2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-國(guó)防科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)73

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-國(guó)防科技大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

ByeducationImeantheinfluenceoftheenvironmentupontheindividualtoproduceapermanentchangeinthehabitsofbehavior,ofthoughtandofattitude.Itisinbeingthussusceptibletotheenvironmentthatmandiffersfromtheanimals,andthehigheranimalsfromthelower.Theloweranimalsareinfluencedbytheenvironmentbutnotinthedirectionofchangingtheirhabits.Theirinstinctiveresponsesarefewandfixedbyheredity.Whentransferredtoanunnaturalsituation,suchananimalisledastraybyitsinstincts.Thustheant-lionwhoseinstinctimpliesittoboreintoloosesandbypushingbackwardwithabdomen,goesbackwardsonaplateofglassassoonasdangerthreatens,andendeavors,withtheutmostexertionstoboreintoit.Itknowsnoothermodeoffightorifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions(asuselessascultivatinganunsownfield)ordiesinhelplessinactivity.Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,thoughitwillcontinueanotherburrow,evenonemadewithapencil.

Advancedinthescaleofevolutionalongsuchlinesasthesecouldonlybemadebytheemergenceofcreatureswithmoreandmorecomplicatedinstincts.Suchbeingsweknowintheantsandspiders.Butanotherlineofadvancewasdestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityofwhichwedonotseetheendperhapseveninman.Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm.

Thismeans,onemightatfirstimagine,thatgraduallyhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.Butthisishardlythetruthandcertainlynotthewholetruth.Foralthoughfixedautomaticresponseslikethoseoftheinsect-likecreaturesarenolongerinherited,althoughselectionforpurificationofthatsortisnolongergoingon,yetselectionforeducabilityisverydefinitelystillofimportance.Theabilitytoacquirehabitscanconceivablyinheritjustasmuchascandefiniteresponsestonarrowsituations.Environmentandheredityareinnocaseexclusivebutalwayssupplementaryfactors.

58.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?

59.Whatcanbeinferredfromtheexampleoftheant-lion?

60.Basedontheexampleprovidedinthepassage,wecantellthatwhenaspiderisremovedtoanewpositionwherehalfofanethasbeenmade,itwillprobably____.

61.Whichofthefollowingistrueabouthabits?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheEvolutionofInsects.

B.EnvironmentandHeredity.

C.Education:TheInfluenceoftheEnvironment.

D.TheInstinctsofAnimals.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Instinctsofanimalscanleadtounreasonablereactionsofanimalsinastrangesituation.

B.Whenitisengagedinachainactionsitcannotbeinterrupted.

C.Environmentandheredityaretwosupplementaryfactorsintheevolutionofinsects.

D.Alongthelinesofevolutionhereditybecomeslessandenvironmentmoreimportant.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.beginacompletenet

B.destroythehalf-madenet

C.spintherestofthenet

D.stayawayfromthenet

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyarenaturalendowmentstolivingcreature.

B.Theyaremoreimportantthaninstinctstoallanimals.

C.Theyaresubjecttheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment.

D.Theyaredestinedtoopenoutamuchmorefar-reachingpossibilityintheevolutionofhumanbeings.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】58.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。這是一篇科技性的文章，從文中內(nèi)容可知，作者是在講外部環(huán)境和遺傳是互補(bǔ)的因素，主要是為了說(shuō)明兩個(gè)生物和遺傳學(xué)中重要的概念：先天的“本能”(instinct)和后天的“習(xí)慣”(habit)，以及它們之間相互的關(guān)系。選項(xiàng)A“昆蟲的進(jìn)化”可以排除掉，文章的主題顯然不是討論昆蟲的進(jìn)化。選項(xiàng)C“教育：環(huán)境的影響”，D“動(dòng)物的本能”都分別是文章討論的一個(gè)側(cè)面，也可以排除。所以應(yīng)該選B“環(huán)境和遺傳”，從全篇文章尤其是最后一句都明確表現(xiàn)出文章“環(huán)境和遺傳”這一主題。

