollegeteacherscouldbereducedbypersuadingthedropoutstoreturntograduateschoolstocompletethePh.D.（一些人認為，通過說服輟學者回到研究生院攻讀博士學位，可以減少受過良好訓練的專家和大學教師的短缺）可知一些人希望采取措施說服輟學者重回校園，選A選項“應該采取措施讓輟學者重返校園”；B選項“那些輟學的學生應該回到質量較低的學校繼續(xù)他們的學業(yè)”，C選項“擁有博士學位的人通常比輟學的人更能適應環(huán)境”以及D選項“高輟學率很大程度上是由于教員缺乏激勵”和原文不符合。因此A選項正確。

32.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段開頭Thedropoutsratewasfoundtobe31percent（調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，輟學率為31%）可知輟學人數(shù)占據(jù)三分之一，D選項“大約三分之一開始攻讀博士學位的人沒有完成學業(yè)獲得學位”符合原文；第二段結尾Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經濟狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學位的人低多少）可知A選項“在經濟成就方面，輟學者大大低于博士”和原文相悖；原文1.Lackofmotivationwastheprincipalreasonfordroppingout.（1.缺乏動力是退學的主要原因）可知B選項“激勵因素是攻讀博士學位的次要因素”和原文相悖；原文3.Mostdropoutsarenowengagedinworkconsistentwiththeireducationandmotivation.（3.大多數(shù)輟學者現(xiàn)在從事與他們的教育和動機相一致的工作）可知C選項“如果博士候選人輟學，他很可能改變他的專業(yè)領域”和原文相悖。因此D選項正確。

33.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字“foreignlanguagerequirements”定位到原文倒數(shù)第三段butthosewhomentionedacademicreasoncitedfailuretopassthequalifyingexamination,uncompletedresearchandfailuretopasslanguageexams.（但那些提到學術原因的人以未能通過資格考試、未完成研究和未能通過語言考試為由）可推測出外語要求是博士生課程的基本組成部分，選C選項“是許多博士項目的重要組成部分”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學者表示，他們的決定沒有學術原因）可知學術原因不是導致退學的主要原因，A選項“是退學最常見的原因”不符合原文；B選項“對理科考生來說比人文學科考生來說更難”以及D選項“不同的大學在難度上沒有太大的差別”原文未涉及。因此C選項正確。

34.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段開頭Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.（至于讓輟學學生重返校園的可能性，前景不容樂觀）可知無法得出A選項“在讓從博士學位輟學的人重新攻讀學位的問題上，樂觀主義占據(jù)了主導地位”這一結論；B選項“一個從博士學位退學的人，總的來說，沒有獲得學位所需要的條件”以及C選項“學院和大學雇傭了許多退學學生”文章無提及，因此也沒有能從文章得出這個結論這一說，排除；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術領域中，高工資仍然落后于其他領域）可以推測出D選項“博士們在非學術崗位上掙的錢比不上他們應得的”，排除。因此A選項符合題意。

35.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段最后一句Thismayalsobeanindicationofthefactthattopsalariesintheacademicfields,wherePh.D.s.tendtorisetothehighestsalaries,arestilllaggingbehindotherfields.（這也可能表明這樣一個事實：在博士能掙到最高工資的學術領域中，高工資仍然落后于其它領域）以及最后一段Astothepossibilityofgettingdropoutsbackoncampus,theoutlookwasglum.Themainconditionwhichwouldhavetoprevailforatleast25%ofthedropoutswhomightconsiderreturningtograduateschoolwouldbetoguaranteethattheywouldretaintheirpresentlevelofincomeandinsomecasestheirpresentjob.（至于返回校園的可能性，前景不樂觀。至少有25%的退學生可能考慮返回研究生院就讀，條件是保證他們保留現(xiàn)有的收入水平，有些還要保留他們目前的工作）推測出高輟學率主要在于博士的薪水太低，選A選項“博士的薪水太低”；倒數(shù)第三段Nearly75percentofthedropoutssaidtherewasnoacademicreasonfortheirdecision（近75%的退學者表示，他們的決定沒有學術原因）可知學術要求太高不是導致退學的主要原因，B選項“學術要求太高”錯誤；根據(jù)第二段Theyarenotonlydoingwellfinancially,but,accordingtothereport,arenotfarbelowtheincomelevelsofthosewhowentontocompletetheirdoctorates.（他們不僅經濟狀況良好，而且，根據(jù)這份報告，他們的收入水平并不比那些繼續(xù)攻讀博士學位的人低多少）可知C選項“輟學者的薪水太高”屬于過度推斷；D選項“1000個職位”和原文不符。因此A選項正確。

6.單選題

BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.，theByzantineEmpire(拜占庭帝國)stagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishedtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.

ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.

ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.

Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860’stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempire’sfavor.Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.

41.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthecentralideaofthetext?

42.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheByzantineEmpiresustainedsignificantterritoriallosses___.

43.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthormostprobablyprovidesanexplanationoftheapparentconnectionsamongeconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentinorderto___.

44.WhichofthefollowingdoestheauthormentionascrucialevidenceconcerningthemannerinwhichtheByzantinerevivalbegan?

45.Accordingtotheauthor,“Thecommonexplanation”(paragraph3)ofconnectionsbetweeneconomic,military,andculturaldevelopmentis___.

問題1選項

A.TheByzantineEmpirewasauniquecaseinwhichtheusualorderofmilitaryandeconomicrevivalprecedingculturalrevivalwasreversed.

B.Theeconomic,cultural,andmilitaryrevivalintheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturieswassimilarinitsordertothesequenceofrevivalinAugustanRomeandfifth-centuryAthens.

C.After810Byzantineeconomicrecoveryspurredamilitaryand,later,culturalexpansionthatlasteduntil1453.

D.TherevivaloftheByzantineEmpirebetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesshowsculturalrebirthprecedingeconomicandmilitaryrevival,thereverseofthegenerallyacceptedsequenceofprogress.

問題2選項

A.in600

B.duringtheseventhcentury

C.acenturyaftertheculturalachievementsoftheByzantineEmpirehadbeenlost

D.soonaftertherevivalofByzantinelearning

問題3選項

A.suggestthattheprocessofrevivalinByzantiumaccordswiththismodel

B.setupanorderofeventsthatisthenshowntobenotgenerallyapplicabletothecaseofByzantium

C.castaspersionsontraditionalhistoricalscholarshipaboutByzantium

D.suggestthatByzantiumrepresentsacaseforwhichnohistoricalprecedentexists

問題4選項

A.TheByzantinemilitaryrevivalofthe860’sledtoeconomicandculturaladvances.

B.TheByzantineculturalrevivallasteduntil1453.

C.TheByzantineeconomicrecoverybeganinthe900’s.

D.TherevivalofByzantinelearningbegantowardtheendoftheeighthcentury.

問題5選項

A.revolutionaryandtoonewtohavebeenappliedtothehistoryoftheByzantineEmpire

B.reasonable,butanantiquatedtheoryofthenatureofprogress

C.notapplicabletotheByzantinerevivalasawhole,butdoesperhapsaccuratelydescribelimitedperiodsduringtherevival

D.equallyapplicabletotheByzantinecaseasawholeandtothehistoryofmilitary,economic,andculturaladvancesinancientGreeceandRome

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段開頭BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.（在公元8世紀到11世紀之間，拜占庭帝國上演了一場幾乎無與倫比的經濟和文化復興，這種復興之所以格外引人注目，是因為它經歷了一段長時間的嚴重內部衰退）和最后一段結尾Thus,thecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（因此，在拜占庭，人們普遍期望的軍事復興，隨后是經濟復蘇，然后是文化復蘇的秩序被逆轉了。事實上，拜占庭學習的復興本身可能影響了后來的經濟和軍事擴張）可知選D選項“拜占庭帝國在8世紀和11世紀之間的復興顯示了經濟和軍事復興之前的文化復興，與普遍接受的進步秩序相反”；根據(jù)第二段開頭ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.（將拜占庭的軍事、文化和經濟進步視為單一現(xiàn)象的不同方面是合理的。畢竟，這三種形式的進步在許多國家和文明中是同時發(fā)生）可知A選項“拜占庭帝國是一個獨特的例子，在文化復興之前，通常的軍事和經濟復興的秩序被逆轉了”錯誤，文中只是說明了拜占庭帝國的發(fā)展順序與一般的不一樣，但并未說明唯一；B選項“810年后，拜占庭的經濟復蘇刺激了軍事和文化的擴張，這種擴張一直持續(xù)到1453年”，C選項“8世紀拜占庭學術的復興是一種無法解釋的現(xiàn)象，它的經濟和軍事先驅尚未被發(fā)現(xiàn)”只是文章中的部分內容，并不能概括文章主旨。因此D選項符合題意。

