張良衛(wèi)國(guó)際海上運(yùn)輸?shù)诙?PPT幻燈片

MaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructure(vessels,channelsandports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean)TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散貨Break-bulkcargo雜貨Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Containerizedcargo集裝箱貨Bulkcargo(散貨）

Bulkcargoiscommodity

cargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuchascoal,grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulkcargo(generalcargo)goodsthatispackedindividually,andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins,destinationsandclients.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件裝貨Uniformlypackagedgoods,suchasautomobilesandlogs,whichstoreassolidlyasbulk,butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo.Containerizedcargo

GenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever,therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending…

Containerforbulkcargo

Cargo,TradeandShipCharacteristicsCargoTypeTradeCharacteristicsVesselSizeGeneralCargoBreak-bulkVariedsmallconsignments,Numerousconsignees,Slowhandlingrates,Variousroutes,NumerousportsSmallUnitized(containers)Moreuniformcargo,Rapidhandling,ManyportsSmalltomediumDryBulkOres/coal/cemetLargeconsignments,Longhauls,Moderatehandlingrates,Specializedterminals,FewportsMediumtoverylargeLiquidCrudeoilVerylargeconsignments,Longhauls,Fewroutes,Specializedterminals,FewportsVerylargetoultralargeOilproductsSmallshipments,Numerousconsignees,ManyportsSmalltomediumMaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(byfunction)Containervessels集裝箱船p267Ro/Rovessels滾裝船Break-bulkvessels雜貨船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH(LighterAboardShip)載駁船Oiltankers油船Bulk/Orevessels散貨船Refrigeratedship冷藏船Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)Sizeofvessels--measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage--D.W.T.載重噸

D.W.T.isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation.Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits.Itcanbedividedinto2classes:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage總載重噸Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.Totalloadedtonnage=fullloaddisplacement–lightdisplacement

2)DeadWeightCargoTonnage--D.W.C.T.凈載重噸Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.

OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)DomainsofMaritimeCirculationChannellength(inkm)IntroductionofGZPortAcomprehensiveinternationalhubportinsouthChina華南地區(qū)最大的國(guó)際綜合性樞紐港Keytermshubport樞紐港throughput吞吐量lighter駁運(yùn)bondedwarehousing;保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù)cargoesagents貨物代理shipsagents船舶代理transshipment中轉(zhuǎn),轉(zhuǎn)船pilotage引航tally理貨trailer集卡運(yùn)輸dispatchingsystem集疏運(yùn)系統(tǒng)berth泊位anchorage錨地IntroductionofGZPORTGROUPestablishedin2004asawhollystate-ownedcompanyIn1999,thewholePortachievedanannualthroughputofmorethan100milliontonsofcargoesin2015thewholeGuangzhouPortcanhandleover400milliontonsofcargoesand16millionTEUsBusinessscopeThe

business

of

Guangzhou

Port

Group

Co.,

Ltd.

includes

the

following

aspects:

handling,

lightering駁運(yùn)and

storing

cargoesbonded

warehousing;保稅倉(cāng)庫(kù)cargoes

agentsand

ships

agents

貨物代理和船舶代理agents

for

transshipmentand

passenger

transportation;代辦中轉(zhuǎn)、代理客運(yùn)Pilotage引航,tally理貨transportation

of

waterway

cargoes

and

passengers;logistics

services;

other

port

related

business

and

etc.

WhatistallyTallyservicesprovideassurancethatthenumberorquantityofgoodstobeshippedorreceivedisthesameasthosedescribedinshippingdocuments.ThecompetitiveedgeofGZPORTGROUP1.班輪航線(xiàn)密集Highfrequencyoflinerservices集裝箱班輪航線(xiàn)覆蓋全球主要航區(qū)Providingcontainerlinerservicesovermainsailingareaoftheworld2.集疏運(yùn)系統(tǒng)完善Perfectdispatchingsystem

Connectedtoalloverthecountrythroughrailways,expresswaysandshippingchannelsConnectedwiththeworldthroughBaiyunAirport3.一流的設(shè)施和管理

State-of-the-artfacilityandfirst-classmanagement64

berthsand23anchorages,eachwithhandlingcapacityofmorethan10000tonsAlltheterminalsareunderthemonitoringofleadingcomputersystem4.specializeservice

TheRO-ROservice

OneofthethreeportsinChinathatentitletotheimportoffinishedvehicles.(XinshaandNanshaterminal)

Generalandbulkcargoservice

Mainlyincludescoal,ore,steel,buildingmaterials,chemicalfertilizer,grainandcereals,wood,china,electricalappliances,etc.EnergyResourcebusiness