59.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。本題可參照第一段中間一句話ifsuchalonelyanimalisengageduponachainofactionsandisinterrupted,iteithergoesonvainlywiththeremainingactions…ordiesinhelplessinactivity（如果這樣一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的動(dòng)物在一連串的行動(dòng)中被打斷，它要么徒勞地繼續(xù)剩下的行動(dòng)……要么在無(wú)助的無(wú)為中死去），從中可知，蟻獅會(huì)執(zhí)著地做出本能的反應(yīng)。因此A項(xiàng)“當(dāng)它參與連鎖行動(dòng)時(shí)它不能受到干擾”為正確答案。B項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物的本能會(huì)導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物在陌生的情況下做出不合理的反應(yīng)”，C項(xiàng)“環(huán)境和遺傳在昆蟲進(jìn)化中是兩個(gè)補(bǔ)充因素”，D項(xiàng)“沿著進(jìn)化方向遺傳作用變小環(huán)境變得更為重要”，皆與文章不符。

60.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。文章第一段最后一句Thusanet-makingspiderwhichdigsaburrowandrimsitwithabastionofgravelandbitsofwood,whenremovalfromahalf-finishedhome,willnotbeginagain,…（一只織網(wǎng)的蜘蛛在挖洞的時(shí)候，用沙礫和木屑筑起一個(gè)堡壘，當(dāng)它從一個(gè)半成品的家里搬走時(shí)，它不會(huì)再開(kāi)始……），可知當(dāng)一只蜘蛛建造它的小巢的工作進(jìn)行到一半的時(shí)候，到了一個(gè)新的環(huán)境，它不會(huì)重新開(kāi)始修建另一個(gè)巢穴，而是會(huì)繼續(xù)完成一個(gè)半成品的巢穴，這是動(dòng)物的本能的反映。依此類推，當(dāng)人們把一只蜘蛛從一個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)上拿到另外一個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)上的時(shí)候，它顯然會(huì)在本能的驅(qū)使下把那個(gè)織了一半的網(wǎng)完成。因此C項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)織剩下的網(wǎng)”，為正確答案。A項(xiàng)“開(kāi)始織一個(gè)完整的網(wǎng)”，B項(xiàng)“摧毀織了一半的網(wǎng)”，D項(xiàng)“遠(yuǎn)離網(wǎng)”，均不符合文意。

61.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。可從第二段最后一句Habits,insteadofbeingbornready-made(Whentheyarecalledinstinctsandnothabitsatall)wereleftmoreandmoretotheformativeinfluenceoftheenvironment,ofwhichthemostimportantfactorwastheparentwhonowcaredfortheyounganimalduringaperiodofinfancyinwhichvaguerinstinctsthanthoseoftheinsectsweremodeledtosuitsurroundingswhichmightbeconsiderablychangedwithoutharm（習(xí)慣，而不是天生的現(xiàn)成的（當(dāng)它們被稱為本能而不是習(xí)慣的時(shí)候），越來(lái)越多地被環(huán)境的影響所左右，其中最重要的因素是父母在幼年時(shí)期照顧小動(dòng)物，在幼年時(shí)期，比昆蟲更模糊的本能被模仿來(lái)適應(yīng)環(huán)境，環(huán)境可能會(huì)發(fā)生很大的變化而不會(huì)造成傷害），對(duì)習(xí)慣的描述推出C“他們受到環(huán)境的影響”。A項(xiàng)“他們是生物的自然天賦”，B“對(duì)所有動(dòng)物來(lái)說(shuō)，它們比本能更重要”，D“他們注定會(huì)在人類的進(jìn)化中開(kāi)闊有極其遠(yuǎn)大前景的可能性”，均錯(cuò)誤。

2.單選題

Viruses,infectiousparticlesconsistingofnucleicacidpackagedinaproteincoat(thecapsid),aredifficulttoresist.Unabletoreproduceoutsidealivingcell,virusesreproduceonlybysubvertingthegeneticmechanismsofahostcell.Inonekindofvirallifecycle,thevirusfirstbindstothecell’ssurface,thenpenetratesthecellandshedsitscapsid.Theexposedviralnucleicacidproducesnewvirusesfromthecontentsofthecell.Finally,thecellreleasestheviralprogeny,andanewcellcycleofinfectionbegins.

Thehumanbodyrespondstoaviralinfectionbyproducingantibodies:complex,highlyspecificproteinsthatselectivelybindtoforeignmoleculessuchasviruses.Anantibodycaneitherinterferewithavirus’sabilitybindtoacell,orcanpreventitfromreleasingitsnucleicacid.

