專四寫作版專題教育課件市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作方法和技巧

第1頁(yè)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考綱對(duì)寫作題測(cè)試要求(1)要求依據(jù)所出題目和列出寫作提要或圖表、數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)表等(也附有寫作提要)寫一篇200詞左右短文。做到內(nèi)容切題、完整、條理清楚，文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語(yǔ)法正確，語(yǔ)言通順恰當(dāng)?？荚嚂r(shí)間35分鐘。第2頁(yè)(2)寫便條：

要求依據(jù)提醒寫大約50--60詞通知、便條、請(qǐng)貼等。要求格式正確，語(yǔ)言得體?？荚嚂r(shí)間10分鐘。第3頁(yè)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作文評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(1)文章內(nèi)容切題、豐富(completeness)，文章通順，表示清楚。(2)行文流暢。(transition)(3)組織嚴(yán)密，邏輯性強(qiáng)。(coherence)(4)句型多樣化，句法結(jié)構(gòu)正確。(variety)(5)用詞得體、恰當(dāng)、豐富。(diction)(6)語(yǔ)法正確。(7)拼寫及標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，書寫整齊。(punctuation)第4頁(yè)評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1評(píng)分采取整體評(píng)分法，即先依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言初步確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次要求來(lái)衡量，確定或調(diào)整檔次，最終給分。第5頁(yè)2大作文字?jǐn)?shù)少于180或多出250，便條少于60從總分減去1分。對(duì)于大作文，詳細(xì)來(lái)看：150~170字，扣1分130~150字，扣2分110~130字，扣3分90~110，扣4分90及以下，最多給5分。第6頁(yè)3如書寫較差，以至影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個(gè)檔次。4語(yǔ)法和拼寫錯(cuò)誤要有下劃線或斜線/，并在右邊空白處標(biāo)注扣1到3分。5拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確性一個(gè)方面，評(píng)分時(shí)，應(yīng)視其對(duì)交際影響程度給予考慮。英美拼寫及詞匯，格式，標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用方法均可接收。6白卷0分。第7頁(yè)第1檔15~14分(outstanding)：對(duì)話題復(fù)雜性分析清楚有力；熟練駕馭有效寫作要素。a)在就某話題展開分析和闡述自己觀點(diǎn)時(shí)擺出有洞察力原因和/或有說(shuō)服力事例。b)結(jié)構(gòu)清楚。c)對(duì)于語(yǔ)言(包含用詞和句法多樣性)有很好掌握d)文章完全符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書面英語(yǔ)規(guī)范(包含語(yǔ)法、使用方法和拼寫規(guī)則)，有“閃光點(diǎn)”基本無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。第8頁(yè)第2檔13~11分(strong)：對(duì)話題復(fù)雜性有充分分析；很好地掌握了有效寫作要素。a)闡述觀點(diǎn)時(shí)能利用恰當(dāng)有力理由/或事例。b)結(jié)構(gòu)較清楚。c)對(duì)于語(yǔ)言(包含用詞和句法多樣性)有良好掌握d)很好掌握標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書面英語(yǔ)規(guī)范(包含語(yǔ)法、使用方法和拼寫規(guī)則)，但可能會(huì)有小錯(cuò)誤。第9頁(yè)第3檔11~9分(adequate)：對(duì)事件復(fù)雜性有一定分析；對(duì)寫作要素有一定掌握。a)闡述觀點(diǎn)時(shí)能舉出與事件相關(guān)理由/或事例。b)結(jié)構(gòu)基本合理。c)對(duì)于語(yǔ)言(包含用詞和句法)有一定掌握，但句法缺乏多樣性。d)對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)書面英語(yǔ)規(guī)范有一定掌握，但有一些錯(cuò)誤。第10頁(yè)第4檔8~6分(limited)：對(duì)話題復(fù)雜性有一定分析；對(duì)寫作要素有一定掌握，但有顯著缺點(diǎn)，普通具備以下特征中一項(xiàng)或幾項(xiàng)：a)觀點(diǎn)含糊或不充分。b)結(jié)構(gòu)渙散。c)不善于舉出與議題相關(guān)理由或事例。d)語(yǔ)言不準(zhǔn)確且/或句子缺乏多樣性。e)在語(yǔ)法、使用方法或拼寫上偶有錯(cuò)誤或常有小錯(cuò)誤。第11頁(yè)第5檔5~0分(seriouslyflawed)：在分析性寫作技巧上表現(xiàn)出嚴(yán)重缺點(diǎn)，普通具備以下特征中一項(xiàng)或幾項(xiàng)：a)觀點(diǎn)不明確或未能充分展開。b)毫無(wú)結(jié)構(gòu)可言。c)缺乏相關(guān)理由或事例。d)在語(yǔ)言利用或句子結(jié)構(gòu)上經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。e)在語(yǔ)法、使用方法或拼寫上錯(cuò)誤很多，影響文章表示。f)跑題、非英語(yǔ)寫作、重抄原題.第12頁(yè)注：1）如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句，均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。2）對(duì)于要求三段作文，只寫一段者：0~4分；只寫兩段者：0~9分3）按要求，考生作文若為0分，不論其總分是否高于60分，均作不及格處理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，報(bào)成績(jī)時(shí)，需從總分中減去6分，再加上實(shí)得作文分。第13頁(yè)1992-年專四考試作文題目年份題目ShouldCollegeStudentsHireCleaners?立場(chǎng)類WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?立場(chǎng)類TheBenefitsofVolunteering給定觀點(diǎn)類IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?立場(chǎng)類SavingMoneyorSpendingTomorrow’sMoney?立場(chǎng)類第14頁(yè)MyIdeaofaUniversityArtsFestival問題處理類WillPhonesKillLetterWriting?立場(chǎng)類TheImportanceofKeepingaGoodMood給定觀點(diǎn)類TheBestWaytoStayHealthy問題處理類TravelBroadenstheMind給定觀點(diǎn)類TheImportanceofExtracurricularActivities給定觀點(diǎn)類第15頁(yè)1999AMajorAdvantage/DisadvantageofAdvertisingonTelevision對(duì)比類1998OneWaytoSolvetheProblem問題處理類1997MorePressurefromAcademicStudiesDoes(orDoesno)GoodtoUs?立場(chǎng)類1996TheMainDifferencebetweenMyCollegeLifeandMyMiddleSchoolLife對(duì)比類第16頁(yè)1995TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPart-timeJob1994TV:AGoodThingorABadThing?TheDragonBoatFestivalShouldPrivateCarOwnersbeTaxedforPollution?第17頁(yè)由上表可看出，要求考生提出自己論點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行闡述和論證議論文體最為常見，但也不排除說(shuō)明文、記敘文和描寫文可能。第18頁(yè)寫作時(shí)間安排（提議）作文寫作時(shí)間：35分鐘審題：1～2分鐘;決定：（組織素材,細(xì)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵詞）:4～5分鐘;起草:20～25分鐘;修改定稿:4～5分鐘。要做到想時(shí)候不寫，寫時(shí)候不想。

