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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-中國政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題
Inthedarkness,Icouldhearwindows______.Thisfollowedbyscreams,shoutingandlaughter.
問題1選項
A.beingopened
B.tobeopened
C.havingopened
D.opening
【答案】A
【解析】考查hear的用法和語態(tài)。Hear后面一般接動詞原形或者現(xiàn)在分詞,因此排除B項;根據(jù)句意,窗戶應(yīng)該是正在被打開,所以排除C項和D項,只有A項符合句意。句意:在黑暗中,我能聽到窗戶被打開的聲音;接著是尖叫聲、喊叫和笑聲。因此A項正確。
2.翻譯題
TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheUnitedStates,andtheonlyonespecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.AdecisionoftheSupremeCourtcannotbeappealedtoanyothercourt.TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictioninonlytwokindsofcases:thoseinvolvingforeigndignitariesandthoseinwhichastateisaparty.AllothercasesreachtheCourtonappealfromlowercourts.AsignificantamountoftheworkoftheSupremeCourtconsistsofdeterminingwhetherlegislationorexecutiveactsconformtotheConstitution.ThispowerofjudicialreviewisdoctrineinferredbytheCourtfromitsreadingoftheConstitution,andforcefullystatedinthelandmarkMarburyvs.Madisoncaseof1803.Thedoctrinehasalsobeenextendedtocovertheactivitiesofstateandlocalgovernments.
【答案】參考譯文:
最高法院是美國的最高法院,也是唯一一個由憲法專門設(shè)立的法院。最高法院的裁決不能向任何其他法院上訴。最高法院最初只對兩種案件擁有司法權(quán):涉及國外顯要人物的案件和州作為一方當(dāng)事人的案件。最高法院受理的所有其他案件均來自下級法院的上訴。最高法院很重要的工作任務(wù)就是決定立法或執(zhí)法是否符合憲法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種司法審查的權(quán)利是由最高法院通過解讀《憲法》而推斷出來的法律原則,并且在具有里程碑意義的1803年馬伯里與麥迪遜案得到確定。并且,該理論還擴展到包括州和地方政府的活動。
3.單選題
“Morehaste,lessspeed”issayingtwooppositethings.
問題1選項
A.aneppe
B.aquest
C.aparadox
D.aclue
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞辨析。oppositethings表示“相反的事情”;A項eppe“擊劍運動用的重劍”,B項quest“追求”,C項paradox“悖論,反論”,D項clue“線索”。句意:“欲速則不達(dá)”是兩種截然相反的說法。因此C項正確。
4.單選題
ThevenerablemediaformathasbecomeoneofthemostubiquitouswaystopackagecontentontheWeb.
問題1選項
A.unique
B.omnipresent
C.effective
D.predictive
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。ubiquitous在句中是“普遍存在的,無處不在的”,A選項unique“獨特的”;B選項omnipresent“無處不在的”;C選項effective“有效的”;D選項predictive“預(yù)言性的”。句意:莊嚴(yán)的媒體格式已經(jīng)成為網(wǎng)上承載內(nèi)容最普遍的方式。根據(jù)句意B項正確。
5.單選題
Thewallflower______becauseitsweakstemsoftengrowonwallsandalongstonycliffsforsupport.
問題1選項
A.socalledis
B.soiscalled
C.issocalled
D.calledisso
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)句子可知這是一個主系表結(jié)構(gòu),句子中缺少系動詞和表語。因此A項和B項錯誤;socalled表示“所謂的”,排除D項。句意:墻花之所以叫墻花,是因為其脆弱的枝干經(jīng)常要靠墻壁或順石崖生長,以便有所依附。因此C項正確。
6.單選題
Theirfindingsareconsistentwithsomeoftheestablishedtheoriesonlongevity.
問題1選項
A.compatible
B.coherent
C.compact
D.competent
【答案】B
【解析】考查近義詞辨析。consistent表示“一致的”。A項compatible“兼容的,能共處的”,B項coherent“連貫的,一致的”,C項compact“緊湊的,堅實的”,D項competent“勝任的,有能力的”;句意:他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)與一些關(guān)于長壽的既定理論相一致。根據(jù)句意該題選B。
7.填空題
Directions:BlowispassagefromaguidegivingadvicetoforeignnationalslivinginBritain.ReadthepassagethenfillineachgapwithONEwordfromtheboxbelowthepassage.WriteyouranswersinthespacesonANSWEERSHEET.Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample.