LeadingenergyresourcestransitportinSouthChina,withoilpipelinegoingstraightlytotheairport

watchthevedioandfindouthowaportoperatesDischarge卸貨Containerstackingarea集裝箱堆場(chǎng)Loadsequense裝載順序Crane起重機(jī),吊車(chē)Lorry卡車(chē)，接駁車(chē)Straddlecarrier跨車(chē)Typesofoceantransportation

Privatefleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)Chartertransportation包船運(yùn)輸-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班輪運(yùn)輸-lessthanshiploadsizeshipperPrivatefleets私營(yíng)船隊(duì)

Privateshipsareshipsthatareownedorleasedonalong-termbasisbythefirmmovingthegoods.Anotherelementofinterestininternationalshippingisthatofshipregistry.AlthoughashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandplyaroutebetweentheU.S.andthePersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandflytheflagofLiberiaorPanama,itiscalledflagofconvenience方便旗Theownersderivecertainbenefitsoftaxes,manning,andsomerelaxedsafetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries,ratherthanintheUnitedStates,Canada,orwherever.Charterservices(alsoknownasTramp).Inthisformofserviceamaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose,commonlybetweenaspecificportoforiginanddestination.Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum,ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoships

Linershippingservices.Involvesaregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencallingseveralportsalongafixedroute.ThistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofgeneralcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristics

TrampingLinerShipping

TransportationDemandNumberofshippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh(weight)Low(volume)UnitvalueLowHighRegularityLowHigh

TransportationSupplyContractCharterpartyFreight(billoflading)VesselsLiquidandbulkGeneralcargoFrequencyLowHigh

ImplicationsFreightLiquidandmainbulkcommoditiesMinorbulkandgeneralcargo(containerized)

ShareinMaritimeTransportTons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

基本港comparativelyfixedfreightrates費(fèi)率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibilitylinerconference

DefinitionAgreementbetweentwoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerservice

onaparticulartrade

route

under

uniform

ratesandcommon

terms.Alsocalledshippingconference.

班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)呢涍\(yùn)程序承運(yùn)人攬貨,并向港口預(yù)訂泊位Cargocanvassing,berthreservation

托運(yùn)人填寫(xiě)托運(yùn)單，租船訂艙ReservationofShippingSpace

備貨，報(bào)關(guān)Cargopreparation,customclearances裝船換單/接貨裝船Cargoreceiving,loadingandobtainingbilloflading

海上運(yùn)輸作業(yè)Oceanshipping貨物的卸船CargoUnload貨物交付CargodelivertoconsigneeStep1,承運(yùn)人攬貨CargocanvassingWhatisCargocanvassing(cargocollection)?How?通過(guò)自己的營(yíng)業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)或代理，中介Carrierscollectcargothroughit’sownofficeoragent發(fā)布班輪船期表Linerscheduleispublishedforspaceavailabilitycheck華北東/美西周班航線(xiàn)(CEN)船名航次大連新港青島橫濱長(zhǎng)灘奧克蘭大連VSLVOYDALTXGQINYOKLGBOAKDALXIBOHE079E/079W11/1211/1311/1511/1811/2812/0112/17LUOBAHE078E/078W11/1911/2011/2211/2512/0512/0812/24遠(yuǎn)東/美西周班航線(xiàn)(PSW-3)船名航次青島上海神戶(hù)名古屋東京長(zhǎng)灘奧克蘭東京名古屋青島上海VSLVOYQINSHAKOBTOKTOKLGBOAKTOKNAGQINSHAWILLIAMSBURGBRIDGE73E/73W11/1711/1911/2211/2311/2412/0312/0612/1712/1912/2212/24BOSPORUSBRIDGE99E/99W11/2411/2611/2911/3012/0112/1012/1312/2412/2612/2912/31

Step2、托運(yùn)人填寫(xiě)托運(yùn)聯(lián)單，租船訂艙/承運(yùn)人確定航次貨運(yùn)任務(wù)Theshipperauthorizehisrepresentative[usuallyClearingandforwardingagents