第19頁(yè)寫作步驟一、審題二、決定：確定主題句三、擬初稿：段落組織四、修改第20頁(yè)一、審題審題材和體裁要審題目：1.審文章中心論點(diǎn)或中心主題2.審試卷提醒，即試卷上提醒性話語(yǔ)。第21頁(yè)提議同學(xué)們?cè)谙鹿P之前，先在初稿紙上列好寫作提要，即你論點(diǎn)，你準(zhǔn)備分哪幾點(diǎn)來(lái)論證你論點(diǎn)，以及你結(jié)論等等，確定提要中關(guān)鍵詞及各關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)間邏輯，整理自己思緒，對(duì)自己所想到內(nèi)容進(jìn)行組織和全方面安排。第22頁(yè)二、決定：確定主題句

依據(jù)題目要求，決定寫作目標(biāo)（即出題人希望寫作者在文章中說(shuō)什么，到達(dá)什么目標(biāo)）；決定文章總體內(nèi)容（題材）；決定文章體裁（記敘、議論、描寫、還是說(shuō)明）；決定寫作者本人對(duì)文章中所講述內(nèi)容所持有基本態(tài)度或觀點(diǎn)（即傾向于必定還是否定，是褒還是貶），并依據(jù)這個(gè)基本觀點(diǎn)選取詳細(xì)內(nèi)容；最終決定采取什么樣模式或調(diào)理來(lái)組織這些詳細(xì)內(nèi)容。第23頁(yè)主題句：文章全文、或每個(gè)段落總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)。1.能確保作文不跑題，使作文看起來(lái)立意清楚，觀點(diǎn)明確。2.主題句能幫助你制訂寫作思緒。（全文主題句、分論據(jù)主題句）第24頁(yè)我們提倡專業(yè)四級(jí)作文中，每段、以及各個(gè)分論據(jù)都應(yīng)該要有一個(gè)主題句，使得段落分明，觀點(diǎn)清楚，邏輯清楚。態(tài)度要鮮明（提議選擇相對(duì)輕易立場(chǎng)）文章主題句更適宜放在第一段，依據(jù)專業(yè)四級(jí)英文寫作特點(diǎn)，要在第一段中即要立場(chǎng)鮮明地提出自己觀點(diǎn)。第25頁(yè)三、擬初稿：組織段落

