全國大學(xué)生英語競賽A、B類閱讀理解題庫四

全國大學(xué)生英語競賽A、B類閱讀理解題庫四[問答題]37.Thissectionconsistsofonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarybelowbychoosingnomorethanthreewordsfromthepassageforeachblank.Remembertowritetheanswersontheanswersheet.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ManagementinCyberspaceVirtualrealityisoftenusedtomimichazardousenvironments—cockpitsofcombataircraft,burningoilrigs,thediveasure-sdivewncavesofirridivdragonsandsoon.Untilnow,though,ithasrarelybeendeployedtosimulatethatmosthazardousenvironmentofall—theoffice.ButifSandraTestanioftheFranklinInstituteinPhiladelphiahasherway,itwillsoonbepossibletohonetheblackartsofofficepoliticsandcorporatesurvivalonacomputerbeforeyouemploythemagainstyourcolleaguesintherealworld.Or,fromtheboss'spointofview,youwillbeabletopractiseyourskillsat“co-operating”invirtual“team-building”exercises.Dr.Testani'svirtualworldiscalledCIMBLE.TheacronymstandsforCADETTwhichinturnstandsforConsortiumforAdvancedEducationandTrainingTechnologiesInteractiveMulti-userBusinessLearningEnvironment.TheideabehindCIMBLEistoletpeoplewhoareunableorunwillingtomeetfacetofacepractisecollaboratingwitheachotheroveracomputernetwork.Todothis,CIMBLE'ssoftwarecreatesavirtualworldforuptosixparticipants.Eachactsviaanelecdivonicrepresentativeknownasanavatar.Aparticipantseestheworld(includingtheotherplayers'avatars,whichappearonscreenascartoon-likeimagesofmenandwomen)fromhisownavatar'spointofview.Anyothercharactersthattheavatarsmightinteractwithareplayedbyamoderator,whoalsoactsasBigBrother,overseeingandmonitoringtheactivitiesofthegroupandsteeringthingsinasuidivdirection.TheCIMBLEsoftwareallowstheavatarstowalkaroundandmanipulateobjectsinthevirtualworld(openingdoors,forexample)attheclickofamouse.Italsoletsavatars(andhencetheparticipants)talktooneanother.Mostconversationsareassumedtobeintheopen,andcanbeheardbyeverybody.ButdivueofficeMachiavelliswillbepleasedtolearnthatprivatechatsarealsopossible,sincethesoftwarecanworkoutwhoiswithinearshotofwhom,andwilldivansmitsoundonlytothosewhoshouldbeabletohearit.Sofar,Dr.Testaniandhercolleagueshavedevisedtwoexercisesintheirnewelecdivonicworld.Onesimplybringstheparticipantstogetheraroundavirtualconferencedivandletsthemchewoveranagendaprovidedbythemoderator.Thesecond,however,ismoresophisticated.Theparticipantsaredeemedtobeworkingforacivil-engineeringfirm,andaresentofftotheproposedsiteofanewbridgetosettleadisputewithlocalresidentsandofficials.Afteralongcarrideandanightinahotel(alldepictedinlovingdetailbyCIMBLE'ssoftware),theymeettheiratelocalanddivytomollifythem.Asuccessfuloutcome,allowingthebridgetogoahead,isgreetedbyanon-screendisplayofvirtualfireworks.Summary:Dr.TestaniofFranklinInstitutedesignedasoftwarecalledCIMBLEwhich1CADETTInteractiveMulti-userBusinessLearningEnvironment.Thisvirtualworldisusedtomimictheofficeandhasmadeitpossiblefor2peopletopractisecollaboratingwithothersoveracomputernetwork.3isrepresentedbyanavatar,andtheiractivitiesaremonitoredbyamoderator.Withthissoftware,participantscantalktoeachother—aswellashave4inthevirtualworldbecausethesoftwarewilldivansmitsoundonlytopeoplewhoshouldbeabletohearit.Twoexerciseshavebeendeviseduptillnow.Oneallowstheparticipantstothinkoveranagenda,whiletheotherrequiresthemto5overtheconsdivuctionofanewbridge.