LosingyourpassportIfsomethinghashappenedtoyourpassport,informyourembassyatonceandaskthemtotellyouallthedocumentsthatyouwillneedtoproducetobe(Example)withanewone.Thisismostimportantbecausesomeembassiesrequireextensivedocumentaryproofofnationality,aswellasproofofidentity,suchasdrivinglicense,orcreditcards.Sotakecarethatyouarenotwastingtimeandmoneywhenyoucanleast66either.Ifyourpassporthasbeenlostorstolen,yourembassywillwantyoutoreporttheincidenttothepoliceassoonaspossible.Whenyoudoso,askforthepolicereferencenumberofyourcaseasmanyoftheembassiesfindthisusefulinfollowingupyour67__.
Similarly,takeyourpassportnumberwithyoutotheembassy,asthiswillaccelerateyourcase.Thesizeandnumberofthephotographsthatyouwillneedwill68onyourembassy,andsomemayevenrecommendaphotographer,Youshouldalsoconfirmwithembassyofficialshowmuchyouwillhavetopayandalsoinwhat69itistobepaid.
Someoftheembassiesarepreparedtoissueon-the-spotemergencypassports,requiringnomorethanyouroathtoclaimyour70__,butasaprecautionyoushouldinvestigatetherequirementsbeforeyouareactuallyforcedtomakeanemergencyrequest.
【答案】66.afford
67.claim
68.depend
69.currency
70.identity
【解析】66.從前面的情態(tài)動詞can可知,此處應(yīng)該填入一個動詞;根據(jù)…takecarethatyouarenotwastingtimeandmoney(注意不要浪費時間和金錢)得出,這里應(yīng)該填入一個可以和time和money搭配的動詞,因此afford最合適,表示“給予,提供,買得起”。
67.此處應(yīng)該填入一個名詞;根據(jù)…askforthepolicereferencenumberofyourcaseasmanyoftheembassiesfindthisusefulinfollowingupyour…(向警方詢問你的案件編號,因為許多大使館發(fā)現(xiàn)這對跟進(jìn)你的……很有幫助)得出,這里應(yīng)該填入表示“需求”的單詞,因此claim最合適,表示“要求”。
68.此處應(yīng)該填入一個動詞;根據(jù)Thesizeandnumberofthephotographsthatyouwillneedwill…onyourembassy,andsomemayevenrecommendaphotographer(你需要的照片的大小和數(shù)量將……你的大使館,有些大使館甚至?xí)扑]一個攝影師)得出,這里應(yīng)該填入表示“取決于”的動詞,因此depend最合適,構(gòu)成短語dependon(取決于)。
69.此處應(yīng)該填入一個名詞;根據(jù)Youshouldalsoconfirmwithembassyofficialshowmuchyouwillhavetopayandalsoinwhat…itistobepaid(你還應(yīng)該向大使館官員確認(rèn)你需要支付多少錢,以及以……支付)得出,這里應(yīng)該是表示貨幣形式,因此currency正確。
70.此處應(yīng)該填入一個名詞;整篇文章都在講述辦理護照的一個關(guān)鍵是對自己身份的證明,那么根據(jù)Someoftheembassiesarepreparedtoissueon-the-spotemergencypassports,requiringnomorethanyouroathtoclaimyour…(有些大使館準(zhǔn)備在緊急情況下簽發(fā)現(xiàn)場護照,只需要你對……進(jìn)行宣誓就可以領(lǐng)?。┑贸?,這里應(yīng)該是填入“身份”,因此identity正確。
8.單選題
Habitscanbeconsciouslystrengthened,aswhenastudentoftheviolinpracticesandmemorizesdifferentfingerings.
問題1選項
A.conveniently
B.lastingly
C.intentionally
D.robustly
【答案】C
【解析】考查副詞辨析。consciously表示“自覺地,有意識的”。A項conveniently“便利地,合宜地”,B項lastingly“持續(xù)地”,C項intentionally“故意地,有意地”,D項robustly“粗魯?shù)?,堅定地”。句意:?xí)慣可以有意識地加強,就像一個學(xué)小提琴的學(xué)生練習(xí)和記憶不同的指法一樣。根據(jù)題意該題選C。
9.單選題
MarkpursuedElizabethwithgentlemanners,butwasstillrepelled.