1）寫提要：將決定要在文章中所講詳細(xì)內(nèi)容以提醒性短語(yǔ)（keywordsorphrases)或簡(jiǎn)單短句（shortsimplesentences)形成一個(gè)文章整體框架。前者稱之為主題式提要（atopicoutline),后者稱之為句子式提要（asentenceoutline）第26頁(yè)2)展開：將擬好提要展開成句群（groupsofsentences),并依據(jù)篇章基本結(jié)構(gòu)將這些句群組成段落。注意句與句之間及段與段之間邏輯關(guān)系必須順暢，同時(shí)利用一些恰當(dāng)承上啟下詞語(yǔ)將它們串聯(lián)起來(lái)，方便文章在語(yǔ)義上前后連貫，形成一個(gè)整體。第27頁(yè)段落組織主要是經(jīng)過(guò)擴(kuò)展句對(duì)主題句支持或說(shuō)明來(lái)進(jìn)行。常見段落展開方法有列舉、舉例、比較和對(duì)比、因果、敘述、歸類、下定義等。第28頁(yè)舉例：年專業(yè)四級(jí)寫作IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline

第29頁(yè)IsItWisetoMakeFriendsOnline?Makingfriendsonlinehasincreasinggrowninpopularityinthelastyearsandnowandthenwehearsomeappallingstoriesofdisastersasaresultofit.AsfarasIamconcerned,itiswise/notwisetomakefriendsonlineastherearepotentialdangerstoit.第30頁(yè)Firstofall,

Somepeople'sdependenceononlinerelationshipcanbuildupariskofhavingpotentialpsychologicalproblems.（主題句）Peoplecanbeeasilyattractedtoonlinelifeandthosewhoarelonely,depressedornotsatisfiedwiththeirreallivescaneasilydevelopanaddictiontothe"perfect”onlinelife,astheycanmakeuplifestories.Toomuchaddictioncangraduallyaffectone'sabilitiesandfunctionsintherealworld.第31頁(yè)第一段：開點(diǎn)明現(xiàn)象，引出問題，描述當(dāng)今網(wǎng)上交友普遍性。提出自己觀點(diǎn)，贊成網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友還是反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友。提議句式：Itisanundeniablefactthat…；Itiswidely/generally/universallyheld/believedthat…等。第32頁(yè)（擴(kuò)展句）Graduallytheaddictsbecomeisolatedfromothersandunconcernwithpeopleoreventsaroundthem（結(jié)論句）.

Inaddition,

cyberrelationshipshavethemagicalpowerofdestroyingtheintimaterelationshipsbetweenfamilymembersandfriendships.TeenagersofthegenerationofInstantMessagingarealsotookeentotheironlinefriendstocareabouttheirrelationshipswiththeirparents.第33頁(yè)第二段：闡述問題，詳細(xì)地闡述你贊成或反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友理由。每個(gè)論據(jù)論證由三部分組成：主題句+擴(kuò)展句+結(jié)論句。第34頁(yè)主題句要有高度擴(kuò)展性。擴(kuò)展句是對(duì)主題句深入闡述或說(shuō)明句子，能夠利用舉例說(shuō)明、比較對(duì)比法、因果法、類比法、分類法等展開說(shuō)明，兩到三句即可。結(jié)論句是對(duì)段落進(jìn)行總結(jié)句子，能夠采取重申主題、提出處理問題方案或呼吁號(hào)召等方式。第35頁(yè)Inconclusion,

thoughpeoplearefindingitentertainingtomakefriendsonline,itdoseharminseveralways.Toomuchtrustanddependenceoncyberlifecancausenetaddictionthatmayleadtoseveralpsychologicaldisordersorphysicalproblems.Moreover,relationshipsinreallifehavebeenaffectedbyonlinerelationship(反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友原因).

