2022年考研考博-考博英語-昆明理工大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號3

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-昆明理工大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups,（

）fromthefarmingcommunity.

問題1選項

A.straightforwardly

B.notably

C.virtually

D.exceptionally

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項straightforwardly“正直地，直接地”；B選項notably“尤其，特別”；C選項virtually“實際上，幾乎”；D選項exceptionally“例外地，異常地，特殊地”。farmingcommunity屬于socialgroup的一部分，此處指反對的程度，尤指農(nóng)業(yè)團體，因此選B。句意：一些社會團體對此有很大的反對意見，尤其是農(nóng)業(yè)團體。

2.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

當我們談及智力，我們不是指在某種考試中取得高分的能力，也不是指學習好的能力。我們所談的智力指的是一種生活風格，一種生活，一種在各種情況下的行為方式。真正的智力測驗不是測試我們對怎樣做知道多少，而是測試當我們不知道做什么時會怎樣做。無論年老年少，有才智的人遇到新情況或問題時，都會豁達地面對。他努力用心和感覺去盡可能地掌握所有細節(jié)。他考慮該情況或問題，而不是考慮他自己或是這將給他帶來什么后果。他大膽地、富有想象力地、機智地，而且如果不是信心十足地，至少是充滿希望地去解決問題；假如他無法圓滿解決，對自己的錯誤他也并不害怕或是感到慚愧，而且盡量從中吸取教訓，這就是智力。

【答案】Whenwetalkaboutintelligence,wedonotmeantheabilitytogetagoodscoreonacertainkindoftest,oreventheabilitytodowellinschool.Byintelligencewemeanastyleoflife,alife,awayofbehavinginvarioussituations.Thetruetestofintelligenceisnottotesthowmuchweknowhowtodo,buthowwebehavewhenwedon'tknowwhattodo.Theintelligentperson,youngorold,meetingsituationorproblem,openshimselfuptoit.Hetriestotakeinwithmindandsenseseverythinghecanaboutit.Hethinksaboutit,insteadofabouthimselforwhatitmightcausetohappentohim.Hegrappleswithitboldly,imaginatively,resourcefully,andifnotconfidently,atleasthopefully;ifhefailstomasterit,helookswithoutfearorshameathismistakesandlearnswhathecanfromthem.Thisisintelligence.

3.單選題

（

）scientistshaveobservedincreasedpollutioninthewatersupply.

問題1選項

A.Late

B.Later

C.Latter

D.Lately

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項late“晚的”；B選項later“后來的，以后，其后”；C選項latter“（剛提及的兩者中）后者的，（系列中）最后的”；D選項lately“最近，近來”。根據(jù)haveobserved可知句子為現(xiàn)在完成時，因此選D。句意：最近，科學家們觀察到供水中的污染增加了。

4.單選題

Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.Ontheotherhand,itsdefinitionisdifficultformanypeople.Themeaningofthetermisconfused,buteveryoneshouldunderstanditsmeaningandobjectives.Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).

Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.Forthisreasongreatcareshouldbetakentodistinguishbetweenbeliefsandtruths.Thereisnodangeraslongasacleardifferenceismadebetweentemporaryandprovedexplanations.Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.Fromthesepositionsthescientistcontinuestoexperimentandobserveuntiltheyareprovedordiscredited.Theexactstatusofanyexplanationshouldbeclearlylabeledtoavoidconfusion.

Theobjectivesofscienceareprimarilythediscoveryandthesubsequentunderstandingoftheunknown.Mancannotbesatisfiedwithrecognizingthatsecretsexistinnatureorthatquestionsareunanswerable,hemustsolvethem.Towardthatendspecialistsinthefieldofbiologyandrelatedfieldsofinterestaredirectingmuchoftheirtimeandenergy.

Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisaimedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes,forinstance,improvinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse.Suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.

Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.Chemistsresponsibleformanyofthediscoveriescouldhardlyhaveanticipatedthattheirfindingswouldonedayresultinapplicationsofsuchapracticalnatureasthosedirectlyrelatedtolifeanddeath.Thediscoveryofonebitofinformationopensthedoortothediscoveryofanother.Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedtheywerenotmadeyearsago,howeveroneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries,theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.

1.Todefinesciencewemaysimplycallit（

）.

2.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope,

（

）.

3.Ascientistinterestedinaddingtoourgeneralknowledgeaboutoxygenwouldprobablycallhisapproach

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis（

）.

問題1選項

A.thestudyofunrelatedsubjects

B.anattempttoexplainnaturalphenomena

C.thestudyofunrelatedfields

D.classifiedknowledge

問題2選項

A.Mayleadtoantiscientific,“impure”results

B.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofacell

C.isnotalwaysaspureaswesuppose

D.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell

問題3選項

A.appliedscience

B.agriculturalscience

C.purescience

D.environmentalscience

問題4選項

A.Scientistsengagedintheoreticalresearchshouldnotbeblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.

B.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionsofthemeaningofscience.

C.Inscience,itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.

D.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.

問題5選項

A.TheNatureofScienceandScientists

B.BiologyandtheScientificAge

C.HypothesesandTheories

D.OnDistinguishingFactfromFiction

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).（為了使解釋盡可能簡單，假設科學被定義為分類知識）可知選D。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第二段可知，根據(jù)不同的目的，科學分為純科學與應用科學。純科學是為了滿足好奇心，應用科學是將知識用于特殊目的。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的howeveroneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell（然而，人們應該記住，顯微鏡的構(gòu)造必須先于細胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)）及兩種科學的定義，可知顯微鏡屬于純科學，細胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)屬于應用科學，即純科學先于應用科學，因此B選項“必然先于應用科學，導致細胞的發(fā)現(xiàn)”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段可知，根據(jù)不同的目的，科學分為純科學與應用科學。純科學是為了滿足好奇心，應用科學是將知識用于特殊目的。由題干中的“interestedin”可知屬于為了滿足好奇心，因此選C。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries（許多致力于純科學的科學家并不為忽視他們發(fā)現(xiàn)的實際方面而被指責）可知A選項“從事理論研究的科學家不應被指責忽略其發(fā)現(xiàn)的實際方面”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了科學的目的與定義，以及兩種不同科學家研究科學的目的，因此A選項“科學與科學家的本質(zhì)”符合題意。

5.單選題

ThenewtechnologicalrevolutioninAmericannewspapershasbroughtincreased（

）,awiderangeofpublicationsandanexpansionofnewspaperjobs.

問題1選項

A.manipulation

B.reproduction

C.circulation

D.penetration

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項manipulation“操作，處理”；B選項reproduction“繁殖，生殖”；C選項circulation“（報紙、雜志的）發(fā)行量，銷售量，流通，傳播”；D選項penetration“穿透，滲透”。根據(jù)newspapers（報紙）可知C選項符合語境。句意：美國報紙的新技術(shù)革命帶來了更多的發(fā)行量、廣泛的出版物和擴大了報紙的就業(yè)機會。

6.單選題

Nowomancanbetoorichortoothin.ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.

Theproblemwithsuchaviewisthatsomepeopleactuallyattempttolivebyit.Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.Beingrichwouldn’tbebadeither,butthatwon’thappenunlessanunknownrelativediessuddenlyinsomedistantland,leavingmemillionsofdollars.

Wheredidwegooffthetrack?Whendideatingbutterbecomeasin,andalittlebitofextrafleshunappealing,ifnotrepellent?AllreligionshavecertaindayswhenpeoplerefrainfromeatingandexcessiveeatingisoneofChristianity'ssevendeadlysins.However,untilquiterecently,mostpeoplehadaproblemgettingenoughtoeat.Insomereligiousgroups,wealthwasasymbolofprobablesalvationandhighmorals,andfatnessasignofwealthandwell-being.

