2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號17

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-首都經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror"provider"andpurchaseror"consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschosentoseeaphysician—andeventhentheremaybenorealchoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday",whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor'sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants-thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialdecisionsforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital,andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.

1.Theauthor'sprimarypurposeisto（

）.

2.Itcaninferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause

（

）.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto"returnnextWednesday",thedoctorisineffect

（

）.

4.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto

（

）.

5.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?

問題1選項

A.criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

B.analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-care

C.urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

D.informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights

問題2選項

A.itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B.mostofpatient'sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C.adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient'shealth

D.somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician'sadvice

問題3選項

A.instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

B.warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

C.advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

D.admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective

問題4選項

A.aproposalofcontrolmedicalcosts

B.adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C.ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates

D.astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

問題5選項

A.Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.

B.Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescribedortoquestionthecostofservices.

C.Thepayer,whetherinsurancecarrierorthegovernment,islesslikelytoacquiescetodemandsforpaymentwhentheillnessofthepatientisregardedasserious.

D.BothAandB.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段提到在經(jīng)濟的大部分領(lǐng)域購買者做出決定，但在醫(yī)學領(lǐng)域卻不是如此（Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,howeverdoesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.）文章主要講述了衛(wèi)生保健領(lǐng)域醫(yī)生和病人奇怪的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系，其他幾段分析了這種關(guān)系的不同之處，因此選項B符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。文章第三段最后一句話提到“因此，在醫(yī)院的政策和決策中，醫(yī)務人員是‘權(quán)力中心’，而不是行政部門”（Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe"powercenter"inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration），根據(jù)asaconsequence可知，原因在該句的前面，Littlewonderthenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal"consumer."（難怪在醫(yī)院的眼里醫(yī)生才是真正的消費者）。也就是說醫(yī)生決定了醫(yī)院的收入，選項A符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段提到“醫(yī)生通常做出所有重大的購買決定，如：病人是否應該在下周三回醫(yī)院”（itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn"nextWednesday"），選項A“指導病人買更多的醫(yī)療服務”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。最后一段作者指出75-80%的醫(yī)療花費是由醫(yī)生決定的，而不是病人（Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients），因此針對病人或一般人的節(jié)約是相對無效的（Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective），由此可以看出作者對這種做法是持否定意見的，所以作者接下來可能會提出一些建議來改變這種行為，選項A“控制醫(yī)療成本的建議”符合題意。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。文章第二段最后一句提到很少有病人會為價格問題來質(zhì)疑醫(yī)生，尤其是那些病重的病人（Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious），選項A的大意是很少有病人不愿意反對醫(yī)生，與原文不符合，因此符合題意。

2.單選題

Forsomecrimes,andundercertainconditions,apoliceofficermustobtainacourtordercalled（）beforemakinganarrest.

問題1選項

A.warrant

B.registry

C.legislation

D.battery

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項warrant表示“根據(jù)，證明，正當理由”；B選項registry表示“注冊，登記”；C選項legislation表示“立法”；D選項battery表示“電池；（法）毆打；炮臺”。

由句中acourtorder“一種法院命令”以及關(guān)鍵信息beforemakinganarrest“在實施逮捕之前”可知，這是空缺處應該是指逮捕罪犯的證明或者逮捕令。因此，本題正確答案為A項?！揪湟狻繉τ谀承┓缸铮谝欢l件下，警察在實施逮捕之前必須獲得法院的命令，也就是逮捕令。

3.單選題

Whenyouleaveajobwithatraditionalpension,don'tassumeyou'velostthechancetocollectit.You'reentitledtowhateverbenefityou'veearned—andyoumightevenbeentitledtotakeitnow."Alotofpeopleforgettheyhaveit,ortheythinkthatbywaitinguntilthey're65,they'llhaveabiggerbenefit,"saysWayneBogosian,presidentofthePFEGroup,whichprovidescorporatepre-retirementeducation.

Yourformeremployersshouldsendyouacertificatethatsayshowmuchyourpensionisworth.Ifit'slessthan$5,000,orifthecompanyoffersalump-sumpayout,itwillgenerallycloseyouraccountandcashyouout.Itmaynotseemlikemuch,but$5,000investedover20yearsat8%interestis$23,000.Ifyourpensionisworthmorethan$5,000,oryourcompanydoesn'tofferthelump-sumoption,findouthowmuchmoneyyou'reeligibleforattheplan'snormalretirementage,theearlierageatwhichyoucancollectthepension,themoreseverepenaltyforcollectingitearly.You'llprobablystillcomeoutaheadbytakingthemoneynowandinvestingit.