第36頁(yè)段落之間要有層次邏輯之外，段落內(nèi)部，也要層次分明。表示層層遞進(jìn)時(shí)候，我們要使用一些諸如“第一、第二、第三”“首先、其次、最終”“更主要是……最主要是……”之類表示，使得文章條理清楚。第37頁(yè)Extremecasesindicatethemostdreadfulconsequencescausedbycybercriminals（反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友意義）.Asmakingfriendsonlinestillspreadingitsattractions,peopleneedtobeawareofthesedangersandtakeproperactionstoprotectthemselvesandtheirlife（號(hào)召）.第38頁(yè)結(jié)尾段：再次強(qiáng)調(diào)你觀點(diǎn)和你贊成或反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友意義。1.承接上文，再次提及你贊成或反對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)交友原因。2.提出限制或贊成網(wǎng)絡(luò)意義3.提出一個(gè)號(hào)召性語(yǔ)言——用onlybydoingsth.cansb.do…做結(jié)尾，用在文章結(jié)尾表示一個(gè)號(hào)召。第39頁(yè)四、連貫第40頁(yè)段落內(nèi)部及段落之間連貫性連貫性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不但要求文章段落中各句都要前后銜接，條理清楚，使讀者易于了解，而且要求在敘事次序和使用轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)進(jìn)行過(guò)渡這兩個(gè)方面表達(dá)出來(lái)。第41頁(yè)1.敘事次序各種不一樣類型文章及不一樣作者使用寫作次序當(dāng)然會(huì)有所不一樣，常見大致有以下幾個(gè)：第42頁(yè)1）按時(shí)間先后次序，這主要見于記敘文和說(shuō)明文。2）按空間先后次序，包含前后、左右、上下、內(nèi)外等次序，主要見于描寫文和記敘文。3）按動(dòng)作或操作程序，這尤見于“Howto…”一類使用、烹調(diào)、指路等說(shuō)明書中。第43頁(yè)4）按推論法（deduction）次序，即從總概念到詳細(xì)情節(jié)，常見于記敘文、說(shuō)明文和敘述文中。5）按歸納法（induction）次序，即從個(gè)體細(xì)節(jié)到總概念或結(jié)論，主要用于說(shuō)明文和敘述文。6）按情節(jié)主要性次序，即按最主要到不太主要排列，或按不太主要到最主要排列，在各種文體中都可使用。第44頁(yè)2.使用轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)進(jìn)行過(guò)渡第45頁(yè)1)代詞使用ExampleIt

isthemosttalked-ofsubjectinourdailylife.Everyonementionsitseveraltimesaday.Youthinkaboutitatleastonceduringeveryclass.

Itspassageissteady.It

toucheseveryone.Whatisit?It

istime!第46頁(yè)2)關(guān)聯(lián)詞使用1.DifferentstudentslearnEnglishfordifferentpurposes.MostofthestudentslearnEnglishbecausetheyneedtoreadEnglishtextbooksorjournalsandattendEnglishlectures,（while）（Meantime）(incomparisonwith)afewstudentsuseittotalktoEnglish-speakingvisitors,attendseminars,orwritelettersandreports.（表并列）第47頁(yè)2.Manypeopleapplaud/welcomethisnewdevelopmentwhileothershaveexpressedtheirconcernaboutthis.(表轉(zhuǎn)折)3.BirdfluandSARSaretwotypicalexamplesthatenvironmentaldestructionmaythreatenourlife.（Besides）（Furthermore）（Moreover）,forestdestruction,waterandairpollutionresultindecreaseofplantinglandandunpleasantweather.（表遞進(jìn)）第48頁(yè)3)重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞Myfirstvisittothecinemawasaveryunhappyone.IwastakentherebysomefriendswhenIwasonlysevenyearsold.AtfirsttherewerebrightlightsandmusicandIfeltquitehappy.Whenthe

lights

wentout,Ifeltafraid.ThenthefilmstartedandIsawatrainonthescreen.The

trainwascomingtowardsme.Ishoutedoutinfearandgotdownundermyseat.Whenmyfriend

sawme,theystartedtolaugh.Ifeltashamedandsatbackinmyseat.Iwatchedthefilm

totheendbutIstillfeltafraid.Iwasgladwhenthe

filmends.第49頁(yè)4)使用同義詞（包含：近義詞）OfallJefferson’smanytalents,oneiscentral.Hewasaboveallagoodandtirelesswriter….Histalentasanauthor