Unfortunately,thecommoncold,producedmostoftenbyrhinoviruses,isintractabletoantiviraldefense.Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains.Thestrainsdiffermostinthemolecularstructureoftheproteinsintheircapsids.Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.

Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.Forexample,mostrhinovirusstrainsbindtothesamekindofmolecule(delta-receptors)onacell’ssurfacewhentheyattackhumancells.Colonno,takingadvantageofthesecommonreceptors,devisedastrategyforblockingtheattachmentofrhinovirusestotheirappropriatereceptors.Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.Inisolatedhumancells,thisantibodyprovedtobeextraordinarilyeffectiveatthwartingtherhinovirus.Moreover,whentheantibodywasgiventochimpanzees,itinhibitedrhinoviralgrowth,andinhumansitlessenedboththeseverityanddurationofcoldsymptoms.

AnotherpossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruseswasproposedbyRossman,whodescribedrhinoviruses’detailedmolecularStructure.Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.Thenarrowopeningofthiscanyorpossiblypreventstherelativelylargeantibodymoleculesfrombindingtothecommonsequence,butsmallermoleculesmightreachit.Amongthesesmaller,nonantibodymolecules,somemightbindtothecommonsequence,lockthenucleicacidinitscoat,andtherebypreventthevirusfromreproducing.

54.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

55.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheproteinsequencesofthecapsidthatvarymostamongstrainsofrhinovirusarethose______.

56.Whichofthefollowingresearchstrategiesfordevelopingadefenseagainstthecommoncoldwouldtheauthorbelikelytofindmostpromising?

57.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthepurposeofColonno’sexperimentswastodeterminewhether______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discussviralmechanismsandpossiblewaysofcircumventingcertainkindsofthosemechanisms

B.challengerecentresearchonhowrhinovirusesbindtoreceptorsonthesurfacesofcells

C.suggestfutureresearchonrhinoviralgrowthinchimpanzees

D.defendacontroversialresearchprogramwhosepurposeistodiscoverthemolecularstructureofrhinoviruscapsids

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.atthebaseofthe“canyon”

B.outsideofthe“canyon”

C.responsibleforproducingnucleicacid

D.responsibleforpreventingtheformationofdelta-receptors

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Continuingtolookforageneralantirhinoviralantibody.

B.Searchingforcommoncell-surfacereceptorsinhumansandmice.

C.Continuingtolookforsimilaritiesamongthevariousstrainsofrhinovirus.

D.Discoveringhowthehumanbodyproducesantibodiesinresponsetoarhinoviralinfection.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.chimpanzeesandhumanscanbothbeinfectedbyrhinoviruses

B.chimpanzeescanproduceantibodiestohumancell-surfacereceptors

C.arhinovirus’nucleicacidmightbelockedinitsproteincoat

D.bindingantibodiestocommonreceptorscouldproduceapossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruses

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】54.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章開(kāi)始先闡述的病毒的繁殖和人體的抗體反映，接著引用了鼻病毒來(lái)討論病毒的攻擊機(jī)制以及抵御這種機(jī)制的辦法，故A項(xiàng)“討論病毒機(jī)制和規(guī)避某些機(jī)制的可能方法”符合題意；B項(xiàng)“挑戰(zhàn)最近關(guān)于鼻病毒如何與細(xì)胞表面受體結(jié)合的研究”、C項(xiàng)“建議對(duì)黑猩猩鼻病毒生長(zhǎng)的未來(lái)研究”和D項(xiàng)“為一個(gè)旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻病毒衣殼分子結(jié)構(gòu)的有爭(zhēng)議的研究項(xiàng)目辯護(hù)”都不夠全面。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，鼻病毒株衣殼蛋白序列差異最大的是……的那些”。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.（羅斯曼指出，所有鼻病毒株共有的蛋白質(zhì)序列位于衣殼表面的一個(gè)深“峽谷”的底部。）可知，擁有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列的鼻病毒株都是位于衣殼表面的一個(gè)深“峽谷”的底部里，那么“峽谷”外的那些鼻病毒株則是沒(méi)有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列，所以“峽谷”外的鼻病毒株的衣殼蛋白序列差異最大，故B項(xiàng)“‘峽谷’外”正確；A項(xiàng)“在‘峽谷’的底部”錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)核酸”和D項(xiàng)“負(fù)責(zé)阻止受體的形成”并不符合題干。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