Todaytheoppositeistrue.Wehaveshiftedtothinnessasournewmarkofvirtue.Theresultisthatbeingfat—orevenonlysomewhatoverweight—isbadbecauseitimpliesalackofmoralstrength.

Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.Itistruethatinthiscountrywehavemoreoverweightpeoplethaneverbefore,andthat,inmanycases,beingover-weightcorrelateswithanincreasedriskofheartandbloodvesseldisease.Thesediseases,however,manyhaveasmuchtodowithourwayoflifeandourhigh-fatdietsaswithexcessweight.Andtheassociatedriskofcancerinthedigestivesystemmaybemoreofadietaryproblem—toomuchfatandalackoffiber—thanaweightproblem.

Therealconcern,then,isnotthatweweightoomuch,butthatweneitherexerciseenoughnoreatwell.Exerciseisnecessaryforstrongbonesandbothheartandlunghealth.Abalanceddietwithoutalotoffatcanalsohelpthebodyavoidmanydiseases.Weshouldsurelystoppayingsomuchattentiontoweight.Simplybeingthinisnotenough.Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.Thinnesscanbepurevainglory.

1.Intheeyesoftheauthor,anoddphenomenonnowadaysisthat（

）.

2.Sweptbytheprevailingtrend,theauthor

（

）.

3.Inhumanhistory,people’sviewsonbodyweight

（

）.

4.Theauthorcriticizeswomen’sobsessionwiththinness

（

）.

5.What’stheauthor’sadvicetowomenwhoareabsorbedintheideaofthinness?

問題1選項

A.theDuchessofWindsorisregardedasawomanofvirtue

B.lookingslimisasymbolofhavingalargefortune

C.beingthinisviewedasamuchdesiredquality

D.religiouspeoplearenotnecessarilyvirtuous

問題2選項

A.hadtogoonadietforthegreaterpartofherlife

B.couldstillpreventherselffromgoingoffthetrack

C.hadtoseekhelpfromrichdistantrelatives

D.hadtowearhighlyfashionableclothes

問題3選項

A.werecloselyrelatedtotheirreligiousbeliefs

B.changedfromtimetotime

C.variedbetweenthepoorandtherich

D.ledtodifferentmoralstandards

問題4選項

A.fromaneconomicandeducationalperspective

B.fromsociologicalandmedicalpointsofview

C.fromahistoricalandreligiousstandpoint

D.inthelightofmoralprinciples

問題5選項

A.Theyshouldbemoreconcernedwiththeiroveralllifestyle.

B.Theyshouldbemorewatchfulforfataldiseases.

C.Theyshouldgainweighttolookhealthy.

D.Theyshouldridthemselvesoffantasiesaboutdesignerclothes.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的ThissayingoftenattributedtothelateDuchessofWindsorembodiesmuchoftheoddspiritofourtimes.Beingthinisdeemedassuchavirtue.（這句常被認為是溫莎公爵夫人的名言，體現(xiàn)了我們這個時代許多古怪的精神，瘦被認為是一種美德）可知C選項“瘦被認為是一種非常理想的品質(zhì)”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Imyselfhavefantasiesofslippingintonarrowdesignerclothes.Consequently,Ihavebeenonadietforthebetter—orworse—partofmylife.（我自己也幻想著穿上狹窄的名牌衣服。因此，為了我的生活中更好的或更差的一方面，我也節(jié)食）可知A選項“為了生活中更好的部分不得不節(jié)食”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的可知在溫莎伯爵夫人的那個時代是以瘦為美；由第三段中的最后一句可知，在某些宗教團體中，以胖為財富；由第四段中的第一二句可知，如今人們又以瘦為美。因此人們在不同的年代，對體重的看法不同，因此選B。

4.推理判斷題。由文章第五段中的Ourobsessionwiththinnessisalsofueledbyhealthconcerns.（我們對瘦的癡迷也源于對健康的擔憂）中的also可知這是從醫(yī)學角度上來講的，另一角度是前面第四段提到的當今社會以瘦為美，這是從社會角度來講的，因此B選項“從社會學和醫(yī)學的角度”符合題意。