問題1選項
A.heldup
B.heldoff
C.heldto
D.heldin
【答案】A
【解析】考查詞組辨析。repel表示“抵制”;A項holdup“舉起,阻攔”,B項holdoff“拖延,不接近”,C項holdto“堅持,緊握”,D項holdin“抑制,約束”。句意:盡管馬克用溫和的口吻極力勸說伊麗莎白,但仍然被拒絕了。根據(jù)句意該題選A。
10.單選題
______,manyoperationsonceperformedbyhandhavecometobeperformedbymachine.
問題1選項
A.Newtechnologyisintroducedfor
B.Introducingnewtechnologyand
C.Withtheintroductionofnewtechnology
D.Theintroductionofnewtechnology
【答案】C
【解析】考查句子結(jié)構(gòu)。后半句句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整,所以前半句應(yīng)該是做修飾的成分或者并列句。A選項做句子for后面缺少成分;B項and應(yīng)該連接兩個完整的句子,但是前面句子成分不全;C項with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),做伴隨狀語,符合題意;D項逗號前后構(gòu)不成邏輯關(guān)系。句意:隨著新技術(shù)的引進(jìn),許多曾經(jīng)由手工完成的操作現(xiàn)在都由機器來完成。故正確答案為C。
11.單選題
Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.Inturn,thesepolemicshaveelicitedacorrespondingbacklashfromindustry.Thesadeffectofthispolarizationisthatitisnowevenmoredifficultforindustrythanitwasahundredyearsagotorespondappropriatelytoimpactanalysesthatdemandaction.
Unliketoday’sadversaries,earlierecologicalreformerssharedwithadvocatesofindustrialgrowthaconfidenceintimelycorrectiveaction.GeorgeP.Marsh’spioneeringconservationtractManandNature(1864)elicitedwideacclaimwithoutembittereddenials.ManandNaturecastigatedEarth’sdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.Tothecontrary,theygenerallyagreedwithhim.
Why?Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens;theydisputednotthedesirabilityofconqueringnaturebutthebunglingwayinwhichtheconquestwascarriedout.Blamewasnotpersonalized.Marshdenouncedgeneralgreedratherthanparticularentrepreneurs,andthemediadidnothoundmalefactors.Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.Self-interestunderwrotemostprescribedreforms.Marsh’semphasisonfuturestewardshipwasthenawidelyacceptedideal(ifnotpractice).HisecologicaladmonitionswereinkeepingwiththeEnlightenmentpremisethathumanity’smissionwastosubdueandtransformnature.
Notuntilthe1960sdidagloomierperspectivegainpopularground.FredericClements’equilibriummodelofecologydevelopedinthe1930sseemedconsistentwithmountingenvironmentaldisasters.Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.
Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.
61.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatesthemainideaofthepassage?
62.Theauthorreferstotheequilibriummodelofecologyasan“ecologicalmystique”(line1,lastparagraph)mostlikelyinordertodowhichoneofthefollowing?
63.WhichoneofthefollowingpracticesismostclearlyanapplicationofFredericClements’equilibriummodelofecology?
64.ThepassagesuggeststheGeorgeP.Marshandtoday’secologicalreformerswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?
65.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithwhichoneofthefollowing?
問題1選項
A.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentshouldmotivateactiontopreventfurtherdamage.
B.TheecologicalmystiqueidentifiedwithFredericClementshasbecomeareligiousconvictionamongecologicalreformers.
C.Theviewsofecologistsandindustrialgrowthadvocatesconcerningtheenvironmenthaveonlyrecentlybecomepolarized.
D.GeorgeP.Marsh’sideasaboutconservationandstewardshiphaveheavilyinfluencedthepresentdebateovertheenvironment.
問題2選項
A.Expressappreciationforhowplantsandanimalsattainmaximumdiversityandstabilitywhenleftalone.
B.Pointoutthattheequilibriummodelofecologyhasrecentlybeensupportedbyempiricalscientificresearch.
C.Underscorethefervorwithwhichtwentieth-centuryreformersadheretotheequilibriummodel.
D.Indicatethattheideasoftwentieth-centuryecologicalreformersareoftensotheoreticalastobedifficulttounderstand.
問題3選項
A.Introducingaspeciesintoanenvironmenttowhichitisnotnativetohelpcontrolthespreadofanotherspeciesthatnolongerhasanynaturalpredators.
B.Settingareasoflandasidetobemaintainedaswildernessfromwhichtheuseorextractionofnaturalresourcesisprohibited.