42.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到原文第一段Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600…（到了八世紀初，帝國在公元600年失去了大約三分之二的領土）可以推斷出在七世紀時拜占庭帝國遭受到了嚴重的領域損失，所以到八世紀初，帝國失去了大約三分之二的領土，選B選項“在七世紀”，同時可知A選項“600年”錯誤；C選項“拜占庭帝國的文化成就消失后的一個世紀”和D選項“拜占庭學習復興后不久”和原文不符，排除。因此B選項正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.（在拜占庭的例子中，對這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當?shù)蹏芙^了敵人對自己領土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領土時，拜占庭的資源自然擴大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術和文學。因此，拜占庭的軍事成就導致了經濟的發(fā)展，經濟的發(fā)展反過來又導致了文化的復興）證明拜占庭的情況和常見的事件順序不一樣，則選B選項“建立一個事件的順序，然后顯示不普遍適用于拜占庭的情況”，同時可知A選項“認為拜占庭的復興過程符合這個模式”錯誤；C選項“對關于拜占庭的傳統(tǒng)歷史學術進行誹謗”不是作者的意圖，在文章中看不到與之相關的線索；D選項“表明拜占庭代表了一個沒有歷史先例的案例”也未在原文確定。因此B選項正確。

44.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。定位到最后一段Thebeginningoftheempire’seconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.（然而，羅馬帝國的經濟復蘇開始于810年至830年之間。最后，拜占庭式的學習復興似乎更早開始）以及最后一句Infact,therevivalofByzantinelearningmayitselfhaveinfluencedthesubsequenteconomicandmilitaryexpansion.（事實上，拜占庭學習的復興本身可能影響了后來的經濟和軍事擴張）可知選D選項“拜占庭學習的復興開始于8世紀末”，同時可知A選項“拜占庭軍事的復興導致了經濟和文化的進步”和C選項“拜占庭的經濟復蘇開始于900年”錯誤；B選項“拜占庭文化的復興持續(xù)到1453年”在原文中有提及，但是不符合題目所問關于拜占庭復興方式的關鍵證據(jù)，排除。因此D選項正確。

45.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.（在拜占庭的例子中，對這些明顯聯(lián)系的一般解釋是這樣的：當?shù)蹏芙^了敵人對自己領土的襲擊，并開始突襲和征服敵人的領土時，拜占庭的資源自然擴大了，更多的錢可以用來資助藝術和文學）以及結合第四段開頭Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.（毫無疑問，在經濟復蘇的過程中，這種假設模式有時確實適用）可知選C選項“不適用于拜占庭的整個復興，但可能準確地描述了復興期間的有限時期”，同時可知A選項“革命性的，太新了，不適合應用于拜占庭帝國的歷史”以及D選項“同樣適用于整個拜占庭案件以及古希臘和羅馬的軍事、經濟和文化進步的歷史”錯誤；B選項“合理的，但是一個關于進步本質的過時的理論”原文未涉及，排除。因此C選項正確。

7.翻譯題

1.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese(5marks)

It’sanotherbad-airdayinBeijing.Youcanbarelysee.Youcanbarelybreathe.Butyoucanfeel—andeventaste—thegritfloatingintheair.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhassethealthylevelofAirQualityIndexat25micrograms,whileBeijingconsidersa300readingas“Bad”and500as“Hazardous.”Lastweekend,however,itbreached700!“I’mgettingitchy,”complainedmydaughterMichelle,visitingusfromNewYork.“Icouldfeelitatthebackofmythroat.”