5.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的Itisactuallyhazardousifthosewhoget(oralreadyare)thinthinktheyareautomaticallyhealthyandthusfreefrompayingattentiontotheiroveralllife-style.（實際上，如果那些變瘦（或已經(jīng)變瘦）的人認為自己天生健康，因而不必關(guān)注自己的整體生活方式，這是很危險的）可知A選項“他們應該更加關(guān)注他們的整體生活方式”符合題意。

7.單選題

Ourcorporation’sobligationunderthis（

）islimitedtorepairorreplacement.

問題1選項

A.warranty

B.license

C.market

D.necessity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項warranty“（商品）保用單”；B選項license“執(zhí)照，許可證”；C選項market“市場，交易”；D選項necessity“必然，必要”。根據(jù)repairorreplacement（修理或更換）可知A選項符合語境。句意：我公司在本保證項下的義務僅限于修理或更換。

8.單選題

Ifeltsomewhatdisappointedandwasabouttoleave,（

）somethingoccurredwhichattractedmyattention.

問題1選項

A.unless

B.until

C.when

D.while

【答案】C

【解析】考查時間狀語從句。根據(jù)句意可知發(fā)生的事，是在我打算離開的時候，故空格處需要一個連詞引導時間狀語從句，排除A、B選項，occurred為短暫性動詞，而while引導的從句動詞必須是持續(xù)性動詞，因此選C。句意：我有些失望且正要離開時，突然發(fā)生了一件事引起了我的注意。

9.單選題

Althoughthebodyismadeupofmanydifferenttissues,thesetissuesarearrangedinan（

）andorderlyfashion.

問題1選項

A.incredible

B.internal

C.intricate

D.initial

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項incredible“不可思議的，難以置信的”；B選項internal“內(nèi)在的”；C選項intricate“錯綜復雜的”；D選項initial“最初的”。原句表示“雖然人體是由許多不同的組織組成的，但這些組織是以______而有序的方式排列的”可知C選項符合句意。句意：雖然人體是由許多不同的組織組成的，但這些組織是以錯綜復雜而有序的方式排列的。

10.單選題

Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.SetonthesouthwesternedgeofIceland,thevolcaniclandscapeiswhippedbytheNorthAtlanticwinds,whichhusheverythingaroundthem.Asculptureattheentrancetothevillagedepictsanakedmanfacingawallofseawatertwicehisheight.Thereisnomovietheater,andmanyresidentsneverventuretothecapital,a50-minutedriveaway.

ButSandgerdimightbetheperfectplacetoraisegirlswhohavemathematicaltalent.Governmentresearcherstwoyearsagotestedalmostevery15-year-oldinIcelandforitandfoundthatboystrailedfarbehindgirls.Thatfactwasuniqueamongthe41countriesthatparticipatedinthestandardizedtestforthatagegroupdesignedbytheOrganizationofEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.ButwhileIceland’sgirlswerealoneintheworldintheirsignificantleadinmath,theirnationaladvantageof15pointswassmallcomparedwiththeonetheyhadoverboysinfishingvillageslikeSandgerdi,whereitwascloserto30.

TheteachersofSandgerdi’s254studentswereonlymildlysurprisedbytheresults.Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.Boysthinkofschoolassufferingsonthewaytoafutureoffindingrichesatsea;forgirls,it’stheirticketoutoftown.MargretIngporsdottirandHannaMariaHeidarsdottir,both15,studentsatSandgerdi'sgleamingschool—whichhasasciencelaboratory,acomputerroomandawell-stockedlibrary—havenodoubtthattheyareheadedforuniversity.“IthinkIwillbeapharmacist,”saysHeidarsdottir.TheteenssatinprincipalGudjonKristjansson’sofficelastweek,waitingforaridetothenearbytownofKevlavik,wheretheywerecompetinginWestIceland’syearlymathcontest,oneofmanythroughoutIcelandinwhichgirlsexcel.