C.Usingscientificmethodstoincreasesthestabilityofplantsandanimalsinareaswherespeciesareindangerofbecomingextinct.
D.Developingincentivesforindustriestotakecorrectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.
問題4選項
A.Regulatingindustriesinordertoprotecttheenvironmentdoesnotconflictwiththeself-interestofthoseindustries.
B.Solvingtheenvironmentalcrisisdoesnotrequiredrasticandcostlyremedies.
C.Environmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressareequallyimportantgoals.
D.HumandespoliationoftheEarthhascausedwidespreadenvironmentaldamage.
問題5選項
A.Outliningthebackgroundanddevelopmentofconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebate.
B.Explaininghowconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateareequallyvalid.
C.Determiningwhichoftwoconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateismorepersuasive.
D.Providingexamplesofpossiblesolutionstoacurrentcrisis.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:D
第5題:C
【解析】61.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“下列哪個選項最準(zhǔn)確地陳述了文章的主要思想?”。文章第一段中指出Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.(新出現(xiàn)的是觀點的極端兩極分化;越來越多的證據(jù)表明人類有能力不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地破壞環(huán)境,再加上人們懷疑政府、工業(yè)甚至科學(xué)在防止環(huán)境破壞方面可能無能為力,這引起了環(huán)保主義者的指責(zé)性辯論),由此可知A項“越來越多的證據(jù)表明人類有能力破壞環(huán)境,應(yīng)促使采取行動防止進(jìn)一步的破壞”正確。B項“弗雷德里克?克萊門茨(FredericClements)所推崇的生態(tài)神秘感,已成為生態(tài)改革者的一種宗教信仰”,最后一段第一句提到Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.(生態(tài)平衡模式變成了一種生態(tài)的神秘性:環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌),由此可知不是一種宗教信仰,B項錯誤;C項“生態(tài)學(xué)家和工業(yè)發(fā)展提倡者在環(huán)境問題上的觀點只在最近才變得兩極化”,only(只有)一詞用的不恰當(dāng),C項錯誤;D項“GeorgeP.Marsh關(guān)于環(huán)境保護和管理的觀點嚴(yán)重影響了目前關(guān)于環(huán)境的辯論”這只是一個例子,并不是通篇文章的主要意思,D項不選。因此該題選A。
62.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“作者將生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型稱為’生態(tài)的奧秘’(最后一段第一行)最有可能是為了做以下哪一種?”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.(環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌;自然就像一件未完工的織物,由人類的聰明才智加以完善,已經(jīng)被技術(shù)所貶低和危及的自然形象所替代;啟蒙運動的自然觀認(rèn)為,理性的管理者構(gòu)建了一個更加美好的環(huán)境;與之相反,20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預(yù),以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。),由此可知,作者在這里指出有些改革太過于理論化而很難理解,所以D項“表明20世紀(jì)生態(tài)改革者的思想往往理論性太強,難以理解”正確。A項“對動植物在不受干擾的情況下如何獲得最大程度的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性表示贊賞”,根據(jù)第四段最后一句Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimaxtechnologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.(掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時間;技術(shù)并沒有改善自然,而是破壞了它)可知,作者是對這一掠奪表示反對,對自然表示惋惜,A項內(nèi)容理解錯誤;B項“指出生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型最近得到了實證科學(xué)研究的支持”,文中沒有提到;C項“強調(diào)20世紀(jì)改革者對均衡模型的狂熱”,文中內(nèi)容沒有提到改革者對均衡模型的狂熱,C項不選。因此該題選D。
63.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“以下哪一個實踐是弗雷德里克?克萊門茨的生態(tài)平衡模型最明顯地的應(yīng)用?”。文章第四段中指出Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.(從這個觀點來看,大自然最少改變的時候是最富有成效的;未受干擾的動植物群落逐漸獲得了最大的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性;掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時間:技術(shù)并沒有改善自然,而是破壞了它。),由此可以推斷B項“把一些土地劃出來作為荒野加以維護,禁止使用或開采自然資源”是這一生態(tài)平衡模型的應(yīng)用;A項“將一個物種引入非本地物種的環(huán)境,以幫助控制另一個不再有天敵的物種的傳播”,將物種引入其他環(huán)境算是對自然的一種干擾,和生態(tài)平衡模型內(nèi)容不符合;C項“在物種瀕臨滅絕的地區(qū),用科學(xué)的方法來增加動植物的穩(wěn)定性”和D項“制定企業(yè)激勵,采取糾正措施保護環(huán)境”也是人為的干擾,都不符合這一平衡模型的內(nèi)容。因此該題選B。