56.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“關(guān)于對(duì)普通感冒的防御，以下哪一種是作者認(rèn)為可能是最有希望的方法？”。由第四段第一句Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.（盡管如此，通過(guò)利用鼻病毒株之間隱藏的相似性，對(duì)鼻病毒的防御可能會(huì)成功。）可知，C項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)尋找各種鼻病毒株之間的相似性”正確；根據(jù)第三段中的Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains…Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.（人類很難抵抗感冒，因?yàn)楸遣《痉N類繁多，至少有100種……由于抗病抗體與衣殼結(jié)合，一種用于對(duì)抗一種鼻病毒株的抗體對(duì)其他病毒株無(wú)效。每個(gè)毒株必須產(chǎn)生不同的抗體。）可知，鼻病毒種類很多，只尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體是難以對(duì)抗感冒的，A項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體”錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“尋找人類和小鼠中常見(jiàn)的細(xì)胞表面受體”，只是Colonno設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，該項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)人體如何產(chǎn)生抗體以應(yīng)對(duì)鼻病毒感染”文中沒(méi)有提及。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，Colonno實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是確定是否……”。根據(jù)第四段中的Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.（科洛諾不是徒勞地尋找一種能與所有鼻病毒結(jié)合的抗體，而是意識(shí)到一種與人類細(xì)胞的普通受體結(jié)合的抗體可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染。）可推斷，Colonno實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是確定與人類細(xì)胞的普通受體結(jié)合的抗體是否可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染，D項(xiàng)“與普通受體結(jié)合的抗體可能產(chǎn)生一種對(duì)抗鼻病毒的防御”正確；A項(xiàng)“黑猩猩和人類都可以被鼻病毒感染”只是實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程，并不是目的；B項(xiàng)“黑猩猩能產(chǎn)生對(duì)人類細(xì)胞表面受體的抗體”，根據(jù)第四段對(duì)該實(shí)驗(yàn)的描述Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.（由于人類細(xì)胞通常不會(huì)產(chǎn)生針對(duì)自身細(xì)胞成分的抗體，Colonno將人類細(xì)胞注射到小鼠體內(nèi)，小鼠確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了針對(duì)共同受體的抗體。），可知產(chǎn)生對(duì)人類細(xì)胞表面受體的抗體是小老鼠，而黑猩猩只是被注射了小鼠產(chǎn)生的抗體，該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“鼻病毒的核酸可能被鎖在它的蛋白質(zhì)外殼中”并不是Colonno的實(shí)驗(yàn)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymonth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.

Caveartfurnishesothertypesofevidenceofthisphenomenon.Mostengravings,forexample,arebestlitfromtheleft,asbefitstheworkofright-handedartists,whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush.InthefewcaseswhereanIceAgefigureisdepictedholdingsomething,itismostly,thoughnotalways,intherighthand.

Cluestoright-handednesscanalsobefoundbyothermethods.Right-handerstendtohavelonger,stronger,andmoremuscularbonesontherightside,andMarcellinBouleaslongagoas1911notedtheLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletonhadarightupperarmbonethatwasnoticeablystrongerthantheleft.SimilarobservationshavebeenmadeonotherNeanderthalskeletonssuchasLaFerrassieIandNeanderthalitself.

Fracturesandothercutmarksareanothersourceofevidence.Right-handedsoldierstendtobewoundedontheleft.Theskeletonofa40-or50-year-oldNabateanwarrior,buried2,000yearsagointheNegevDesert,Israel,hadmultiplehealedfracturestotheskull,theleftarm,andtheribs.

Toolsthemselvescanberevealing.Long-handedNeolithicspoonsofyewwoodpreservedinAlpinevillagesdatingto3000B.C.havesurvived;thesignsofrubbingontheirleftsideindicatethattheiruserswereright-handed.ThelateIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxconsistsoffibersspiralingtotheright,andwasthereforetressedbyaright-hander.