(C&Fagent)orforwarder)]toapplyforshippingspacefromcarrierorhisagent貨主一般委托貨運(yùn)代理代為訂艙TheC&Fagentfillinshippingbills(includingBookNoting,ShippingOrder,Mate’sreceipt…10copies),presenttocarrierorhisagentandconductshippingreservation托運(yùn)人委托貨運(yùn)代理填制托運(yùn)聯(lián)單（包括托運(yùn)單B/N、裝貨單S/O、收貨單M/R等），向承運(yùn)人或其代理人辦理托運(yùn)Carrierorhisagentexaminetheshippingbills,issuethecopiesofB/N,S/O,M/RtoC&Fagent承運(yùn)人或其代理人審核托運(yùn)聯(lián)單，確定運(yùn)雜費(fèi)后，留下托運(yùn)單，簽發(fā)相關(guān)聯(lián)單（B/N(留底），S/O,M/R（報(bào)關(guān)）給貨代Carrier(orhisagent)issueaLoadingListaccordingtoallbookingreservationanddraftastowageplan

baseontheL/L承運(yùn)人或其代理根據(jù)訂艙情況進(jìn)行貨物積載安排，出具裝貨清單L/L托運(yùn)單（B/N，BookingNote）托運(yùn)單又稱(chēng)為訂艙單，是托運(yùn)人根據(jù)貿(mào)易合同和信用證條款的內(nèi)容填制的向承運(yùn)人或其代理辦理托運(yùn)貨物的書(shū)面憑證為承運(yùn)人配載，通知港口倉(cāng)庫(kù)接受貨物等作業(yè)提供依據(jù)托運(yùn)單內(nèi)容：托運(yùn)人與收貨人名稱(chēng)、啟運(yùn)港、目的港、貨名、標(biāo)記及號(hào)碼、重量、件數(shù)、尺碼、裝船日期、運(yùn)費(fèi)支付方式、可否轉(zhuǎn)船，分批裝運(yùn)等裝貨單（S/OShippingOrder)裝貨單是接受了托運(yùn)人提出裝運(yùn)申請(qǐng)的船公司，簽發(fā)給托運(yùn)人，憑以命令船長(zhǎng)將承運(yùn)的貨物裝船的單據(jù)。裝貨單既可用作裝船依據(jù)，又是貨主憑以向海關(guān)辦理出口貨物申報(bào)手續(xù)的主要單據(jù)之一，所以裝貨單又稱(chēng)“關(guān)單”，對(duì)托運(yùn)人而言，裝貨單是辦妥貨物托運(yùn)的證明。對(duì)船公司或其代理而言，裝貨單是通知船方接受裝運(yùn)該批貨物的指示文件。裝貨清單（LOADING

LIST，L/L）

裝貨清單是承運(yùn)人將全船待裝貨物按目的港和貨物性質(zhì)歸類(lèi)，依航次、靠港順序排列編制的裝貨單匯總清單其內(nèi)容包括裝貨單編號(hào)、貨名、件數(shù)、包裝形式、毛重、估計(jì)尺碼及特種貨物對(duì)裝運(yùn)的要求或注意事項(xiàng)的說(shuō)明等。裝貨清單是船上大副編制配載計(jì)劃的主要依據(jù)，又是供現(xiàn)場(chǎng)理貨人員進(jìn)行理貨，港方安排駁運(yùn)，進(jìn)出庫(kù)場(chǎng)以及承運(yùn)人掌握情況的業(yè)務(wù)單據(jù)。Step3、托運(yùn)人備貨，報(bào)關(guān)Shipperpreparehiscargoesforexport(packaging,marking)托運(yùn)人辦妥出口貨物的包裝，刷嘜(mark)ShipperoritsC&Fagentprocesscustomclearancewithrelevantdocuments,includingbillofcustomsclearance,exportcontract；CommercialInvoice;·PackingList;CertificateofOrigin；CertificateofInspection,MarineInsurancePolicy；Shippingbills,customofficerendorseonS/Oasletshipapproval托運(yùn)人或貨運(yùn)代理持出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)單,合同，發(fā)票，裝箱單，原產(chǎn)地證明，商檢證書(shū)、保險(xiǎn)單和船運(yùn)單據(jù)等證明報(bào)關(guān),海關(guān)在S/O上蓋放行章

Theexportermakesnecessaryarrangementsfor

cargotransportationtotheport,cargocaneitherbeplaceinport’swarehouseordirectlyloadedonthevessel托運(yùn)人向港口倉(cāng)庫(kù)發(fā)貨(集中裝船)或直接裝船Step4、接貨，裝船，換單

Shippingagentreceivethecargoonbehalfofthecarrier裝船往往是由承運(yùn)人在各裝貨港指定裝船代理人接收托運(yùn)貨物，辦理交接手續(xù)C&FAgent

turninShippingOrder,Mate’sReceipttotallycompanyforTallyverification然后貨運(yùn)代理人將S/O、M/R送交理貨公司，憑此理貨裝船注：Tallyservicesprovideassurancethatthenumberorquantityofgoodstobeshippedorreceivedisthesameasthosedescribedinshippingdocumentssuchasthebilloflading,letterofcredit,mate’sreceipt,orotherdocuments.Step4、接貨，裝船，換單Afterexaminationofcargo’squantityandpackagecondition,tallycompanyturninS/OandM/RtotheMateofvessel,theMatekeepshippingorderandissueendorsedM/RtotheC&FAgent理貨公司理貨后將S/O和M/R交大副，大副核對(duì)無(wú)誤，留下S/O，簽發(fā)M/R，交還托運(yùn)人