64.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“文章表明,GeorgeP.Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者最有可能同意下列哪一種說法?”。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句話ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.(但沒有企業(yè)家或?qū)崢I(yè)家試圖反駁馬什的指控,他認(rèn)為砍伐森林或屠殺野生動物在經(jīng)濟上是必要的,也沒有人認(rèn)為他的生態(tài)警告是歇斯底里的)可知A項“為了保護環(huán)境而規(guī)范工業(yè)與這些工業(yè)的自身利益并不沖突”有提到;根據(jù)文章第三段第四句Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.(此外,糾正措施似乎不需要犧牲,不需要嚴(yán)厲的補救措施)可知B項“解決環(huán)境危機不需要激烈和昂貴的補救措施”有提到;根據(jù)文章第三段第一句Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens(馬什和他的追隨者把環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展視為既定事實)可知C項“環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展是同樣重要的目標(biāo)”也有提到;D項“人類對地球的掠奪造成了廣泛的環(huán)境破壞”,根據(jù)文章第二段第三句ManandNaturecastigatedEarthsdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”(《人與自然》譴責(zé)了地球的掠奪者,因為他們肆無忌憚的貪婪,宣稱人類“已經(jīng)使地球表面像月球表面一樣遭到了徹底的毀滅)和文章末段最后一句twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.(20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類的干預(yù),以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定)可推斷,Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者都同意人類的掠奪對自然造成破壞,所以D項符合,A、B、C選項都是Marsh那個時期的觀點,并不是當(dāng)今生態(tài)改革者的觀點,所以A、B、C選項都不正確。因此該題選D。
65.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“這篇文章主要是關(guān)于下列哪一個?”。作者首段提到Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:Anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.(關(guān)于環(huán)境危機的爭論并不新鮮:對工業(yè)對環(huán)境影響的擔(dān)憂已經(jīng)存在了一個多世紀(jì)。新出現(xiàn)的是觀點的極端兩極分化。),由此可知,文章開篇提到當(dāng)今面對環(huán)境的爭論出現(xiàn)了兩極化,然后下文通過很多的例子說明,一種過于理論化的論述是不合乎邏輯的,C項“確定當(dāng)前辯論中兩個相互沖突的觀點中哪一個更有說服力”符合題意。A項“概述當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點的背景和發(fā)展”,概述背景和發(fā)展的目的是為了討論出兩個觀點哪一個更有說服力,所以A項是一個論述過程,因此不選;B項“解釋當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點如何同樣有效”也是討論的一個過程,不是文章的主要討論目的,B項不選;D項“為當(dāng)前危機提供可能的解決方案”,文章并沒有給出合適的解決方案,D項錯誤。因此該題選C。
12.單選題
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird.Buttheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.
Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.
Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensomuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.
Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.
Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.
TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable,“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.
Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends;andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.
51.BycitingtheexamplesofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat______.
52.Theword“bummer”(Line5,paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething______.
53.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising______.
54.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves______.
55.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?
問題1選項
A.poetrynotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic
B.artgrowsoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeelings
C.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness
D.artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest
問題2選項
A.religious
B.unpleasant
C.entertaining
D.commercial
問題3選項
A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happyart
B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic
C.replacesthechurchasamajorsourceofinformation
D.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself
問題4選項
A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness
B.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing
C.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied
D.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms
問題5選項
A.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.
B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.
C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmodernsociety.