Occasionallyonecandeterminewhetherstonetoolswereusedintherighthandortheleft,anditisevenpossibletoassesshowfarbackthisfeaturecanbetraced.Instonetoolmakingexperiments,NickToth,aright-hander,heldthecore(thestonethatwouldbecomethetool)inhislefthandandthehammerstoneinhisright.Asthetoolwasmade,thecorewasrotatedclockwise,andtheflakes,removedinsequence,hadalittlecrescentofcortex(thecore’soutersurface)ontheside.Toth’sknappingproduced56percentflakeswiththecortexontheright,and44percentleft-orientedflakes.Aleft-handedtoolmakerwouldproducetheoppositepatternTothhasappliedthesecriteriatothesimilarlymadepebbletoolsfromanumberofearlysites(before1.5millionyears)atKoobiFora,Kenya,probablymadebyHomohabilis.Atsevensiteshefoundthat57percentoftheflakeswereright-oriented,and43percentleft,apatternalmostidenticaltothatproducedtoday.

About90percentofmodernhumansareright-handed:wearetheonlymammalwithapreferentialuseofonehand.Thepartofthebrainresponsibleforfinecontrolandmovementislocatedintheleftcerebralhemisphere，andthefindingsabovesuggestthatthehumanbrainwasalreadyasymmetricalinitsstructureandfunctionnotlongafter2millionyearsago.AmongNeanderthalersof70,000-35,000yearsago,MarcellinBoulenotedthattheLaChapelle-aux-Saintsindividualhadalefthemisphereslightlybiggerthantheright，andthesamewasfoundforbrainsofspecimensfromNeanderthal,Gibraltar,andLaQuina.

54.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraphs1and2asevidenceofright-handednessinartandartistsEXCEPT______.

55.TheLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletoncanbeidentifiedasright-handedbecause______.

56.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutfracturesandcutmarkscanbeinferredfromthepassage?

57.WhydoestheauthormentiontheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascaux?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theidealsourceoflightingformostengravings

B.thefactthatalefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightlooklikearighthand

C.theprevalenceofoutlinesoflefthands

D.figuresinprehistoricartholdingobjectswiththerighthand

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.otherNeanderthalskeletonsfoundnearbyarealsoright-handed

B.therightarmboneisstrongerthantheleft

C.itissimilartoskeletonsofLaFerrassieIandNeanderthal

D.therightsideoftheskeletonshowslessevidenceoffractures

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fracturesandcutmarkscausedbyright-handedsoldierstendtooccurontherightsideoftheinjuredparty’sbody.

B.Therightarmsustainsmoreinjuriesbecause,asthedominantarm,itisusedmoreactively.

C.Inmostpeople,theleftsideofthebodyismorevulnerabletoinjurysinceitisnotdefendedeffectivelybythedominantarm.

D.Fracturesandcutmarksonfossilhumansprobablyoccurredafterdeath.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Asanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson.

B.Becausetressingisanactivitythatiseasierforaright-handedpersonthanforaleft-handedperson.

C.BecausethecaveofLascauxisthesitewhereresearchershavefoundseveralprehistorictoolsmadeforright-handedpeople.

D.Asanexampleofanitemwhoseconstructionshowsthatitwasmadebyaright-handedperson.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】54.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“除……外，以下所有內(nèi)容都在第1和第2段中提到，作為藝術(shù)和藝術(shù)家中慣用右手的證據(jù)”。根據(jù)第二段第二句Mostengravings,forexample,arebestlitfromtheleft,asbefitstheworkofright-handedartists,whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush.（例如，大多數(shù)雕刻作品的光線最好從左邊照射，因?yàn)檫@很適合右手藝術(shù)家的作品，他們通常喜歡讓光線照在左邊，這樣他們的手的影子就不會(huì)落在雕刻工具或刷子的頂端。）可知，A項(xiàng)“是大多數(shù)雕刻品的理想的照明光源”。根據(jù)第一段最后兩句Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.（我們不得不做出一種假設(shè)：雙手是手掌朝下被印刷出來(lái)的，而手掌朝上印刷出來(lái)的左手當(dāng)然看起來(lái)像一只右手。在法國(guó)加爾加斯洞穴的158張模板中，有136張被確定為左手，只有22張是右手，因此，慣用右手的人占主導(dǎo)地位。）可知，C項(xiàng)“左手輪廓的盛行”是正確的，B項(xiàng)“事實(shí)上，用模板繪制的左手掌心向上可能看起來(lái)像右手”中的fact（事實(shí)）與原文不符，原文提到的是assumption（假設(shè)），而不是“事實(shí)”。由第二段最后一句InthefewcaseswhereanIceAgefigureisdepictedholdingsomething,itismostly,thoughnotalways,intherighthand.（在少數(shù)幾個(gè)冰河時(shí)期的人物被描繪成拿著東西的例子中，雖然不全是但大多數(shù)都是用右手拿著東西。）可知，D項(xiàng)“史前藝術(shù)中的人物用右手拿著東西”也符合。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