LongtimeexpatriateresidentsintheChinesecapitaljokinglycallitthe“Beijingtickle(癢癢)”,anaggingcoughthattakesalongtimetoshrugoff.

【答案】北京又是一個空氣不好的日子。你幾乎看不見。你幾乎不能呼吸。但你能感覺到——甚至嘗到——漂浮在空氣中的沙礫。世界衛(wèi)生組織將空氣質量指數(shù)的健康水平定為25微克，而北京認為300微克是“不好的”，500微克是“危險的”。然而，上周末，空氣質量指數(shù)突破了700微克！“我有點癢！”米歇爾來紐約時抱怨道，“我能感覺到它在我的喉嚨后面?！?/p>

在中國首都的長期外籍居民開玩笑地稱之為“北京癢癢”，需要很長時間才能擺脫的持續(xù)咳嗽。

8.單選題

Iwastaken___whenIsawhimbecausehehadlostallhishair.

問題1選項

A.aback

B.aside

C.about

D.apart

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項betakenaback“吃驚；大為震驚”；B選項takeaside“把……叫到一旁”；C選項takeabout“領……游覽……；帶某人出入娛樂場所”；D選項takeapart“拆開；剖析；粗暴對待”。句意：當我看到他的時候，我很___，因為他的頭發(fā)全都掉光了。本句表達“看到他頭發(fā)掉光我很震驚”的意思，因此A選項正確。

9.單選題

Ⅳ.(CriminalLaw)

ThefirstchallengeforcriminalresponsibilityforcollectiveperpetrationsiswhetherthenotionofcollectiveactioncanbemadesenseforthepurposesofInternationalCriminalLaw.AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.Iftherequirementsforcollectiveactionaresettoostrictthenmanyparticipantswillbeexcused.Ontheotherhandtoolaxrequirementsincreaseprosecutor’sdiscretionandallowchargingwiderrangeofindividuals,attheexpenseofimplicatingtoomanyindividualsandpossiblyrenderingpunishmentcontroversialandover-inclusiveonthelevelofthesystem.

Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.Besidesidentifyingindividualsinvolvedincooperativeharmdoingcollectiveintentionwillbenecessaryforattributionofharmtosuchcausallyresponsibleindividuals.Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.

Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt,asitjumpstodrawthemembershipalongthestatelines,whichultimatelyleadstoproblemsof“guiltlesssincerity”and“excessoftransmissionbybirth”.Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations,thisworkdiscardssuchissuesasirrelevantforthepurposesofexcusesandjustificationsundertheRomeStatute(國際刑事法院羅馬規(guī)約).Collectiveactionincasesofcrimesagainsthumanityorwarcrimescouldbemanifestedinspontaneouscoordinatedactions,mobviolence,governmentactionsordecentralizednetworksoutsidethecolorofthelaw.Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.Thiswayevenleadersandinfluentialdecisionmakerswouldclaimthattheyfollowednecessityorthattheircrueltyweredeterminedbytheanarchic,anomicorelseapocalypticconditionsofwar.

63.Thebesttopicforthefirstparagraphis___.

64.Todeterminecollectiveintentionsisnecessary___.

65.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTmentionedintheparagraph3?

66.PerpetratorscanandoftenmanipulatethefollowingBUT___.

問題1選項

A.CriminalResponsibilityforCollectivePerpetrations

B.TheDefectofSettingTooStrictaLevel

C.TheDifficultiesinChoosinganAppropriateDescriptiveLevelofCollectiveAction

D.TheDefectofSettingTooLaxaLevel

問題2選項

A.toholdanyparticularindividualresponsible

B.tochargeeveryoneresponsible

C.foraconsiderationofdecisionmethod

D.toattributeharmtoindeterminatecauses

問題3選項

A.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdilutestheproblemsofcollectiveintentions.

B.Theretroactivesuspensionoflegalorderissometimesrelevanttohumanrightsviolations.

C.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltstemsfrompublicinternationallaw.

D.Theargumentofcollectiveguiltdealswithmembershipthroughstateresponsibility.