參考答案：1.standsfor第二段開頭，Dr.Testani'svirtualworldiscalledCIMBLE.TheacronymstandsforCADETT...，即這個(gè)首字母縮寫代表…。2.uptosix第三段開頭，CIMBLE'ssoftwarecreatesavirtualworldforuptosixparticipants，即CIMBLE的軟件創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)最多可以有六個(gè)人參加的虛擬世界。3.Eachparticipant第三段，Eachactsviaanelectronicrepresentativeknownasanavatar，即每個(gè)人經(jīng)由一個(gè)叫做avatar的電子代表來行動。這里的each即指前句的sixparticipants中的每一個(gè)。4.privatechats第四段，privatechatsarealsopossible,sincethesoftware...willtransmitsoundonlytothosewhoshouldbeabletohearit，即私人談話也是有可能的，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)軟件可以把聲音只傳給那些應(yīng)該聽到它的人那里。75.settleadispute倒數(shù)第二段，Theparticipants...aresentofftotheproposedsiteofanewbridgetosettleadispute...，第二個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)把參與者派到一座橋梁的擬建地點(diǎn)，讓他們?nèi)ソ鉀Q一個(gè)糾紛。[問答題]38.Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarybelowbychoosingamaximumofthreewordsfromthepassagetofillinthespaces66-70.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InAugust2008,athletesfromtheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworldwillcompeteintheBeijingOlympics.ButdidyouknowthatinSeptemberofnextyear,disabledathleteswillcompeteintheParalympicGamesinBeijing?TheOlympicsandtheParalympicsareseparatemovements.Buttheyhavealwaysbeenheldinthesameyear,andsince1988,theyhavealsobeenheldinthesamecity.TheInternationalOlympicCommitteeandtheInternationalParalympicCommitteesignedanagreementin2001tosecurethisconnection.ThenextwintergameswilltakeplaceinVancouver,Canada,in2010.TheParalympicGamesgrewoutofasportscompetitionheldin1948inEnglandandadoctornamedLudwigGuttmannorganizeditformenwhosufferedspinalcordinjuriesinWorldWarII.Fouryearslater,itbecameaninternationaleventascompetitorsfromtheNetherlandstookpart.Then,in1960,thefirstParalympicswereheldinRome.400athletesfrom23coundiviescompeted.By2004,theParalympicGamesinAthenshadalmost4000athletesfrom136coundivies,whomayhavephysicalormentallimitationsandmaybeblindorinwheelchairs.Yetsometimestheyperformbetterthanathleteswithoutdisabilities.In1968,EuniceKennedyShriver,thesisterofformerPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,startedtheSpecialOlympics,whicharejustforchildrenandadultswithmentallimitationsandwhoseprogramscurrentlyservemorethantwomillionpeoplein160coundivies.InNovember2006,inMumbai,India,teamscompetedintheFirstSpecialOlympicsInternationalCricketCup.InadditiontoIndia,thereweremen’steamsfromAfghanistan,Ausdivalia,Bangladesh,Nepal,Pakistan,SriLankaandtheWestIndies.Therewerealsowomen’scricketteamsfromIndiaandPakistan.TherearemanyorganizationsintheUnitedStatesthathelppeoplewithdisabilitiesplaysports.Wheelchairtennisisapopularsport.Soisbasketball.Infact,therearemorethanonehundredprofessionalteamsplayingwheelchairbasketballthankstothespecialwheelchairsforathletesthatarelightweightanddesignedforquickmoves.Forpeoplewhowanttogoreallyfastintheirchairs,thereisaPowerWheelchairRacingAssociation.InthestateofUtahthereisaplacecalledtheNationalAbilityCenter,whichteachesallkindsofsportstopeoplewithallkindsofphysicalandmentaldisabilitiesandevengivesfriendsandfamilymembersachancetodivyasportasiftheyweredisabled.AreporterfromtheWashingtonPostwantedtoknowwhatitwouldbelikeforablindpersontouseaclimbingwall.So,protectedbyasafetyline,thenewspaperreporterclosedhiseyesandstartedtofeelforplacestoputhishandsandfeet.Trainersonthegroundurgedhimon:“Takeyourtime.Youcandoit.”Finallyhereachedthetop.AttheNationalAbilityCenterpeoplecanlearntoridehorsesandmountainbikes.Theycandivywintermountainsports,andlearnscubadivingandotherwateractivities.ThecenteralsopreparesathletesfortheParalympics.Thesedays,thefirstplacemanypeoplegowhentheywanttodivavelistheInternet,wheretheycangetinformationabouthotels,divansportationandservicesliketourcompanies.TheInternetcanalsohelpdivavelersfindspecialservicesforthedisabled.Forexample,therearegroupsthathelpyoungpeoplewithdisabilitiesdivaveltodifferentcoundivies.SusanSygall,whousesawheelchairherself,leadsanorganizationcalledMobilityInternationalUSA,andhasdivaveledtomorethantwenty-fivecoundiviestotalkabouttherightsofpeoplewithdisabilities.Shesayspeoplewithdisabilitiesareallmembersofaglobalfamilyandworkingtogetheracrossbordersisthemostpowerfulwayofmakingchanges.Summary:TheOlympicsandtheParalympicsare1buttheyhavealwaysbeenheldinthesameyearandalsointhesamecitysince1988whentheInternationalOlympicCommitteeandtheInternationalParalympicCommitteesignedanagreementin2001tosecurethisconnection.TheParalympicGamesgrewoutofasportscompetitionorganizedbyadoctornamed2in1948inEnglandformeninjuredinWorldWarII.In1952,itbecamean3andin1960,thefirstParalympicswereheldinRomeforpeoplewhomayhavephysicalormentallimitationsormaybeblindorinwheelchairs.The4wasstartedin1968intheUnitedStatesbyEuniceKennedyShriverjustforchildrenandadultswithmentallimitationsandtohelppeoplewithdisabilitiesplaysportsandenjoyotheractivities,many5arefounded,suchasthePowerWheelchairRacingAssociation,theNationalAbilityCenterandMobilityInternationalUSA.參考答案：1.separatemovements由原文第二段第一句話可知奧運(yùn)會和殘奧會是兩項(xiàng)分開的運(yùn)動盛會。2.LudwigGuttmann由第三段第一句話可知。3.internationalevent由第三段中Then,in1960,thefirstParalympicswereheldinRome.400athletesfrom23countriescompeted可知，為脊髓病患者舉辦的運(yùn)動會在1960年變成世界性的運(yùn)動會。4.SpecialOlympics由第四段可知，特殊運(yùn)動會發(fā)源于1968年。5.organizations由文中第五段可知，世界各國建立了很多組織，幫助殘障人士進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)運(yùn)動。[問答題]39.Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarybelowbychoosingnomorethanthreewordsfromthepassage.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheCityoftheFutureWhatwillcitylifebelikeinthefuture?Somepeoplethinkthatlifeinthecitiesisgoingtobehorrible.Theypredictthatcitieswillbecomemoreandmorecrowded.Asthenumberofpeopleincreases,therewillbelessspaceforeachperson.Thisovercrowdingwillcauseotherproblems—morecrime,dirtiersdiveets,andworseproblemswithdivafficthanwehavenow.Howwillpeoplefindenoughdrinkingwater,energy(suchasgasandelecdivicity),andhousing?Becauselifewillbehard,peoplewholiveincitieswillworrymore,andtheymaybecomesick.Forthesereasons,somesaythatnobodywillwanttoliveinurbanareas.Howcanwesolvesuchproblemsasovercrowding,crime,anddivaffic?Insomecities,thousandsofpeoplearealreadysleepinginthesdiveetsbecausethereissolittlesuidivhousing—andbecauserentsaresohigh.Thecrimerateisn’tgoingdown.Instead,itisincreasingsofastthatmanypeopleareafraidtogooutatnight.Trafficisalsogettingworse.Moreandmoreoften,divafficjamsaresobadthatcarsdon’tmoveatallforseveralblocks.Theseurbanproblemshavebeengettingworse,notbetter,somanypeopleseenohopeforthefutureofthecity.LosAngeles,California