55.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“LaChapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼可以被確定為右撇子，因?yàn)椤?。根?jù)題干定位到第三段倒數(shù)第二句Right-handerstendtohavelonger,stronger,andmoremuscularbonesontherightside,andMarcellinBouleaslongagoas1911notedtheLaChapelle-aux-SaintsNeanderthalskeletonhadarightupperarmbonethatwasnoticeablystrongerthantheleft.（右撇子的右側(cè)骨骼更長(zhǎng)，更強(qiáng)壯，肌肉更發(fā)達(dá)。MarcellinBoule早在1911年提到的一塊名為L(zhǎng)aChapelle-aux-Saints的尼安德特人的右上臂骨骼明顯比左上臂強(qiáng)壯。）可知，B項(xiàng)“右臂骨頭比左臂骨頭強(qiáng)壯”符合原文。第三段最后一句指出SimilarobservationshavebeenmadeonotherNeanderthalskeletonssuchasLaFerrassieIandNeanderthalitself.（對(duì)其他尼安德特人的骨架的調(diào)查也得到了類似的結(jié)果，例如LaFerrassieI和尼安德特人本身。）可知，名為L(zhǎng)aChapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼與其他尼安德特人、LaFerrassieI以及尼安德特人本身的骨骼都有類似的特點(diǎn)，即右臂骨頭比左臂骨頭強(qiáng)壯，并不是說(shuō)他們的骨骼是相似的，C項(xiàng)“它與LaFerrassieI和尼安德特人的骨骼相似”偷換概念；A項(xiàng)“附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的其他尼安德特人骨骼也是右撇子”這是在發(fā)現(xiàn)名為L(zhǎng)aChapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼被確定為右撇子之后法身的，A項(xiàng)不選。D項(xiàng)“右側(cè)骨骼骨折的證據(jù)較少”，這是證明右撇子的另外一個(gè)證據(jù)，而不是證明名為L(zhǎng)aChapelle-au-saints的尼安德特人骨骼是右撇子的證據(jù)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

56.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“下列關(guān)于骨折痕和割傷痕的陳述哪一個(gè)可以從文章中推斷出來(lái)？”。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第四段Fracturesandothercutmarksareanothersourceofevidence.Right-handedsoldierstendtobewoundedontheleft.Theskeletonofa40-or50-year-oldNabateanwarrior,buried2,000yearsagointheNegevDesert,Israel,hadmultiplehealedfracturestotheskull,theleftarm,andtheribs.（斷裂痕與割傷痕也是論據(jù)的另一來(lái)源。右撇子勇士一般都是左側(cè)容易受傷。在以色列的內(nèi)蓋夫的戈壁中被埋了2000多年的一個(gè)40-50歲之間的Nabatean勇士的骨架，在他的頭部、左臂和肋骨上有多處已愈合的傷痕。），從中可知，習(xí)慣使用右撇子的人左側(cè)受傷會(huì)更多，可以推斷這是由于右撇子的人的右側(cè)被占主導(dǎo)地位的右手保護(hù)，所以左側(cè)受傷更多，A項(xiàng)“右撇子士兵造成的骨折和割傷往往發(fā)生在受傷方身體的右側(cè)”和B項(xiàng)“右臂受傷更多，因?yàn)橛冶圩鳛橹饕氖直?，使用更積極”錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“對(duì)于大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，身體的左半邊更容易受傷，因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有被占主導(dǎo)地位的手臂有效地保護(hù)”符合題意。D項(xiàng)“人類化石上的骨折和割傷很可能是死后造成的”沒(méi)有提到。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