Meanwhile,bytheharbor,GisliTorHauksson,14,alreadyhasbigplansthatdon’trequirespendinghisafternoonstoilingovergeometry.“I’llbeafisherman,”hesays,justlikemostofhisancestors.Hisfatherrecentlyreturnedhomefrom60daysatseaoffthecoastofNorway.“Hecamebackwith1.1millionkrona,”about$18,000，saysHauksson.Asforschool,hesays，“itdestroysthebrain.”Heintendstoquitat16,theearliestageatwhichhecandosolegally“Aboyseeshisolderbrotherwhohasbeenatseaforonlytwoyearsandhasabettercarandabiggerhousethantheheadmaster,”saysKristjansson.

ButthestoryoffemaleachievementinIcelanddoesn'tnecessarilyhaveahappyending.Educatorshavefoundthatwhengirlsleavetheirruralenclavestoattenduniversitiesinthenation’scities,theirscienceadvantagegenerallyshrinks.While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.InamathclassataReykjavikschool,AsgeirGurdmundsson,17,saysthatalthoughgirlswereconsistentlybrighterthanboysatschool,“theyjustseemtoleavethetechnicaljobstous.”SaysSoirunGensdottir,thedirectorofeducationattheMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture:“Wehavetofindawaytostopgirlsfromdroppingoutofsciences.”

Teachersacrossthecountryhavebeguntoexperimentwithwaystoraiseboystothelevelofgirlsinelementaryandsecondaryeducation.ThehighschoolinKevlawiktriedanexperimentin2002and2003,separating16-to-20-year-oldsbygenderfortwoyears.Thattimetheboysslippedevenfurtherbehind.“Theboyssaidthegirlswerebetteranyway,”saysKrlstjanAsmundsson,whotaughtthe25boys.“Theydidn’teventry.”

1.WhichofthefollowingwordscanbestdescribeSandgerdi?

2.Accordingtothepassage,thereasonwhygirlsdobetterthanboysinmathatSandgerdiismostprobablythefollowingEXCEPT（

）.

3.Thefifthparagraphsuggeststhatinthefieldofscience

（

）.

4.Girlsflinchbackinthecompetitionwithboysmostprobablybecause

（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?

問題1選項

A.desolate

B.poor

C.bustling

D.thriving

問題2選項

A.boysandgirlssharedifferentincentivesinmathlearning

B.thegirlsaremoreanxiousabouttheirfuturecareer

C.theboysconsiderthatfishingdoesn’tnecessarilyneedmath

D.theboysspendmoretimeontheirparttimejobs

問題3選項

A.womenhaveadvantagesovermenincompetition

B.womentendtobeinalessembarrassinglevel

C.menareplyingmoreimportantroles

D.Menareonethirdlessthanwomeninnumber

問題4選項

A.theyareshortofconfidenceinthemselves

B.employersoftenpreferboystotaketechnicaljobs

C.theyhavepoorerperformanceintechnicaljobs

D.theyarewillingtoleavetechnicaljobstoboys

問題5選項

A.AVillageInIceland

B.ALandWhereGirlsRuleinMath

C.BoysClevererThanGirls?

D.ScienceStudentsinSandgerdi

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。A選項desolate“荒涼的”；B選項poor“貧窮的”；C選項bustling“繁忙的”；D選項thriving“繁榮的”。由文章第一段中的Thefishingvillageof1,480peopleisableakandlonelyplace.（這個有1480人的漁村是一個荒涼而孤獨的地方）可知Sandgerdi是一個荒涼的地方，因此選A。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第三段中的Theysaythegendergapisastorynotoftalentbutmotivation.（他們說性別差距不是來自資質(zhì)的差別，而是學習動力的差別）可知D選項“男孩們把更多的時間花在兼職上”符合題意，A、B、C選項都與“學習動力”有關(guān)。