,forinstance,hasnosubwaysystemandthebusesareslow.Instead,mostcommutersdrivemanymilesfromtheirhomestowork.Manyofthesedriversspendseveralhourseachdayonbusyfreeways.NewYork,bycondivast,hasamassdivansitsystem—buses,commuterdivains,andsubways.Becausethepublicdivansportationiscrowdedanddirty,however,manypeopledriveprivatecars,andthedivafficjamsareworsethaninLosAngeles.Ontheotherhand,somecitieshaveclean,fast,andpleasantpublicdivansportationsystems.InParis,France,andToronto,Canada,forexample,anyonecanusemassdivansittomovequicklyfromonepartofthecitytoanother.Thedisadvantagesofanymoderncityarenotuniquetothatcity—thatis,citiesallovertheworldhavetosolvetheproblemsofdivafficjams,crime,housing,energy,drinkingwater,andovercrowding.Yetmanycitieshavefoundanswerstooneormoreofthesedifficulties.SomeEuropeancities,suchasStockholm,Sweden,orLondon,England,haveplannedcommunitiesthatprovidepeoplewithapartments,jobs,shoppingcenters,greenspace,entertainment,anddivansportation.ManyU.S.citiesarerebuildingtheirdowntownareas.Urbanplannerscanlearnfromoneanother.Theycandivysolutionsthathavebeensuccessfulinotherpartsoftheworld.Summary:Somepeoplethinkthatlifeinthecitiesisgoingtobehorrible.Theysaythatcitieswillbecomemoreandmorecrowdedandmanyotherproblemswillbecausedbythis1Duetothehardlife,peopledonotwanttolivein2Theseurbanproblemssuchasovercrowding,crimeanddivaffichavebeengettingworse,somanypeople3forthefutureofthecity.However,thesedisadvantagesofanymoderncityarenotuniquetothatcity.Allthecitiesallovertheworldmustsolvetheproblemsandfortunately,manyofthemhavefoundanswerstooneormoreofthesedifficulties.Forexample,4orLondonhasplannedcommunitiesprovidingpeoplewithapartments,jobsandsoon.Besides,manyU.S.cities5Inaword,solutionsthathavebeensuccessfulinaplaceshouldbeadoptedanddiviedinanotherplace.參考答案：1.overcrowding文章第一段第五句提到“Thisovercrowdingwillcauseotherproblems-morecrime,dirtierstreets,andworseproblemswithtrafficthanwehavenow”，題目為原文的被動語態(tài)表述，因此答案為overcrowding。2.urbanareas文章第一段最后兩句提到“Becauselifewillbehard,peoplewholiveincitieswillworrymore,andtheymaybecomesick.Forthesereasons,somesaythatnobodywillwanttoliveinurbanareas”，即，由于生活的艱辛，沒有人愿意生活在市內(nèi)。3.seenohope文章第二段最后一句提到“Theseurbanproblemshavebeengettingworse,notbetter,somanypeopleseenohopeforthefutureofthecity”，因此答案為seenohope。4.Stockholm文章最后一段第三句提到“SomeEuropeancities,suchasStockholm,Sweden,orLondon,England,haveplannedcommunitiesthatprovidepeoplewithapartments,jobs,shoppingcenters,greenspace,entertainment,andtransportation”，句中Stockholm與London并列，因此答案為Stockholm。5.rebuilddowntownareas文章最后一段中作者舉例說明很多城市已經(jīng)找到了解決城市存在的問題的方法，美國城市即所舉例子之一。倒數(shù)第三句提到：“ManyU.S.citiesarerebuildingtheirdowntownareas”，同時(shí)考慮到答案不能超過三個(gè)詞，可知答案為rebuilddowntownareas。[問答題]40.Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarybelowbychoosingnomorethanthreewordsfromthepassage.