Whatifyouleftajobyearsago,andyou'rerealizingyoumayhaveunwittinglyleftbehindapension?GethelpfromthePensionBenefitGuarantyCorporation.Ithasanonlinesearchtoolthathashelpedlocate$47millioninlostbenefitsformorethan12,000workers.

Ifyouhaveatraditionalpension,retiringearlycostsmorethanyoumightexpect.Mostpeopleassumeyoutakeaproportionalcutforleavingbeforeyourplan'snormalretirementage.Forexample,youmightthinkthatifyouneedtoaccrue30yearsofserviceandyouleavethreeyearsearly,you'dgetapension90percentofthefullamount.

Butthat'snothowitworks.Instead,youtakeanactuarialreduction,determinedbytheemployerbutoftenaround5%ayear,foreachyearyouleaveearly.Soretiringthreeyearsearlycouldleaveyouwithonly85%ofthetotalamount.

Whenyouretireearlywithadefined-contributionplan,theproblemisyoustartspendinginvestmentsonwhichyoucouldbeearninginterest.Ifyouretirewhenyou're55,forexample,andstartusingthetraditionalpensionthen,byage65you'llhaveonlyabouthalfofwhatyouwould'vehadifyou'dkeptworkinguntil65.

1.Whenoneleavesajobwithatraditionalpension（）.

2.Iftheretiree'spensionislessthan$5,000,itiswiseofhimto（）.

3.Ifoneretiresearlywithadefined-contributionplan,heisexpectedto（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedasthesubtitleforthelastthreeparagraphs?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisFALSE?

問題1選項

A.hetendstoforgetthathehasthepension

B.hehasnorighttoaskforthepension

C.he'llhaveabiggerbenefitthanifhewaitsuntiltheageof65

D.hehasaspecifiedworthofpension

問題2選項

A.askthecompanyforalump-sumpayout

B.requirehisformerbosstofigureoutthevalueofhispension

C.takethepensionwithhimandmakeaprofitoutofit

D.collectthepensionathisretirementplan'snormalretirementage

問題3選項

A.earnlessinterest

B.bebetteroilthanwithatraditionalpension

C.startinvestmentimmediately

D.getlessSocialSecuritybenefits

問題4選項

A.YourPayoutIsNotGuaranteed

B.LeaveEarly,LoseBig

C.TheRetirementDilemma

D.TakethePensionwithYou

問題5選項

A.Ifoneleaves3yearsearlyona30-year-servicebasis,hewon'tgetapensionworth27/30.

B.Itpaystogetanearlyretirementifoneunderstandshowretirementpensionplanworks.

C.ThePensionBenefitGuarantyCorporationhelpstheretireetorecoverlostbenefits.

D.Ifonekeepshisexpenseswithinhisretirementframework,hewon'tbeseverelyaffected.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文第一段You'reentitledtowhateverbenefityou'veearned—andyoumightevenbeentitledtotakeitnow以及第二段Yourformeremployersshouldsendyouacertificatethatsayshowmuchyourpensionisworth.可知，如果你之前的工作有傳統(tǒng)養(yǎng)老金，那么退休之后你就得到一筆一定數(shù)目的養(yǎng)老金。故本題正確答案為D選項

2.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：如果退休人員的養(yǎng)老金賬戶不足5000美元，他怎么做會比較明智。根據(jù)原文第二段Ifit’slessthan$5,000,orifthecompanyoffersalump-sumpayout,itwillgenerallycloseyouraccountandcashyouout.Itmaynotseemlikemuch,but$5,000investedover20yearsat8%interestis$23,000可知，如果少于5000美元，或者公司提供一次性支付，那么就會關(guān)閉養(yǎng)老金賬戶，把錢取出來做20年額投資，以8%的利率計算就是23000美元。由此可知C選項“拿著養(yǎng)老金（投資）賺取利潤”最符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Whenyouretireearlywithadefined-contributionplan,theproblemisyoustartspendinginvestmentsonwhichyoucouldbeearninginterest.可知，如果你有固定繳款計劃，而你提前退休了，那么問題就出現(xiàn)了。你開始把錢花在本可以賺取利息的投資項目上。后面舉例說明：如果你在55歲時退休，然后開始使用傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老金，那么到65歲時，你的養(yǎng)老金只有你一直工作到65歲時的一半左右。由此可知，A選項“賺得的利息變少”最符合題意，故本題正確答案為A項。