D.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:A
【解析】51.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“通過引用詩人華茲華斯和波德萊爾的例子,作者想表明……”。根據(jù)第一段andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad(但他們卻選擇關(guān)注那些感覺糟糕的情感)和第二段Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewherefromthe19thcenturyonward:moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasmeaningless,phonyor,worstofall,boring,aswe-wentfromWordsworth’sDaffodilstoBaudelaire’sFlowersofEvil.(最早的藝術(shù)形式,如繪畫和音樂,是最適合表達(dá)快樂的。但從19世紀(jì)開始,越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始認(rèn)為快樂是無意義的、虛假的,或者是最糟糕的,無聊的,就像我們從華茲華斯的水仙花到波德萊爾的惡之花。)可知,藝術(shù)家開始關(guān)注那些令人不快的情感,但最早的藝術(shù)形式都適合表達(dá)快樂,只是19世紀(jì)的某個時候,當(dāng)我們從華茲華斯的水仙花轉(zhuǎn)向波德萊爾的惡之花時,越來越多的藝術(shù)家開始把快樂看成是乏味的,虛假的,甚至是令人厭倦的;因此,可推斷出“藝術(shù)家已經(jīng)改變了興趣的焦點”。故D項“藝術(shù)家們已經(jīng)改變了他們的興趣焦點”符合題意。A項“詩歌不像繪畫或音樂那樣能表達(dá)快樂”,文中沒有將詩歌、繪畫和音樂對于快樂的表現(xiàn)力進(jìn)行比較,因此不選;B項“藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生于積極和消極的情感”,這個選項沒有錯誤,但不是文章引用詩人Wordsworth和Baudelaire的例子所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,所以不選;C項“今天的詩人較少懷疑幸?!?,文中沒有提到詩人,該項錯誤;故該題選D。
52.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】語義猜測題。題干的意思是“第五段第五行的‘bummer’是指某件事情……”。根據(jù)題干定位到第五段Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery:Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.(早期時候的人,生活被苦難包圍著。他們工作到筋疲力盡,生活幾乎沒有保障,壽命很短。在西方,在大眾傳媒和識字之前,最強大的大眾媒體是教堂時刻提醒信徒,他們的靈魂處于危險之中,他們總有一天會成為蟲子的食物。考慮到這一切,他們并不需要他們那些藝術(shù)也能令人掃興。),前面提到了早期人們生活的苦難,從最后too這個詞語可知他們不再需要增加一個令他們不快樂的事物;因此這里的“bummer”是表示不快樂的事情,即somethingunpleasant。A項“宗教的”,文章提到教堂只是舉例說明早期人們生活的苦難;C項“令人愉快的”與文章不符;D項“商業(yè)的”這一段沒有提到;故該題選B項“不愉快的”正確。
53.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“在作者的觀點中,廣告……”。第四段第二句提到Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.(廣告和反快樂藝術(shù)的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn),并伴隨著它的出現(xiàn),在這種商業(yè)文化中,幸福不僅僅是一種理想,而是一種意識形態(tài)),由此可知,作者認(rèn)為廣告并沒有創(chuàng)造幸福,而是創(chuàng)造了幸福的意識形態(tài);因此D項“創(chuàng)造幸福的幻覺,而不是幸福本身”符合題意;A項“是在反快樂藝術(shù)之后出現(xiàn)的”,文章說到了Advertising,theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia(廣告和反快樂藝術(shù)的興起幾乎完全跟隨著大眾媒體的出現(xiàn)),所以它們是同時出現(xiàn)的,因此該項錯誤;B項“是導(dǎo)致公眾失望的原因”和C項“取代教會作為主要的信息來源”文中沒有提到;故該題選D。
54.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“從文章最后一段我們可以知道作者相信……”。最后一段作者講述的是在今天這樣一個快樂唾手可得的年代,我們必須記住一點,那就是,只有在面臨巨大的失敗和失望的風(fēng)險后取得的才是真正的快樂;而今天我們需要藝術(shù)告訴我們死亡的象征,就像宗教曾經(jīng)告訴我們的那樣,那就是反快樂文化。作者在最后提到It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.(這是一個比丁香香煙更苦澀的信息,但不知怎的,卻是一股新鮮空氣),由此可以推斷作者是想表達(dá)反快樂的藝術(shù)是令人不悅但卻令人耳目一新;故B項“反快樂的藝術(shù)是令人不快的,但令人耳目一新”為正確選項。A項“幸福往往以悲傷告終”故意混淆了作者引用宗教的意圖,作者只是說宗教提醒人們各種痛苦的存在,而不是說幸福都會以悲傷告終;C項“痛苦應(yīng)該被享受,而不是被拒絕”,文章中作者只是說人們需要接受痛苦,而不是說享受痛苦;D項“當(dāng)經(jīng)濟繁榮時,反快樂的藝術(shù)繁榮起來”過度解讀,故該題選B。
55.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)判斷題。題干的意思是“下列哪一項是正確的?”。根據(jù)文章第五段第二句IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshipersthattheirsoulswereindangerandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.(在西方,在大眾傳媒和識字之前,最強大的大眾媒體是教堂時刻提醒信徒,他們的靈魂處于危險之中,他們總有一天會成為蟲子的食物)可知A項“宗教曾經(jīng)起到提醒痛苦的作用”正確;B項“藝術(shù)提供了期望和現(xiàn)實之間的平衡”,文章提到藝術(shù)表達(dá)的往往是糟糕的情感或者反快樂,作者表達(dá)人們正是需要這種反快樂去時刻提醒自己真正的快樂是什么,并沒有提到藝術(shù)能夠提供現(xiàn)實和期望的平衡,有點過度曲解;C項“人們對現(xiàn)代社會的現(xiàn)實感到失望”沒有提到,所以不選;D項“大眾媒體傾向于報道災(zāi)難和死亡”,文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句提到TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.(今天,普通西方人周圍的信息不是宗教的,而是商業(yè)的,永遠(yuǎn)快樂),所以大眾媒體傳達(dá)的是一種幸福的思想,因此該項錯誤。故該題選A。
13.單選題
Sincespeechissuchafamiliaractivity,itisoftenregardedasauniversalendowment.