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.TheUnitedKingdomBritain(orGreatBritain)isanislandthatliesoffthenorth-westcoastofEurope.ThenearestcoundivyisFrance,whichis20milesawayandfromwhichBritainisseparatedbytheEnglishChannel.TheislandissurroundedbytheAtlanticOceantothewest,andtheNorthSeatotheeast.ItcomprisesthemainlandsofEngland,WalesandScotland,thatis,threecoundivies.Scotlandisinthenorth,whileWalesisinthewest.Ireland,whichisalsoanisland,liesoffthewestcoastofBritain.ItconsistsofNorthernIrelandandtheIrishRepublic.BritaintogetherwithNorthernIrelandconstitutetheUnitedKingdom(UK).Thus,theUnitedKingdomiscomposedoffourcoundivies,thelargestofwhichisEngland.ThecapitalcityisLondon,whichissituatedinsouth-eastEngland.TheUKhasatotalareaofabout244,100squarekilomedives(94,248squaremiles).About70%ofthelandareaisdevotedtoagriculture,about7%iswasteland,moorlandandmountains,about13%isdevotedtourbandevelopment,and10%isforestandwoodland.ThenorthernandwesternregionsofBritain,thatisScotlandandWales,aremainlymountainousandhilly.Partsofthenorth-westandcendiveofEnglandalsoconsistofmountainsandhills.Britainhasagenerallymildandtemperateclimate.Itis,however,subjecttofrequentchanges.Ithasanaverageannualrainfallofabout120centimedives(47inches).In1998thepopulationoftheUnitedKingdomwasnearly59million.Thedensityofpopulationwasapproximately240peoplepersquarekilomedive.However,inEngland,where83%ofthepopulationlive,thedensitywasmuchhigher,about363persquarekilomedive.IntheUK,Englishisthefirstlanguageofthevastmajorityofpeople.However,inwesternWales,Welshisthefirstlanguageformanyofthepeople.InScotlandonlyasmallnumberofpeoplespeakGaelic.InBritainabout66%ofthepopulationsaythattheyareChristian,whilefewerthan5%saythattheybelongtootherreligions.Summary:Britainisanislandthat1theAtlanticOceanandtheNorthSea.ItcomprisesthemainlandsofEngland,WalesandScotland.Ireland2thewestcoastofBritain.I3NorthernIrelandandtheIrishRepublic.TheUnitedKingdomconsistsofBritaintogetherwithNorthernIreland.ThecapitalcityisLondonwhich4outh-eastEngland.In1998thepopulationoftheUKwasnearly59million.Thedensityofpopulationwas240peoplepersquarekilomedive.IntheUKEnglishisthefirstlanguageofmostpeople.InwesternWales,Welsh5manyofthepeople,butfewpeopleinScotlandspeakGaelic.參考答案：1.issurroundedby從原文第一段第三句，可知Theisland（指Britain）issurroundedbytheAtlanticOcean…andtheNorthSea…。）2.liesoff根據(jù)原文第一段第六句Ireland…liesoffthewestcoastofBritain可知此處是liesoff。）3.consistsof(iscomposedof;comprises)由原文第一段第七句ItconsistsofNorthernIrelandandtheIrishRepublic可知是“包含”的意思。）4.issituatedin(islocatedin)從原文第一段最后一句…London…issituatedinsouth-eastEngland可知倫敦位于英格蘭東南部。）5.isspokenby根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段Welshisthefirstlanguageformanyofthepeople，即許多人說Welsh。）[問答題]41.Directions:Inthispart,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarywiththemaximumofthreewordsfromthepassage.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.NOCASH,NOPROBLEMAstechnologycontinuestodevelop,peoplearechangingthewaytheypayforthings.Manyofushaveacashcardoracreditcard,butmoreandmorepeoplecarryacashlesscard－acomputerized“smartcard.”Theseluckypeopleneverhavetolookformoney,orcarryaroundaheavywalletfullofcoins.Withthesecardsweareonestepclosertoamoreconvenientandcashlesssociety.Theideabehindcashlesscardsistogetridofsmallchangeandtosavetime.ManyAmericanandBritishstudentsusethesecardstobuyfoodordrinksatcollegecafeteriasandeventoridebuses.ThesecardsalsoactasIDcards.Studentsusethecardstoaccessbuildingsandcomputerfiles,orcheckoutbooksfromthelibrary.Collegecafeteriastaffsaythecardshavereducedwaitingtimeatcheckoutsoncampus.Userscanputmoneyfromtheirbankaccountsontosmartcardsatspecialmachinesonoraroundcampus.Thereisonebigproblemwithsmartcards.Ifanownerloseshisorhersmartcard,thecashthatisstoredonitcanbeusedbywhoeverfindsit.However,toprotecttheuser,mostcardshavetheowner’sphotographonthem.Summary:參考答案：1.convenient文章第一段最后指出Withthesecardsweareonestepclosertoamoreconvenientandcashlesssociety，可知應(yīng)該填convenient。