3.推理判斷題。由文章第五段中的While61%ofuniversitystudentsarewomen,theymakeuponlyone-thirdofIceland’ssciencestudents.Bythetimetheyenterthelabormarket,manyareovertakenbymen,whobecomedoctors,engineersandcomputertechnicians.（盡管61%的大學生是女性，但她們只占冰島理科學生的三分之一。當他們進入勞動力市場時，許多人被男性所取代，他們成為醫(yī)生、工程師和計算機技術(shù)人員）可知C選項“男人扮演著更重要的角色”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Educatorssaytheywatchmanybrightgirlssuddenlyflinchbackinthefaceofreal,head-to-headcompetitionwithboys.（教育家們說，他們看到許多聰明的女孩在面對真實的、面對面的與男孩的競爭時突然退縮）可知A選項“她們對自己缺乏信心”符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了在冰島上的Sandgerdi由于男女學生學習的動機不一樣，女生在數(shù)學成績上男生優(yōu)秀，因此B選項“女生在數(shù)學上占統(tǒng)治地位的地方”符合題意。

11.單選題

Heavysmokersaretwentytimesmorelikelytobe（

）bylungcancerthannon-smokers.

問題1選項

A.gripped

B.stricken

C.attacked

D.ravaged

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項grip“緊握，抓牢”；B選項strike“擊打，碰撞”，指災難或疾病的爆發(fā)；C選項attack“攻擊，進攻”，指暴力性的襲擊或者戰(zhàn)爭的攻擊；D選項ravage“毀壞”。由lungcancer（肺癌）可知選B符合邏輯搭配。句意：煙癮大的人患肺癌的幾率是不吸煙者的20倍。

12.單選題

Thewealthofacountryshouldbe（

）thehealthandhappinessofitspeoplemeasuredaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

問題1選項

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.inregardwith

D.bymeansof

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項inlinewith“跟……一致，符合”；B選項intermsof“根據(jù)”；C選項inregardof“關(guān)于……，至于……”；D選項bymeansof“用，依靠”。根據(jù)measured（判斷）可知B選項符合語境。句意：衡量一個國家的財富要根據(jù)它的人民的健康和幸福，以及它可以提供的物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品。

13.單選題

Calculusdoesnothavetobemadeeasy—itiseasyalready.ThatbannerusedtogracetheLosAngelesclassroomofsomeoneoncecalledthebestteacherinAmerica.JaimeEscalante,theunconventionalcalculusteacherwhowasdepictedbyEdwardJamesOlmosinthe1988filmStandandDeliver,diedlastyearofcancerattheageof79.

Halfayearafterhisdeath,theObamaadministrationweighedinonthestateofscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics（STEM）educationinthiscountry.Thereport,“PrepareandInspire,”reviewedthesoberingstatisticsabouthowourK-12schoolssufferbycomparisontotheircounterpartsinotherdevelopednations.Itcalledforrecruitingandtraining100,000STEMteachers.

Butachievingthesegoalsisnotgoingtobeeasy.Thereportnotedthat25,000STEMteachersleavetheworkforceeveryyear,mostlybecauseofdisgruntlementwiththeirjobsandlackofprofessionalsupport.Toattractandretainenoughscienceandmathteachers,itwillrequireanelevationintheirstatusandathoroughrevamping（翻新）ofattitudestowardtheentireprofession.

Theonus（責任）toimproveschoolsshouldbeonfederal,stateandlocaleducationalstrategists.Thefirststepshouldbetotapthestrengthsoftheexistingteachingpool.Wemustidentifytoday’sEscalante—thetop5percentofthenation’sSTEMteachers—and,asrecommendedintheadministrationreport,inductthemintoaSTEMmasterteacherscorpsthatwouldreceivesalarysupplementsandfederalfundingtosupporttheiractivities.Second,weneedtogiveallteachersthetoolstheyneed.WeshouldformtheequivalentofanAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencytohelpdevelopeducationaltechnologies,including“deeplydigital”instructionalmaterialsthatencourageactiveparticipation.Finally,weshouldshiftouremphasisfromstandardstoimplementation.Developingnewstandardsdoeshavearole,butitisthedifficultyofputtingthemintopractice,giventheday-to-daypressuresthatteachersareunder.