問題1選項
A.gift
B.event
C.trait
D.habit
【答案】A
【解析】考查名詞辨析。endowment表示“捐贈,天資”。A項gift“天資,禮物”,B項event“事件”,C項trait“特性,品質(zhì)”,D項habit“習(xí)慣,嗜好”。句意:由于演講是令大家如此熟悉的意象活動,所以它被視為一種人人具備的天賦。根據(jù)題意該題選A。
14.單選題
Theideathatboththeparentsandthecommunityareresponsibleforthewell-beingofminorshasgainedacceptanceonlyinthetwentieth.
問題1選項
A.welfare
B.welcome
C.appearance
D.speech
【答案】A
【解析】考查名詞辨析。well-being表示“幸福,康樂”。A項welfare“福利”,B項welcome“歡迎,接受”,C項appearance“外貌,外觀”,D項speech“演講”;句意:父母和社會都應(yīng)該對未成年人的幸福負(fù)責(zé)的觀點直到二十世紀(jì)才得到接受。根據(jù)句意該題選A。
15.單選題
TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourthasnotalwaysresolvedlegalissuesofconcerntoNativeAmericansinamannerthathaspleasedtheIndiannations.ManyoftheCourt’sdecisionshavebeenproductsofpoliticalcompromisethatlookedmoretothetemperofthetimesthantoenduringprinciplesoflaw.ButaccommodationispartofthejudicialsystemintheUnitedStatesandjudicialdecisionsmustbeassessedwiththisfactinmind.
Despitethe“accommodating”natureofthejudicialsystem,itisworthnotingthatthepoweroftheSupremeCourthasbeenexercisedinamannerthathasusuallybeenbeneficialtoNativeAmericans,atleastonminorissues,andhasnotbeenwhollydetrimentalonthelarger,moreimportantissues.Certainlytherehavebeendecisionsthatcastdoubtonthevalidityofthisassertion.SomecriticspointtothepatronizingtoneofmanyCourtopinionsandtheapparentrejectionofNativeAmericanvaluesasimportantpointstoconsiderwhenreviewingacase.However,thevalidityoftheassertioncanbeillustratedbyreferencetotwoimportantcontributionsthathaveresultedfromtheexerciseofjudicialpower.
First,theCourthascreatedrulesofjudicialconstructionthatingeneral,favortherightsofNativeAmericanlitigants.TheCourt’sattitudehasbeenconditionedbyrecognitionofthedistinctdisadvantagesNativeAmericansfacedwhendealingwithsettlersinthepast.TreatieswereinevitablywritteninEnglishforthebenefitoftheirauthors,whereastriballeaderswereaccustomedtomakingtreatieswithoutanywrittenaccount,onthestrengthofmutualpromisessealedbyreligiouscommitmentandindividualintegrity.Thewrittentreatieswereoftenbroken,andNativeAmericanswereconfrontedwithfraudandpoliticalandmilitaryaggression.TheCourtrecognizesthatpastunfairnesstoNativeAmericanscannotbesanctionedbytheforceoflaw.Therefore,ambiguitiesintreatiesaretobeinterpretedinfavoroftheNativeAmericanclaimants,treatiesaretobeinterpretedastheNativeAmericanswouldhaveunderstoodthem,and,underthereservedrightsdoctrine,treatiesreservetoNativeAmericansallrightsthathavenotbeenspecificallygrantedawayinothertreaties.
Asecondachievementofthejudicialsystemistheprotectionthathasbeenprovidedagainstencroachmentbyt
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