問題4選項

A.militaryculture

B.religiousortraditionalinstitutions

C.ideologyorlegalsystem

D.collectiveaction.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】63.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段AsKutzsuggeststheissueofinclusionandexclusionofmembersfromacollectiveactionis“alwaysbothnormativeandfactual”,because“thechoiceofappropriatedescriptivelevel”remainsamatteroflegalpolicy.（正如庫茨所指出，將成員納入和排除在集體行動之外的問題“總是規(guī)范性和事實性的”，因為“選擇適當?shù)拿枋鏊健比匀皇且粋€法律政策問題）可知選C選項“在選擇適當?shù)募w行動描述水平方面的困難”；A選項“集體犯罪的刑事責任”；B選項“等級設置過嚴的缺陷”以及D選項“水平設置過松的缺陷”都是為了證明選擇適當?shù)募w行動描述水平的困難，是這一觀點的論據(jù)，不足以概括第一段的內容。因此C選項正確。

64.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段第一句Inanycaseacollectiveintentionstestisnecessaryinordertobeabletoholdanyparticularindividualresponsibleasopposedtochargingeveryoneontheoneextreme,orattributingharmtoindeterminatecausesontheother.（在任何情況下，集體意圖檢驗都是必要的，以便能夠追究任何特定個人的責任，而不是將所有人歸為一個極端，或將傷害歸因于另一種不確定的原因）可知選A選項“追究任何特定個人的責任”，同時可知B選項“追究每個人的責任”，D選項“將傷害歸因于不確定的原因”不符合原文；第二段Furthermoreasarguedinthesectiononmoralblameaconsiderationofdecisionmethodinacollectiveaction,whichisnecessaryfordistributionofmoralblame,isalsoimpossiblewithoutaconceptionofcollectiveintention.（此外，正如道德責備一節(jié)所論證的那樣，如果沒有集體意圖的概念，集體行動中決策方法的考慮也是不可能的，這對于道德責備的分配是必要的）可知集體行動中決策方法的考慮對道德責備的分配是必要的，而不是對集體意圖必要，C選項“考慮決策方法”邏輯關系錯誤。因此A選項正確。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Theproblemofcollectiveintentionsisdownplayedbythe“romantic”argumentforcollectiveguilt（集體罪責的“浪漫”論點淡化了集體意圖的問題）對應A選項“集體犯罪的論點淡化了集體意圖的問題”；第三段Whereasthequestionsofretroactivesuspensionoflegalordersorimmunityofstateofficialsaresometimesstillrelevantlegalobstaclesforprosecutinghumanrightsviolations（然而，追溯中止法律命令或國家官員豁免的問題有時仍然是起訴侵犯人權行為的相關法律障礙）對應B選項“追溯中止法律秩序有時與侵犯人權有關”；第二段Partofthe“romantic”appealstemsfromtheimplicationofstateagencyincrimesagainsthumanity(through“stateandorganizationalpolicy”)andwarcrimesaccordingtothepublicinternationallaw.（這種“浪漫”的吸引力部分源于國家機構涉嫌違反國際公法的反人類罪（通過“國家和組織政策”）和戰(zhàn)爭罪）對應C選項“集體有罪的論點源于國際公法”；D選項“集體犯罪的論點通過國家責任來處理成員問題”未在第三段提及。因此D選項符合題意。

66.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關鍵字“Perpetrators”定位到原文最后一段Variouspassiveorindeterminatefacts,suchasmilitaryculture,religiousortraditionalinstitutions,ideologyorlegalsystemcanandoftenaremanipulatedbyperpetratorstoblendcollectiveactionwithhistorical,naturalorevensupernaturalcauses.（各種消極或不確定的事實，如軍事文化、宗教或傳統(tǒng)機構、意識形態(tài)或法律制度，可以而且往往被肇事者操縱，將集體行動與歷史、自然甚至超自然原因相結合）對應A選項“軍事文化”，B選項“宗教或傳統(tǒng)機構”以及C選項“意識形態(tài)或法律體系”；不涉及D選項“集體行動”。因此D選項符合題意。

10.單選題

Ⅵ.Internationalenvironmentallawseemstohavereachedanimpasse.Thisishardlysurprising:thecomplexityofenvironmentalproblems,evenwhenconsideredapartfromunderlyingsocial,political,