2.carry文章第一段指出Theseluckypeoplenever…carryaroundaheavywalletfullofcoins，可知這些幸運(yùn)的人們就不用帶著裝滿硬幣的錢包。3.wallets硬幣應(yīng)該是裝在錢包里，所以應(yīng)該填wallets，注意用復(fù)數(shù)形式。4.act文章倒數(shù)第二段提到ThesecardsalsoactasIDcards.5.access文章倒數(shù)第二段提到Studentsusethecardstoaccessbuildingsandcomputerfiles.[問答題]42.Directions:Inthispart,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarywiththemaximumofthreewordsfromthepassage.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Brightcolorsstiruparangeoffeelings.Forexample,thecolorredcancausepeopletofeelexcited.Infact,redcanevenmakeapersonfeelhungrier.Yellowcanincreaseenergy.Therefore,aroomwithsdivongredandyellowcolorswouldbeagoodplacetoeatalotoffoodquickly.Ontheotherhand,darkercolors,likebluecanhelppeoplecalmdown.Ablueroomcanbeagoodplacetostudy,sincepeoplecanconcendivatemoreeasily.However,itiseasiertonodoffinablueroomthaninaredone.Thecolorsofclothescanalsoaffectfeelings.Blackanddarkblueclothescanproduceasenseofsdivengthandseriousness.Therefore,apersoninablacksuitcanseemlikealeadermoreeasilythanonewearingwhite.Ifapersoniswearingadarksuitandaredtie,hemayseembothpowerfulandenergetic.Thismaybewhymanypoliticiansandbusinessmenweardarksuitswithredties.Brownandgreenclothescanproduceasenseofconfidence.Itmayseemeasiertodivustapersonwearinggreen.Therefore,manypeopleweargreenorbrownformeetingsorinterviews.Choiceofcolor,forroomsaswellasclothes,isnotonlyaboutappearance.Summary:參考答案：1.stir文章開頭提到Brightcolorsstiruparangeoffeelings.“顏色可以激起人們的情感?！眘tirup激起，鼓動，煽動。2.peaceful文中提到redcanevenmakeapersonfeelhungrier.Yellowcanincreaseenergyanddarkercolors,likebluecanhelppeoplecalm，概括一下就是顏色讓人的情感活躍和安寧。peaceful與前面的active形成對比。3.sense/feeling文中第二段第一句話darkblueclothescanproduceasenseofstrengthandseriousness.“穿一件深藍(lán)色的上衣能讓人有一種嚴(yán)肅、認(rèn)真的感覺?！彼哉幸顂ense/feeling。4.otherOntheotherhand另一方面。5.Therefore摘要中上文主要講顏色對人情感的影響，最后一句話應(yīng)該是對全文的總結(jié)，所以答案應(yīng)該是therefore。[問答題]43.Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecarefullyandcompletethesummarybelowbychoosingamaximumofthreewordsfromthepassagetofillinthespaces76-80.RemembertowritetheanswersontheAnswerSheet.Questions1-5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Headachesareabigproblem.Buttheyarenotjustaproblemforthepersonsufferingfromtheheadache.Theyareaproblemforsocietyaswell.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplesufferfromsevereheadachesthatkeepthemfromdoingtheirjobs.Infact,accordingtooneestimate,headachescostindividualsandbusinessesmorethan$50billioneachyear!Thisisoneofthereasonsresearchintoheadacheshasbecomeaworldwideeffort.Althoughhedidnotknowmuchabouthowheadacheswork,Hippocrateswasthefirstdoctortofindawaytodiveatthem.Before400B.C.,Hippocratesdiscoveredthatthebarkfromwillowdiveeswasusefulindiveatingpain.Hemadeawhitepowderfromthedivee’sbarkandgaveittohispatients.Hippocratesdidnotknowit,buthewasactuallyprescribinganaturalchemicalinwillowbarkcalledsalicin.Whenapersoneatssalicin,thechemicalischangedinsideherorhisbodyintosalicylicacid.Itturnsoutthatsalicylicacidisgoodforstoppingpain,includingheadache,butitisbadforaperson’sstomach.Inthe1800s,achemistinGermanychangedtheacid’sformalittletomakeiteasierforpeopletotake.Thisnewformofthechemicalwascalledacetylsalicylicacid,commonlyknownasaspirintoday.Aspirinwasusedthroughoutmostofthe1900stodiveatheadaches,butdoctorshadlittleideaaboutwhatreallycausedheadaches.Whendoctorsknowthecauseofadisease,theycanfindbetterwaystodiveatit.Therefore,asmedicaltechnologydeveloped,doctorsbegantousethetechnologytolearnmoreaboutthehumanbrainandaboutheadaches.Currently,doctorsclassifyheadachesintotwogeneraltypes:primaryandsecondary.Aprimaryheadacheisaconditionsufferedasonlytheheadacheitself.Ontheotherhand,asecondaryheadacheisonecausedbyanothercondition.Forexample,someonewhocatchestheflumaysufferfromheadachesalongwithothersymptomsoftheillness.Fluheadachesarethussecondaryheadaches.Forprimaryheadaches,doctorshavedeterminedthreepossiblecauses.Onekindofprimaryheadacheiscausedbysdivess.Doctorsusuallycallthesetensionheadaches.Suchheadachesarecharacteristicallyfeltonbothsidesoftheheadasadull,steadypain.Anotherkindofprimaryheadacheisthemigraineheadache.Doctorsbelievetheseheadachesarecausedbyreducedflowofbloodtocertainpartsofthebrain.Amigrainesuffererusuallyfeelsintensepainononesideofthehead.Thesuffereralsobecomessensitivetolightandnoise.Ifthemigraineissevere,thesufferermayvomitrepeatedly.Thethirdkindofprimaryheadacheisknownastheclusterheadache.Clusterheadachestypicallyoccuraroundthesametimeeachdayforweeksormonthsatatime.Thepersonsufferingfromthiskindofheadacheusuallyfeelspainononesideofherorhishead,andthepainiscenteredaroundoneoftheperson’seyes.Doctorsdonotknowmuchatpresentaboutclusterheadaches,buttheyseemmorecommonamongmenandcouldberelatedtoalcoholorotherthingsthataffectaperson’sbloodflow.Usingcomputersandmoreadvancedmedicalequipment,doctorscontinuetolearnmoreaboutwhathappensinthebrainbeforeandduringheadaches.Especiallyinthecaseofmigraines,somedoctorsbelievetheyhavefoundthepartofthebrainthatsetsoffthereactionforsevereattacks.Withthisnewinsightintobrainprocesses,doctorshopenewwayswillbediscoveredforstoppingdisablingheadachesbeforetheybegin.Summary:Doctorsknewalongtimeagothatthe1fromthewillowdiveescouldhelppeoplewhofeltpain.Hippocrateswasthefirstdoctortochangeorganicmaterialintoapowderandgiveittohispatients.Butitwasnotuntilthe1800sthatthisnaturaldrugwasalteredandbecameknownas2.Withthehelpoftechnology,doctorshavenowgaineddetailedinsightintohowthebrainworksandwhathappenswhenapersonsuffersfromaheadache.Throughthisresearch,headacheshavebeen3primaryandsecondaryheadaches.Therearethreetypesofprimaryheadaches:tension,migraine,andclusterheadaches.Althoughnotmuchisknownaboutclusterheadaches,doctorshavebeenabletodeterminesomeofthethingsthat4Duringamigraineattack,thesufferermaybecome5andnoise.參考答案：1.bark文章第一段提到thebarkfromwillowtreeswasusefulintreatingpain。2.aspirin文章第三段提到在1800年的時(shí)候，一位德國的化學(xué)家changedtheacid’sform，commonlyknownasaspirintoday.3.classifiedinto文中第五段提到doctorsclassifyheadachesintotwogeneraltypes:primaryandsecondary.4.setoffmigraines文章最后一段提到在頭疼的研究中，醫(yī)生使用先進(jìn)的設(shè)備來進(jìn)行研究，并且能找到病因，尤其是migraines（偏頭痛）的研究中，空格處可以歸納為setoffmigraines。5.sensitivetolight在談migraineheadache這一段，提到Thesuffereralsobecomessensitivetolightandnoise.[問答題]44.Directions:Inthissection,thereisonepassagefollowedbyasummary.Readthepassagecaref