4.推理判斷題。題干詢問：下列哪一項適合作為最后三段的小標題？分析原文可知，文章最后三段主要講的是提前退休與養(yǎng)老金的關(guān)系，過早退休開始使用養(yǎng)老金，會比工作到正常退休年齡損失大。因此，B選項“提前退休，損失巨大”最適合作為最后三段的標題，故本題正確答案為B項。

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問：下列哪一項表述不正確？選項B表示“如果一個人了解退休養(yǎng)老汁劃的運行機制，那么提前退休是劃算的”明顯錯誤，由最后一段可知，提前退休會造成養(yǎng)老金減少，所以提前退休損失很大。其余選項與原文表述均相符，故本題正確答案為B選項。

4.單選題

Theyaretryingto（

）thewastedischargedbythefactoryforprofit.

問題1選項

A.expose

B.exhaust

C.exhibit

D.exploit

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。expose“揭發(fā)，揭露，顯示”;exhaust“用完，花光，使筋疲力盡”;exhibit“展覽，顯示”；exploit“運用，利用”。句意：他們嘗試著通過利用工廠排出的廢物來創(chuàng)造利潤。根據(jù)句意可知，D項符合題意，因此D項為正確答案。

5.單選題

Californiaisalandofvarietyandcontrast.Almosteverytypeofphysicallandfeature,sortofarcticicefieldsandtropicaljunglescanbefoundwithinitsborders.Sharplycontrastingtypesoflandoftenlieveryclosetooneanother.

PeoplelivinginBakersfield,forinstance,canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain,thefertileSanJoaquinValley,thearidMojaveDesert,andthehighSierraNevada,allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.Inotherareasitispossibletogosnowskiinginthemorningandsurfingintheeveningofthesameday,withouthavingtotravellongdistance.

ContrastaboundsinCalifornia.ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).MountWhitney,14,494feetabovesealevel,isseparatedfromDeathValley,282feetbelowsealevel,byadistanceofonly100miles.Thetwoareashaveadifferenceinaltitudeofalmostthreemiles.

Californiahasdeep,clearmountainlakeslikeLakeTahoe,thedeepestinthecountry,butitalsohasshallow,saltydesertlakes.IthasLakeTulainyo,12,020feetabovesealevel,andthelowestlakeinthecountry,theSaltonSea,236feetbelowsealevel.Someofitslakes,likeOwensLakeinDeathValley,arenotlakesatall:theyaredrieduplakebeds.

Inadditiontomountains,lakes,valleys,deserts,andplateaus,CaliforniahasitsPacificcoastline,stretchinglongerthanthecoastlinesofOregonandWashingtoncombined.

1.WhichofthefollowingisthelowestpointintheUnitedStates?

2.WhereisthehighestpointintheUnitedStateslocated?

3.HowfarawayisDeathValleyfromMountWhitney?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasbeingwithinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield?

5.WhichstatementbestdemonstratesthatCaliforniaisalandofvarietyandcontrast?

問題1選項

A.LakeTulainyo

B.Mojavedesert

C.DeathValley

D.TheSaltonSea

問題2選項

A.LakeTahoe

B.SierraNevada

C.MountWhitney

D.Alaska

問題3選項

A.about3miles

B.Only100miles

C.282feet

D.14,494feet

問題4選項

A.ThePacificOcean.

B.SanJoaquinValley

C.MojaveDesert

D.OregonandWashington

問題5選項

A.ThehighestlakeinCaliforniaisLakeTulainyo

B.ItispossibletogosurfingandsnowskiinginsomepartsofCaliforniawithouthavingtotravellongdistance.

C.SierraNevada,SanJoaquinValley,MojaveDesertandPacificOceanallliewithinaradiusofabout100miles.