wassoondiscovered.IfirstheardthistaleinIndia….Latersomeonetoldmethatthestory

appearedinamagazine.第50頁(yè)5）使用轉(zhuǎn)折詞依據(jù)意義要求，使用不一樣轉(zhuǎn)折詞。依其作用可分為以下十類：第51頁(yè)a.表示舉例（example）forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,namely,thatis,incidentallyb.表示增補(bǔ)意義(addition)inaddition,furthermore,moreover,besides,also,again,and,then,too,likewise,what’smorec.表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(emphasis)certainly,indeed,aboveall,ofcourse,surely,anyway,infact,asamatteroffact,inotherwords,inthiscase,thatis(tosay),inparticular,naturally,obviously第52頁(yè)d.表示對(duì)比或?qū)φ?contrast)incontrast,whereas,ontheotherhand,instead,while,inspiteof,despite,onthecontrary,although,but,however,still,yet,nevertheless,unlike,otherwise,converselye.表示比較（comparison）like,likewise,similarly,inthesameway,equallyimportant,meanwhile,atthesametime,evenso,eventhough,notonly…butalso…f.表示讓步（concession）afterall,clearly,although,itistrue(that)第53頁(yè)g.表示原因（cause）becauseofthis,because,for,forthisreason,since,as,dueto,owingto,thankstoh.表示結(jié)果(consequence)therefore,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,so,hence,thus,inthisway,otherwise第54頁(yè)i.表示次序（order）first(second,third,etc.),inthefirstplace,firstofall,now,next,then,tobegin(start)with,atfirst,aslast,finally,eventually,intheend,lately,recently,immediately,temporarily,sincethen,soon,afterawhile,afterward,after,before,today(tomorrow,yesterday),above,across,against,around,behind,before,infrontof,below,beneath,down,over,under,up,beyond,adjacentto,closeto,nearto,nextto,oppositeto,atthebottom(of),inthemiddle(of),ontheleft(right),ontheoppositeside第55頁(yè)j.表示結(jié)論（conclusion）tosumup,toconclude,tosummarize,insummary,inall,inaword,inshort,inbrief,inconclusion,so,therefore,thus,inanyevent,ashasbeennoted(mentioned,stated)第56頁(yè)以下是說(shuō)明轉(zhuǎn)折詞作用若干例子。從中能夠看出，假如沒有轉(zhuǎn)折詞，句子和種子之間關(guān)系就不連續(xù)。只有使用轉(zhuǎn)折詞后，句子垢意義才變得明確和銜接。第57頁(yè)Example1:原句：(Ihadaverybadcold.Iwenttoschool.)修改句ThoughIhadaverybadcold,Iwenttoschool.修改句Ihadaverybadcold,inspiteofthis,Iwenttoschool.修改句Ihadaverybadcold,however,Iwenttoschool.第58頁(yè)Example2:原句：(MaryisinlovewithJohn.JohnisinlovewithJane.)修改句MaryisinlovewithJohn,butJohnisinlovewithJane.修改句MaryisinlovewithJohn,however,JohnisinlovewithJane.第59頁(yè)總而言之，文章連貫性主要表達(dá)在：（一）敘事次序應(yīng)該合乎邏輯（時(shí)間、空間、程序、主要性等）。（二）相關(guān)詞、句、段可經(jīng)過(guò)使用對(duì)應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)折語(yǔ)將意思連貫起來(lái)，使文章安排得愈加緊湊和銜接，使人感到通順可讀，沒有累贅或厭煩之感。第60頁(yè)下面是句子寫作中不符一致性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)例子和改進(jìn)方法：第61頁(yè)1.不要把無(wú)關(guān)思想包含在同一句子中，將無(wú)直接關(guān)系句子或部分刪去。

Example1:Poor:Thismountainissixthousandfeethigh,anditisonlyfourmilesfromthesmallairport,

andthefieldisnotaverylargeone,butnoplanehasevercrashedonit.Better:Althoughthismountainissixthousandfeethighandonlyfourmilesfromthesmallairport,noplanehasevercrashedonit.說(shuō)明：斜體部分與全句意義無(wú)關(guān)，應(yīng)刪去。第62頁(yè)Example2:Poor:Mynieceisnotgoodatmathematicsandseldomcomestoseeme,andshegotmarriedlastweek.Better:Myniecegotmarriedlastweek.Better:Myniece,whoisnotgoodatmathematicsandseldomcomestoseeme,gotmarriedlastweek.說(shuō)明：斜體部分是與本句中心思想無(wú)關(guān)其它細(xì)節(jié)，它掩蓋了句子主要意思，使讀者抓不住中心，應(yīng)該刪去或改寫成非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作為附加說(shuō)明。第63頁(yè)2.防止使用過(guò)分復(fù)雜句法結(jié)構(gòu)和矯揉造作修飾手法。Example:Poor:Theelectricfanwhichsheboughtforherfather,whocomplainsaboutanytemperaturethatexceeds30℃andinsiststhathecan’tstandtheheat,arrivedtoday.Better:Herfathercomplainsaboutanytemperaturethatexceeds30℃andinsiststhathecan’tstandtheheat.Theelectricfanwhichsheboughtforhimarrivedyesterday.說(shuō)明：前一句因?yàn)槭褂昧诉^(guò)多定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)從句，反而顯得層次不清，中心不突出，改寫成兩句后，意義就顯得清楚而自然。第64頁(yè)3.在同一句中，要盡可能保持主語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)態(tài)一致。Example:Poor:Thepeasantscutthewheat,anditisdried.Better:Thepeasantscutthewheat,andtheydryit.說(shuō)明：在并列句中，同一主語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)態(tài)最好落實(shí)到底。后一句改換主語(yǔ)并用了被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，邏輯上不一致。第65頁(yè)4.防止邏輯錯(cuò)誤或意義含糊句子。Example1:Poor:LiuHuaisakind-heartedgirl;shewillbesuccessfulinanythingshetries.Better:

Asshehasastrongwillandconfidenceinherself,shemaybesuccessfulinanythingshetries.說(shuō)明：一個(gè)心地善良人并不能確保事事都能成功，這個(gè)推斷不合理；一個(gè)含有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志和信念人可能會(huì)取得成功，這是合乎推理。第66頁(yè)Example2:Poor:ThemoreIread,themorehungryIfeel.Better:ThemoreIread,themoreIwanttoread.Better:ThemoreIread,themorehungryIfeelforknowledge.說(shuō)明：原句意義較含糊，似意為“越讀越感到饑餓”，但依據(jù)整句意思判斷，應(yīng)以修改后兩句為好，其意思就比較明確。第67頁(yè)總而言之，段落一致性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要表達(dá)在：（一）每段中心思想要明確，全段句子都應(yīng)該圍繞說(shuō)明一個(gè)問題；（二）同一句子（單句及復(fù)合句）意義也應(yīng)該突出要說(shuō)明內(nèi)容，去掉無(wú)關(guān)或多出字句，同時(shí)要防止那些造成不合邏輯詞句。第68頁(yè)五、語(yǔ)言表示（一）詞匯1.選取自己熟悉詞,力爭(zhēng)簡(jiǎn)練、準(zhǔn)確2.盡可能不要連續(xù)、重復(fù)地用一個(gè)詞。第69頁(yè)（二）句子1.不要出現(xiàn)任何拼寫或語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤2.要注意句型多樣化。（簡(jiǎn)單句，并列句和復(fù)雜句交替使用，適當(dāng)將句中非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、介詞短語(yǔ)、從句等位置多樣；插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)利用等等）第70頁(yè)Weenteredtheofficeoftherubberfactory.Wemetthedirector,andhecalledaguidetoshowusaroundtheplant.Whenweenteredtheofficeoftherubberfactory,wemetthedirector,whocalledaguidetoshowusaroundtheplant.恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂檬熘湫突蛑苯右妹?、諺語(yǔ),活用名人名言等第71頁(yè)六、檢驗(yàn)修改

1.檢驗(yàn)是否切題2.檢驗(yàn)語(yǔ)言連貫性,上下文是否通暢,過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)使用是否恰當(dāng)。第72頁(yè)3.再逐句檢驗(yàn)語(yǔ)法,主、謂一致性,時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、習(xí)慣搭配等使用是否準(zhǔn)確。單詞正確拼寫;字母大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào);數(shù)一致性(包含主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)以及名詞與其限定語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)一致性);指代關(guān)系(包含指代一致性和代詞選取);動(dòng)詞形式(時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣)等方面。4.檢驗(yàn)大小寫、拼寫等。第73頁(yè)七、書寫認(rèn)真，卷面整齊

第74頁(yè)作文常見問題a.結(jié)構(gòu)渙散：要么正文一大段，無(wú)層次；要么公式化，機(jī)械地分成孤立三段。b.母語(yǔ)思維方式與文化差異干擾。c.段落不平衡(只顧段數(shù)而忽略每段詳細(xì)內(nèi)容；論據(jù)分配不均；頭重腳輕或虎頭蛇尾等)第75頁(yè)d.缺乏連貫，段落間銜接不上，孤立無(wú)援。e.論據(jù)缺乏說(shuō)服力，例子以偏概全，邏輯性不強(qiáng)，例子出處含糊(someonesaid,somepeoplethink,XXXnewspaperreportsthat….)。f.語(yǔ)言：基本語(yǔ)法失誤，語(yǔ)體混同(口語(yǔ)體偏多)，語(yǔ)氣主觀化(Myviewsonhappiness,Ithink,youshould,trustme等)。第76頁(yè)（1）句型單調(diào)，簡(jiǎn)單句堆砌；漢語(yǔ)式、翻譯式句子。