57.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“為什么作者提到在法國(guó)Lascaux洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)的冰河時(shí)期的繩子？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章第五段Toolsthemselvescanberevealing…ThelateIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxconsistsoffibersspiralingtotheright,andwasthereforetressedbyaright-hander.（工具本身也會(huì)反映這一現(xiàn)象……在法國(guó)的Lascaux巖洞藝術(shù)找到的冰川時(shí)代末期的繩子是由向右旋轉(zhuǎn)的纖維捆成的，當(dāng)然也就證實(shí)了出自右撇子之手。），由此可以推斷，作者提到法國(guó)Lascaux洞穴中發(fā)現(xiàn)的冰河時(shí)期的繩子是為了對(duì)第五段第一句提供關(guān)于通過(guò)物品判斷右撇子的例證，D項(xiàng)“作為一件由右撇子制造的物品的例子”符合。A項(xiàng)“作為一件物品的例子，它的磨損痕跡表明它是由右撇子使用的”中的“磨損”并不屬于繩子上的。B項(xiàng)“因?yàn)榇┮路?duì)右撇子來(lái)說(shuō)比左撇子更容易”在該段落并未提及。C項(xiàng)“因?yàn)樵贚ascaux洞穴，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些為右撇子的人制作的史前工具”并不符合題干。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Aspoliticalfanatic,hehasfoughtwithrevolutionariesallovertheworld.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.incumbent

B.candidate

C.zealot

D.jealousy

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)incumbent“在職者，現(xiàn)任者”，B項(xiàng)candidate“候選人，候補(bǔ)者”，C項(xiàng)zealot“狂熱者，猶太教狂熱信徒”，D項(xiàng)jealousy“嫉妒，猜忌”。句意：作為一個(gè)政治狂熱分子，他曾與世界各地的革命者斗爭(zhēng)過(guò)。根據(jù)句意可知，fanatic在句中表示“狂熱分子”。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

5.單選題

Youhavetohaveyourlibrarycardwithyouifyouwanttoborrowbooks,______?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.haven’tyou

B.willyou

C.mustn’tyou

D.don’tyou

【答案】D

【解析】考查附加疑問(wèn)句。附加疑問(wèn)句，即反意疑問(wèn)句，指在陳述句后面對(duì)陳述句所敘述的事實(shí)提出的疑問(wèn)。這個(gè)句子的陳述部分用的動(dòng)詞是haveto，表示肯定，且是一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，所以反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)該使用助動(dòng)詞do的否定，D項(xiàng)符合。A選項(xiàng)存在的前提是前面的陳述句里用了助動(dòng)詞have，如：Youhavedoneit,haven’tyou?但是這個(gè)句子里面的haveto是一個(gè)實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)同理，都需要陳述句里有will或must才正確。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Shewassoabsorbedinreadingthatnoisecouldnot______her.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.dismiss

B.dispatch

C.disperse

D.distract

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)dismiss“解散，解雇，開(kāi)除”，B項(xiàng)dispatch“派遣，發(fā)送，迅速處理”，C項(xiàng)disperse“分散，使散開(kāi)”，D項(xiàng)distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”。由beabsorbedin（全神貫注于）和so…that…（如此……以至于……）可知，D項(xiàng)符合。句意：她全神貫注地讀書，喧鬧聲不能使她分心。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。

7.單選題

Ifaspeciesofparasiteistosurvive,thehostorganismsmustlivelongenoughfortheparasitetoreproduce;ifthehostspeciesbecomes______,sodoitsparasites.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.succumbed

B.extinct

C.infertile

D.widespread

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項(xiàng)succumbed為succumb的過(guò)去分詞，表示“屈服”，B項(xiàng)extinct“滅絕的，絕種的”，C項(xiàng)infertile“不肥沃的，不毛的”，D項(xiàng)widespread“普遍的，廣泛的”。由hostorganisms（宿主）可知，hostspecies指的一種寄生蟲寄生的生物，而前面是說(shuō)“如果一種寄生蟲要存活，宿主必須活得足夠長(zhǎng)，以便寄生蟲繁殖”，那么后面講的是另外一種情況，所以只有B項(xiàng)符合。句意：如果一種寄生蟲要存活下來(lái)，宿主有機(jī)體必須活得足夠長(zhǎng)，以便寄生蟲繁殖；如果宿主物種滅絕，它的寄生蟲也會(huì)滅絕。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

8.單選題

Onesignthatsheismakingprogressinartcoursessuchaspaintingorphotographyis______shebeginstorealizehowmuchthereistolearn.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.when

C.while

D.as

【答案】A

【解析】考查表語(yǔ)從句。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，is是句子的系動(dòng)詞，所以跟在系動(dòng)詞后面的是表語(yǔ)從句，that可以引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。B項(xiàng)when表示時(shí)間，放在空格處不符合語(yǔ)境；C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)不能引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。句意：她在繪畫或攝影等藝術(shù)課程上取得進(jìn)步的一個(gè)標(biāo)志是，她開(kāi)始意識(shí)到還有很多東西要學(xué)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