TheC&FAgentsurrenderstheMate’sReceipttotheShippingCompanyforobtainingtheBillofLadingandpaythefreight貨運(yùn)代理人根據(jù)M/R付運(yùn)費(fèi)，并憑繳費(fèi)憑據(jù)換提單（B/L）Shippercollectpaymentfromthebank(orimporter)withBilloflading托運(yùn)人持提單到銀行結(jié)匯收貨單（M/RMate'sReceipt)

收貨單是船舶收到貨物的收據(jù)及貨物己經(jīng)裝船的憑證,由大副簽注，又稱(chēng)為”大副收據(jù)”貨物裝船時(shí)，如發(fā)現(xiàn)外表存在缺陷，大副可拒收或要求托運(yùn)人予以調(diào)換。如不愿或不能調(diào)換，大副應(yīng)早收貨單上如實(shí)加以批注，以使船方免除賠償責(zé)任托運(yùn)人憑經(jīng)過(guò)簽注的收貨單向承運(yùn)人或其代理支付運(yùn)費(fèi)，換取提單Commonremarksonmate’sreceipt

常見(jiàn)大副批注SHORTSHIPFIVECASESTHREEBALESBURST,N/RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTSTWOCARTONSOPENFLAPSFOURLOOSEPIECESUNSECURELYPACKEDONECARTONN0.23MILDEWSTAINEDMARKSINDISTINCTPERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS’RISKDAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)CARGOSWEATEDN/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTSALLTIMBERLOADEDWETSHORTSHIPFIVECASES短裝五箱THREEBALESBURST,N/RFORCONSEQUENTIALLOSSORSHORTAGEOFCONTENTS3包破裂，船方對(duì)內(nèi)容的滅失或短少不負(fù)責(zé)TWOCARTONSOPENFLAPS兩紙箱蓋松開(kāi)FOURLOOSEPIECES四捆零散UNSECURELYPACKED包裝不固O(píng)NECARTONN0.23MILDEWSTAINED第二十三號(hào)箱有霉?jié)nMARKSINDISTINCT標(biāo)志模糊PERISHABLECARGOATSHIPPERS’RISK易腐貨物，發(fā)貨人自負(fù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)DAMAGEBYVERMINS(RATS)有蟲(chóng)或鼠咬CARGOSWEATEDN/RFORLOSSORSHORTAGEANDCONTENTS貨物發(fā)汗，船方對(duì)貨物損失，短少和內(nèi)容不負(fù)責(zé)ALLTIMBERLOADEDWET全部木材水濕裝船憑保函簽發(fā)清潔提單實(shí)踐中，當(dāng)貨物包裝不良或存在缺陷時(shí)，托運(yùn)人會(huì)出具保函，要求承運(yùn)人簽發(fā)清潔提單，以便能順利結(jié)匯，在當(dāng)今航運(yùn)實(shí)務(wù)中被普遍采用。也因?yàn)檫@種保函能使承、托運(yùn)人之間就簽發(fā)清潔提單與否發(fā)生爭(zhēng)議時(shí)迅速得到“潤(rùn)滑”，從而使予盾雙方擺脫僵持的困境，避免雙方一觸即發(fā)的損失。這種保函實(shí)際上對(duì)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和航運(yùn)事業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了一定的積極作用。但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，對(duì)這種保函的效力問(wèn)題，不僅外國(guó)法院有不同的主張和判例，我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的海商法也無(wú)明確的規(guī)定，法學(xué)界和航運(yùn)界各執(zhí)一說(shuō)，莫衷一是，至今國(guó)際間尚無(wú)統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí)LetterofIndemnity保函adocumentwhichthewriterissuestoanotherpartyagreeingtoprotectthemfromliabilityfortheperformanceofcertainact.CaseAshipperoforangejuiceinbarrelsprevailed說(shuō)服upontheownersoftheshiptoissueacleanbillofladingacknowledgingthereceiptoftheconsignment“inapparentgoodorderandcondition”intheknowledgethatthebarrels桶wereold,frailandleakingatthetimeofshipment.Whenthebarrelsoforangejuicearrivedattheportofdischarge,considerablelosshadbeensufferedand,becauseofthecleanbilloflading,thecarrierpaidtheclaim.Thereafter,thecarrierbroughtaclaimagainsttheshippersunderthetermsoftheletterofindemnity.Theshipper,however,soughtshelterbehindthelawandrefusedtopay,submittingthattheletterwasissued