D.OwensLake,inDeathValley,isnotreallyalakeatall.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干中的thelowestpoint可以定位在文章描述海拔高度的部分。由文章第三段中的...DeathVolley,282feetbelowsealevel...“死亡谷，低于海平面282英尺。”第三段提到了美國的最高點和最低點。故C項符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。同樣根據(jù)題干定位在文章第三段中的ThehighestpointintheUnitedStates(outsideAlaska)isinCalifornia,andsoisthelowestpoint(includingAlaska).“(除了阿拉斯加州之外)美國的最商點就在加利福尼亞，并且(包括阿拉斯加州在內(nèi))美國的最低點也在加利福尼亞?！庇纱丝梢酝茢喑觯绹鴮嶋H最高點應該在阿拉斯加州，因此答案選D。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可以將答案定位在文章第三段中的MountWhitney,14,494feetabovesealevel,isseparatedfromDeathValley,282feetbelowsealevel,byadistanceofonly100miles.“海拔14,494英尺的惠特尼山與海拔282英尺的死亡谷僅相距100英里?！庇纱诉x項B“僅僅100英里”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干withinaradiusofabout100milesofBakersfield可以將答案定位在文章第二段第一句話PeoplelivinginBakersfield,forinstance,canvisitthePacificOceanandthecoastalplain,thefertileSanJoaquinValley,thearidMojaveDesert,andthehighSierraNevada,allwithinaradiusofabout100miles.“例如，生活在貝克斯菲爾德的人們可以游覽太平洋和沿海平原，肥沃的圣華金山谷，干旱的莫哈韋沙漠，以及高海拔的內(nèi)華達山脈，所有這些都在100英里的范圍內(nèi)。由此可知，只有D項沒有提及，故答案為D。

5.判斷推理題。四個選項的信息均在文章中有所提及且表述正確，但最能體現(xiàn)加利福尼亞地貌多樣性且差異巨大的為選項C“內(nèi)華達山脈、圣華金河谷、莫哈韋沙漠和太平洋均在100英里的半徑范圍內(nèi)”。故C項符合題意。

6.單選題

Itwasclearthatthegardenwasnomoreamateuraffair;ithadbeen（）professionally.

問題1選項

A.laidout

B.laiddown

C.laidoff

D.laidaside

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定詞組搭配。A選項laidout表示“安排，陳列，花費”；B選項laiddown表示“放下，主張，鋪設(shè)”；C選項laidoff表示“下崗，解雇”；D選項laidaside表示“擱置，儲存，留存”。it指代前文中的thegarden，而空缺處需填入動詞短語的過去分詞形式構(gòu)成被動，由句意可知“（按計劃）安排；布局；陳列”最合適，因此本題正確答案為A?！揪湟狻亢茱@然，這個花園不再是業(yè)余者做的事情，而是經(jīng)過專業(yè)的布局。

7.單選題

Being（）yourjobisfine,ofcourse,butyoushouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime.

問題1選項

A.trappedin

B.committedto

C.convincedof

D.confrontedwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項betrappedin表示“被困在；陷入困境”；B選項becommittedto表示“致力于；委身于”；C選項beconvincedof表示“確信；認識到”；D選項beconfrontedwith表示“面臨，面對”。根據(jù)youshouldn'tletworkeatupallyourleisuretime可知，雖然致力于工作是好的，但你不應該讓工作占據(jù)所有的休閑時間。因此，B選項最符合句意，故本題正確答案為B。

8.單選題

Theguides（

）thetouriststogetheratthehotelgate.

問題1選項

A.accumulated

B.collected

C.assembled

D.resembled

【答案】C

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。accumulate“積累;累積”:collect“收集”;assemble“聚集；集合”；resemble“類似，像”。根據(jù)后文“togetheratthehotelgate”可知是在門口集合，因此選項C符合題意。句意：這些導游讓游客在酒店門口集合。

9.單選題

（

）theenormousflowoffoodfromtheentireglobe,thesecountrieshaveformanyyearsnotfeltanypopulationpressure.

問題1選項

A.Thanksto

B.Bymeansof

C.Inlinewith

D.Withregardto

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項thanksto表示“多虧；幸虧”；B項bymeansof表示“憑借，通過”；C項inlinewith表示“與……一致”；D項withregardto表示“關(guān)于，至于”。句意：多虧了全球食物的大流動，這些國家已經(jīng)很多年沒有感受過任何人口的壓力。故本題正確答案為A項。

10.單選題

Airpollution（

）tomanykindsofdiseases.

問題1選項

A.confirms

B.communicates

C.consumes

D.contributes

【答案】D

【解析】考察動詞詞義辨析。confirm“確認；確定；證實”；communicate“傳達；感染；顯露”；consume“消耗，消費”；contribute“貢獻，捐獻”。contributeto“有助于，捐獻”。句意：空氣污染導致各種疾病。

11.單選題

Throughtheyears,ourviewofwhatleadershipisandwhocanexerciseithaschangedconsiderably.Leadershipcompetencieshaveremainedconstant,butourunderstandingofwhatitis,howitworks,andthewaysinwhichpeoplelearntoapplyithasshifted.Wedohavethebeginningofageneraltheoryofleadership,fromhistoryandsocialresearchandaboveallfromthethoughtsofreflectivepractitionerssuchasMoses,JuliusCaesar,andJamesMadison,andinourowntimefromsuchdisparatesourcesofwisdomasGandhi,WinstonChurchill,MaoTse-tung,andHenryKissinger,whohaveverylittleincommonexceptthattheyhavenotbeentherebuttriedwithsomefairnesstospeculateonpaperaboutit.