第77頁(yè)Example誤Aswegrowup,thereisagapbetweenusandtheoldpeople.Andweshouldmakethegapmissing.正Therealwaysexistsagapbetweentheyoungandtheold．Whatweshoulddoistotryourbesttonarrowthegap．第78頁(yè)(2)搭配不妥，用詞欠準(zhǔn)確。誤Asthepopulationofcomputer,moreandmorepeopleWiththepopularizationofthecomputer,moreandcomputergames．誤First,1wouldliketofacewiththechallenge．正First,Iamnotafraidoffacingthechallenge．第79頁(yè)(3)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤甚多。誤Whethertheargumentsforandagainstplayingcomputergames,itmustberealizethatcomputergamesinitselfareneithergoodnorbad.正Whethertheargumentis

fororagainstplayingcomputergames,itmustbemadeclearthatcomputersgamesinthemselvesareneithergoodnorbad.第80頁(yè)(4)缺乏邏輯關(guān)系。誤Atranslatormeansdealingwithdifferentpeople.作者不明白translator與interpreter之間差異。正Tobeaninterpretermeanstomeetwithdifferentpeople.第81頁(yè)(5)缺乏修辭伎倆，語(yǔ)言平淡Peopleusuallyprefersuccesswhilehatingfailure.Butinmyopinionfailureisasimportassuccess.Inaword,teachingisademandingjob．1willliveuptothequalificationsforateacher第一段是文章開篇段，第二段是結(jié)束段。假如我們稍作增改，那么，這兩段段落就會(huì)更加好些。第82頁(yè)修改稿：Whenaskedwhichtheyprefer,successorfailure,manywouldsaythattheyprefertheformer.Butinmyopinionfailureisasimportantassuccessforthereisafamoussaying“Failureisthemotherofsuccess.”Nofailure,nosuccess.Canyouimaginewhattheworldwouldbeiftherewerenoteachers?Sonomatterhowdemandingteachingis.Iwillstrivetobeacompetentteacher.Andhavefullconfidencethatmydreamwillcometrueinthenearfuture.第83頁(yè)寫好一篇作文注意事項(xiàng)：1.適當(dāng)用被動(dòng)替換主動(dòng)，這么能更客觀反應(yīng)事實(shí),句子開頭不要總是用we/I(比如寫結(jié)尾時(shí)不用weshouldpayattentionto而用Attentionshouldbepaidto.)舉個(gè)經(jīng)典結(jié)尾年六月六級(jí)作文最終一段：Itis,therefore,hightimethatsomeapplicableapproacheswereimplementedbytheserviceindustrylikethat.Bydoingso，itscompetitiveedgewillbesharpenedeffectively.

第84頁(yè)2.善于使用插入語(yǔ)，比如說(shuō)把副詞、連接詞等，作插入語(yǔ)放在中間，普通放在主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號(hào)。

如however/therefore/forexample/Ibelieve做插入語(yǔ)放在中間，普通放在動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號(hào)。

比如說(shuō)：Otherindividuals,however,taketheattitudethat…

第85頁(yè)3.一定要學(xué)會(huì)換詞，換形象，詳細(xì)替換太寬泛。(考試中普通不要出現(xiàn)good,bad,many,thing,think,people,opinion等等)比如上面例子applicable替換proper,approaches替換ways,implement替換carryout,sharpenone’scompetitiveedge替換enhanceone’scompetitiveness(提升某物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力)

第86頁(yè)三段式寫作各段各具特色，作到：“虎頭、豬肚、豹尾”虎頭：引言段（開頭段）有虎虎之威；5－6句豬肚：主體段（正文段）有詳盡之實(shí)；8－9句豹尾：結(jié)語(yǔ)段（結(jié)尾段）有鏗鏘之力。5－6句第87頁(yè)引言段寫作文章開頭通常為引言部分，應(yīng)開宗明義地提出論點(diǎn)，明確主題，即文章中心思想。1引言段寫作方法；2引言段=IntroductoryRemarks+ThesisStatement第88頁(yè)引言段寫作方法1描寫法2主題法3數(shù)據(jù)法4定義法5對(duì)立法6問題法第89頁(yè)1.引言段寫作方法－－描寫法描寫法是經(jīng)過(guò)生動(dòng)描寫把文章要討論主題、事物、現(xiàn)象反應(yīng)出來(lái)，以引發(fā)讀者興趣。（記敘文、議論文均可）第90頁(yè)ExampleNowadayscollegestudentsareseenwaitingontables,cleaninginstores,advertisinginstreets,teachinginfamiliesanddoingwhateverworktheycanfind().Ithasbecomefashionableforcollegestudentstodosomeoddjobsintheirsparetime().