TomeetallthegoalssetbytheWhiteHousereportwouldrequireanextra$1billioneachyear.Againstthenearly$600billionspentannuallyforpubliceducation,itisnotahugesum.Still,withlocaldistrictsfacedwithdecliningtaxrevenuesandunfundedmandates,someofthemoneywillhavetocomefromthefederalgovernment.

Thatgoesagainstthegrainduringatimewhenteachers’salariesandbenefitsarebeingcut.Yetthecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus.IfwedonotimproveSTEMeducation,theU.S.willcontinueadecades-longslidefromthemiddleofthepackinstudentachievementtowardtheverybottom.

1.TheexampleofJaimeEscalanteiscitedtoshow（

）.

2.TheauthorcomesupwiththefollowingsolutionsEXCEPT

（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredthatthebiggestbarriertotheeducationreformliesin（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,“...thecostsofdoingnothingareamatterofsimplecalculus”meansthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.thelackofSTEMteachers

B.theinfluenceofgoodteachers

C.thedifficultytobeateacher

D.society’srespecttoteachers

問題2選項

A.attractingtalentedteacherstoSTEMeducation

B.grantingspecialallowancestotopteachers

C.improvingauxiliarymaterialsforteachers

D.elevatingsocialandeconomicpositionsofteachers

問題3選項

A.thefederalgovernment

B.lacksocialsupport

C.economichardships

D.greatlossofteachers

問題4選項

A.it’snevertoolatetodosomething

B.calculuscanbesimple

C.costsisnoteasytocalculate

D.educationreformisimperative

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞JaimeEscalante定位到文章第一段，由oncecalledthebestteacherinAmerica（曾經(jīng)被稱為美國最好的老師）可知JaimeEscalante是一位好老師，以及第二段首句Halfayearafterhisdeath,theObamaadministrationweighedinonthestateofscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics（STEM）educationinthiscountry（在他去世半年后，奧巴馬政府對美國的科學、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學教育狀況進行了評估）可知B選項“好老師的影響”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。文章第三段中的Toattractandretainenoughscienceandmathteachers,itwillrequireanelevationintheirstatusandathoroughrevampingofattitudestowardtheentireprofession.（要吸引和留住足夠的科學和數(shù)學教師，就需要提高他們的地位，徹底改變對整個行業(yè)的態(tài)度）與D選項“提高教師的社會經(jīng)濟地位”相對應；第四段中的receivesalarysupplementsandfederalfunding...tohelpdevelopeducationaltechnologies，including“deeplydigital”instructionalmaterials（領取工資補助和聯(lián)邦資金……幫助發(fā)展教育技術(shù)，包括“深度數(shù)字化”教學材料）分別對應B選項“給予優(yōu)秀教師特殊津貼”和C選項“改進教師輔助材料”，通過排除法，可知A選項為正確答案。

3.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Still,withlocaldistrictsfacedwithdecliningtaxrevenuesandunfundedmandates,someofthemoneywillhavetocomefromthefederalgovernment.（然而，由于當?shù)氐貐^(qū)面臨稅收下降和無資金支持的情況，部分資金將不得不來自聯(lián)邦政府）和最后一段的首句Thatgoesagainstthegrainduringatimewhenteachers’salariesandbenefitsarebeingcut.（當教師的工資和福利被削減的時候，這是背道而馳的）可知C選項“經(jīng)濟困難”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的IfwedonotimproveSTEMeducation,theU.S.willcontinueadecades-longslidefromthemiddleofthepackinstudentachievementtowardtheverybottom.（如果我們不改善STEM教育，美國學生的成績將從中等繼續(xù)滑落到低端）可知D選項“教育改革勢在必行”符合題意。

14.單選題

Dr.Smithfailedmanytimesbuthefinally（

）tofindasuccessfulwaytosolvetheproblem.