Buttalesandreflectiveobservationarenotenoughexcepttoconvinceusthatleadersarephysicallystrongandabnormallyhardworkers.Todaywearealittleclosertounderstandinghowandwhopeoplelead,butitwasn'teasygettingthere.Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.

Neverhavesomanylaboredsolongtosaysolittle.Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist,eachprovidingafragmentofinsightbuteachremaininganincompleteandwhollyinadequateexplanation.Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother,andmanyofthemwouldseemquiteremotetotheleaderswhoseskillsarebeingexamined.Definitionsreflectfashions,politicaltidesandacademictrends.Theydon'talwaysreflectrealityandsometimestheyjustrepresentnonsense.It'sasifwhatBraqueoncesaidaboutartisalsotrueofleadership:"Theonlythingthatmattersinartisthepartthatcannotbeexplained."

Manytheoriesofleadershiphavecomeandgone.Somelookedattheleader.Somelookedatthesituation.Nonehasstoodthetestoftime.Withsuchatrackrecord,itisunderstandablewhyleadershipresearchandtheoryhavebeensofrustratingastodeservethelabel"thelaBreaTarPits"oforganizationalinquiry.LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.

1.Severalbignamesarementionedinthefirstparagraphmainlytoshowtheir（）.

2.Accordingtothewriter,people'sopinionsofleadershipareonthewholequite（）.

3.Thewriterthinksthat（）.

4."ThelaBreaTarPits"probablysignifiesthingsthat（）.

5.Thispassageismainlyconcernedwith（）?

問題1選項

A.differentstylesofleadership

B.effectiveexerciseofleadership

C.contributionstothetheoryofleadership

D.wisdominapplyingthetheoryofleadership

問題2選項

A.divided

B.original

C.misleading

D.sophisticated

問題3選項

A.manypeoplehavelaboredtobeleaders

B.leadersarebeyondourunderstanding

C.theessenceofleadershiphasnotbeengrasped

D.thedefinitionsofleadershipshouldvary

問題4選項

A.canbetracedbacktotheprehistoricage

B.aretrapsforthosewhowanttoinquire

C.arelocatedinoneplaceforever

D.don'tdeservefullinvestigation

問題5選項

A.theinaccuratedefinitionsofleadership

B.thefamousleadersandtheirtheories

C.thechangesinthetrendofleadership

D.theinconsistenttheoriesofleadership

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。題干詢問：第一段中提到這幾位偉人的名字是為了表明什么？根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段，由第一段最后一句可知，我們對領(lǐng)導力的初識源于歷史和社會的研究，尤其是從反思性實踐者的思想而來，譬如摩西、凱撒大帝和詹姆斯?麥迪遜；在我們自己的時代就來源于甘地、溫斯頓?丘吉爾、毛澤東和亨利?基辛格等人的截然不同的思想。由此可知，第一段提及多位領(lǐng)導人的目的，是想表明他們對于領(lǐng)導力理論的貢獻。因此本題正確答案選C。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。題干詢問：作者認為，人們對領(lǐng)導力的看法總體上是怎樣的。根據(jù)原文第三段Multipleinterpretationsofleadershipexist...以及Mostofthesedefinitionsdon'tagreewitheachother可知，人們對領(lǐng)導力存在多種解釋并且大多數(shù)的定義都不一致。因此，作者認為人們對于領(lǐng)導力的觀點是分化的，故本題正確答案為A項。

3.觀點態(tài)度題。由原文第二段Decadesofacademicanalysishavegivenusmorethan350definitionsofleadership.Literallythousandsofempiricalinvestigationsofleadershavebeenconductedinthelast75yearsalone,butnoclearunderstandingexistsastowhatdistinguishesleadersfromnon-leaders,andperhapsmoreimportant,whatdistinguisheseffectiveleadersfromineffectiveleadersandeffectiveorganizationsfromineffectiveorganizations.可知，幾十年的學術(shù)分析為我們提供了350多種領(lǐng)導力的定義。僅在過去的75年里，人們就對領(lǐng)導者進行了成千上萬的實證研究，但對于如何區(qū)分領(lǐng)導者和非領(lǐng)導者，或許更重要的是如何區(qū)分有效的領(lǐng)導者和無效的領(lǐng)導者，以及有效的組織和無效的組織，卻沒有明確的認識。由此可知，C選項“領(lǐng)導力的本質(zhì)還沒有被掌握”符合題意，故本題正確答案為C項。