JustaweekafterScottishembryologistsannouncedthattheyhadsucceededincloningasheepfromasingleadultcell,boththegeneticscommunityandtheworld31arecomingtoanunsettlingrealization:thescienceistheeasypart.Itisnot32thebreakthroughwasnotdecadesinthemaking.It’sjustthatonceitwascomplete—onceyou33howtotransferthegeneticschematicsfromanadultcellintoalivingovumandkeepthefragileembryo34throughoutgestation...mostofyourbasicbiologicalworkwasfinished.Thesocialandphilosophicaltemblorsittriggers,35,havemerelybegun.

Onlynow,asthenewsofDolly,the36oblivioussheep,becomespartoftheculturaldebate,arewebeginningto37thosesoul-quakes?Howwillthenewtechnologyberegulated?Whatdoesthesuddenabilitytomakegeneticstencilsofourselvessayabouttheconceptofindividuality?Istheresomethingabouttheindividualthatislostwhenthemysticalactof38apersonbecomesstandardizedintoamereactofphotocopyingone?

LastweekPresidentClintontookthefirsttentativesteptowardansweringthesequestions,chargingaU.S.commission39thetaskofinvestigatingthelegaland40implicationsofthenewtechnologyandreportingbacktohimwiththeirfindingswithin90days.LaterthisweektheHousesubcommitteeonbasicresearchwillholdahearingto41thesameissues.TheprobabletoneofthosesessionswasestablishedlastweekwhenHaroldVarmus,directoroftheNationalInstituteofHealth,toldanothersubcommitteethatcloningapersonis“42totheAmericanpublic.”

Aroundtheglobe,thereactionwasjustas43France’sundersecretaryforresearch44humancloningas“unthinkable,”theCouncilofEuropeSecretaryGeneralcalledit“unacceptable,”andGermany’sMinisterofResearchandTechnologyflatlydeclared:“Therewillneverbeahumanclone.”AgreedProfessorAkiraIrirani,anembryologyexpertatOsaka’sKinkiUniversity,“Wemust45applyingthetechniquetohumanbeings.”

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.atlength

B.atlarge

C.atmost

D.atleast

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.that

B.but

C.except

D.because

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.makeout

B.workout

C.thinkout

D.figureout

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.lively

B.alive

C.living

D.live

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.moreover

B.yet

C.however

D.specially

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.sublimely

B.predictably

C.philosophically

D.presumably

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.makeahashof

B.messup

C.cometotermswith

D.windup

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.squalling

B.duplicating

C.conferring

D.conceiving

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.of

B.with

C.by

D.in

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.ethnological

B.anthropological

C.ethical

D.biological

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.pacify

B.conciliate

C.bolster

D.address

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.repugnant

B.homogeneous

C.munificent

D.prodigal

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.affirmative

B.negative

C.ingenious

D.judicious

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.judge

B.condemn

C.applaud

D.reckon

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.amountto

B.endupwith

C.refrainfrom

D.forceupon

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:B

第10題:C

第11題:D

第12題:A

第13題:B

第14題:B

第15題:C

【解析】31.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】考查語(yǔ)義和短語(yǔ)。A項(xiàng)“終究；最終”，B項(xiàng)“普遍”，C項(xiàng)“最多”，D項(xiàng)“最少”。根據(jù)本句句意：就在蘇格蘭胚胎學(xué)家宣布他們成功地從一個(gè)成年細(xì)胞克隆綿羊一周后，遺傳學(xué)界和整個(gè)世界有一個(gè)令人不安的認(rèn)識(shí)：科學(xué)是一個(gè)容易的部分，因此B項(xiàng)符合題意。

32.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】考查表語(yǔ)從句。本句it為主語(yǔ)，is為系動(dòng)詞，that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，that在表語(yǔ)從句中不可以省掉。本句句意：這并不是說(shuō)這一突破不是幾十年來(lái)才實(shí)現(xiàn)的。所以選A。

33.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查詞組釋義。A項(xiàng)“辨認(rèn)出，看出”，B項(xiàng)“計(jì)算出”，C項(xiàng)“仔細(xì)思考”，D項(xiàng)“想出；弄清楚；找出”