問題1選項

A.brokeoff

B.brokedown

C.brokeout

D.brokethrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項breakoff“（使）分離”；B選項breakdown“失敗”；C選項breakout“突然發(fā)生，爆發(fā)”；D選項breakthrough“突圍，突破”。根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but可知句子前面表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，由failedmanytimes（多次失?。┡cfinally（最終）可知D選項符合語境。句意：史密斯醫(yī)生失敗了很多次，但他最終突破了，找到了解決問題的成功方法。

15.單選題

Youradvicewouldbe（

）valuabletohim,whoisnowatalossastowhattodofirst.

問題1選項

A.exceedingly

B.excessively

C.extensively

D.exclusively

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項exceedingly“非常，極其”；B選項excessively“過度地”；C選項extensively“廣大地，廣泛地”；D選項exclusively“唯一地”。根據(jù)valuable（很重要的，寶貴的）可知A選項最為恰當，表示“非常有價值”。句意：你的建議對他非常有價值，因為他現(xiàn)在不知道該先做什么。

16.單選題

Thegloveswerereallytoosmall,anditwasonlyby（

）themthatIcangetthemon.

問題1選項

A.stretching

B.spreading

C.extending

D.squeezing

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項stretch“拉長，撐大，伸展”，指由曲變直、由短變長的伸展，不是加長，側(cè)重“形狀的變化”.；B選項spread“伸開”，指建筑，道路和時間等的延伸；C選項extend“延伸”，指在空間或時間上延伸，一般有一個大致的延伸方向；D選項squeeze“擠壓”。根據(jù)gloves（手套）可知此處表示手套太小了，只有把它們撐大才能戴上，因此選A。句意：手套真的太小了，只有把它們伸展開來，我才能戴上。

17.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoChinese.

Whentheobjectsofaninquiry,inanydepartment,haveprinciples,causes,orelements,itisthroughacquaintancewiththesethatknowledgeandunderstandingisattained.Forwedonotthinkthatweknowathinguntilweareacquaintedwithitsprimarycausesorfirstprinciples,andhavecarriedouranalysisasfarasitselements.Plainly,therefore,inthescienceofnaturetooourfirsttaskwillbetotrytodeterminewhatrelatestoitsprinciples.Thenaturalwayofdoingthisistostartfromthethingswhicharemoreknowableandcleartousandproceedtowardsthosewhichareclearerandmoreknowablebynature,forthesamethingsarenotknowablerelativelytousandknowablewithoutqualification.Sowemustfollowthismethodandadvancefromwhatismoreobscurebynature,butclearertous,towardswhatisclearerandmoreknowablebynature.Nowwhatistousplainandclearatfirstisratherconfusedmasses,theelementsandprinciplesofwhichbecomeknowntouslaterbyanalysis.

【答案】在任何領域，當研究對象有其存在的原理、因素或元素時，只有通過了解這些事物，才能獲得知識和理解。因為只有當我們知道某事物的主要成因或基本原理，并對其組成元素進行進一步分析時，我們才可以稱我們了解該事物。因此，很明顯，在自然科學中，我們的首要任務將是設法確定各原理之間的聯(lián)系。這樣做的自然方式是從對我們來說更清晰易知的事物開始，然后延伸至本質(zhì)上更加清晰易知的事物，因為對我們來說，同樣事物的可知性并不是相當?shù)?，并且也不是沒有限制的。因此，我們必須遵循這一方法，從本質(zhì)上模糊但對自己來說更加清楚的事物，發(fā)展到本質(zhì)上既清晰又易知的事物中去?，F(xiàn)在對我們來說，最簡單明了的事物對大眾來說是十分疑惑，其