4.詞匯題。將thelaBreaTarPits定位到原文最后一段，由后文信息LocatedinLosAngeles,theseasphaltpitshousetheremainsofalongsequenceofprehistoricanimalsthatcametoinvestigatebutneverleftthearea.可知，這些瀝青坑位于洛杉磯，里面存放著一長串史前動物的遺骸，這些動物前來調(diào)查，但從未離開過這個地區(qū)。由此可知，這些瀝青坑是那些想要問問題的人的陷阱。故本題正確答案為B選項。

5.主旨大意題。文章第一段講述了多年來，我們對什么是領(lǐng)導以及誰能行使領(lǐng)導職能的看法發(fā)生了很大變化；第二段雖然我們對領(lǐng)導力的認識有了更進一步的認識，但是這樣的研究還遠遠不夠；最后兩段講了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導力的解釋五花八門，但這些解釋都不充分且互相抵觸，許多理論都只是暫時的，經(jīng)不住時間的考驗。由此可知，文章主要闡述的是對于領(lǐng)導力的理論不一致，故本題正確答案為D項。

12.單選題

Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic（官僚主義的）managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand"human-relations"experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblueandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.

Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife-Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.

Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalaiybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubniissivenessandindependence.Fromthemomentontheyarctestedagainandagainbythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone'sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.

AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century"freeenterprise"capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities―thoseofallloveandofreason―aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

1.By"awell-oiledcoginthemachinery"theauthorintendstodelivertheideathatmanis（）.

2.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat（）.

3.Fromthepassagewecanconcludethatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose（）.

4.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorputsforwardasuggestionthatweshould（）.

5.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof（）.

問題1選項

A.anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual'sfunctionisnegligible

B.workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety

C.anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety

D.ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly

問題2選項

A.theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs

B.theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife

C.theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence

D.theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence

問題3選項

A.whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld

B.whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus

C.whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors

D.whoareatthebottomofthesociety

問題4選項

A.resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors

B.offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees

C.enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities

D.takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted

問題5選項

A.approval

B.dissatisfaction

C.suspicion

D.susceptibility

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第一段“...yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless...”,由此推斷,作者將人比喻成機械中運轉(zhuǎn)良好的齒輪,實則是想表明人們相對于社會中其他部分來說已經(jīng)變得不那么重要了。選項C符合原文。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容可知,工人和雇員們焦慮不僅是因為他們可能面臨著失業(yè),他們焦慮也因為他們不能獲得任何有趣的生活和真正的滿足,但是真正的原因還是第二段的最后一句“Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.”,選項D他們被剝奪了個性和獨立性,符合原文,所以選D。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)原文以及題干可知,作者認為這些人之所以焦慮是因為處于一個競爭激烈的社會之中,只有遠離了競爭激烈的社會,才會有真正幸福的生活。所以選項A正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)最后一段第三句“Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemform,...,intoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities-thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.我建議改變我們的社會制度形式，……在這種社會安排中，人及其全部的愛和理性的潛能的充分發(fā)展是社會安排的目的?！庇纱丝芍?，作者提出了充分發(fā)揮人的潛能的建議來解決當前的社會問題，選項C符合原文。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知,作者認為現(xiàn)在的工業(yè)主義使人喪失了其在社會中應發(fā)揮的重要作用,最后一段提到了作者建議將工業(yè)主義轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐环N以人為本的工業(yè)主義,所以作者對待工業(yè)主義的態(tài)度是不滿的。選項B正確。

13.單選題

Therewasonlyasmall（）inthecity'spopulationoverthelasttenyears.

問題1選項

A.intimacy

B.immortality

C.increment

D.incidence

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項intimacy表示“性關(guān)系，親密；親昵行為”；B選項immortality表示“不朽，不滅”；C選項increment表示“增量，增加，盈余”；D選項incidence表示“發(fā)生率，影響，后果”。由句意“在過去十年里，這個城市的人口只有少量”可知，只有C項最符合句意。因此，本題正確答案為C