第91頁(yè)2.引言段寫作方法-----主題法提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或論據(jù)作為文章要說(shuō)明和敘述主題。如：Oneofthemostnotablephasesoftheindustrialrevolutionwastherapidgrowthofcities------theshiftingofpopulationfromruraldistrictstotheurbancentres.第92頁(yè)3引言段寫作方法－－數(shù)據(jù)法引用已經(jīng)證實(shí)一些數(shù)字來(lái)引發(fā)話題。如：Thefactthatlessthan5%oftheBritishpopulationgraduatefromuniversitiesmayseemsurprising,especiallywhencomparedwiththeAmericanpercentageofover30%.第93頁(yè)4引言段寫作方法－－定義法常見于對(duì)標(biāo)題下定義，然后經(jīng)過(guò)舉例、邏輯推理等方法加以詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。如：Atruegoodstudentisonewhopossessesgoodmorality,soundhealth,perfectknowledgeandvariousabilities.第94頁(yè)5.引言段寫作方法－－對(duì)立法對(duì)立法指文章一開頭列舉人們對(duì)所討論問題所持不一樣觀點(diǎn),然后說(shuō)出自己對(duì)此問題相反看法.第95頁(yè)ExampleEversincetheeasingofschoolchildren'sstudyburdenisadvocatedbyeducators.Someteachersandparentsfrownatit,sayingthatitwillexertbadeffectsonthechildren().But()Ithinkeasingschoolchildren'sstudyburdenwilldogoodtoschoolchildrenbothphysicallyandmentally.

第96頁(yè)6.引言段寫作方法－－問題法問題法經(jīng)過(guò)提問來(lái)引出要討論或有爭(zhēng)議性問題.作者回答針對(duì)性很強(qiáng),開頭段有較強(qiáng)邏輯性."Ismoneyallpowerful?"Ifsomeoneasksmesuchaquestion(),myanswerisalwaysthesame:Nomoneyisbynomeansallpowerful.第97頁(yè)正文段寫作方法段落基本要求：統(tǒng)一性；連貫性1統(tǒng)一性1）主題單一（堅(jiān)持一個(gè)主題）2）前后觀點(diǎn)一致3）內(nèi)容完整性2連貫性（邏輯性，連續(xù)性）1）“啟、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”過(guò)渡伎倆2）重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞或者短語(yǔ)第98頁(yè)正文段寫作方法－段落寫作次序時(shí)間、空間、歸納、演繹1時(shí)間…Afterthis,itispassedthroughrollerstoflattenit.Then,sheetsofwetpaperareproduced.Finally,thewaterisremovedfromthesheetswhicharepressed,driedandrefineduntilthefinishedpaperisproduced.

第99頁(yè)2空間OurclassroomisonthesecondflooroftheTeachingBuilding.Itisamediateroomabout8meterslongand6meterswide.Thewallsandtheceilingsarebothwhite.Underthewindowsviewingthecampusstandtworadiatorsforheatingtheroominwinter.Ontheoppositewall,neartheend,thereisabrowndoor.Onthefrontwalloftheroomthereisabigblackboardwithsomechalkandaneraserontheledge.Infrontoftheblack-boardstandstheteacher'sDes.Inthebackoftheroomliesarowofhooksonthewallforourcapsanduniforms.Thereareabouttwenty-fivedesksandchairsalwayssetingoodorder.Everytimewesitinourclassroom,wefeelpleasedandcomfortable.

第100頁(yè)3演繹Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewithacomputererrorbythistime().Bankbalancesaresuddenlyre-portedtohavejumpedfrom$379intothemillions;Appealsforcharitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeoplewithcrazysoundingnamesatyouraddresses;Departmentstoressendthewrongbills;Utilitycompanieswritethattheyareturningevery-thingoff,thatsortofthing.Ifyoumanagetogetintouchwithsomeoneandcomplain,youthengetinstantaneouslytyped,guiltylettersfromthesamecomputer,saying,"ourcomputerwasinerror,andanadjustmentisbeingmadeinyouraccount."第101頁(yè)4歸納Acombinationofcriesfromexoticanimalsandlaughterandgaspsfromchildrenfillstheairalongwiththesmellsofpopcornandpeanuts.Ahungrylionbellowsfordinners,hisroarbreakingthroughtheconfusingchatterofotheranimals.Birdsofallkindschirpendlesslyatcuriouschildren.Monkeysswingfromlimbtolimbperforminggymnasticsforonlookers.Acomedyroutinebyorangutansemployingoldshoesandgarmentsincitessquealsofamusement.Thesightsandsoundsandsmellsofthezooinformandentertainchildrenofallages().

第102頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作總結(jié)式；復(fù)述式；展望式；提議式；警示式;引語(yǔ)。第103頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作----總結(jié)式Thesignificanceforcollegestudentsofdoingapart-timejobmeansmorethanmoneyandexperience:ItMilbroadentheirout-lookandexertaprofoundinfluenceontheirpersonalityandlife()

第104頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作----復(fù)述式Sincevoluntaryblooddonationisbeneficialtothebloodreceivers,tothedonatorsthemselvesandtothesociety,whydon'twealljoinintheline?Infact,advertisementhasbecomeoneofthemostauthoritativevoicespeakingtoustoday--itevendominatesourlives().

第105頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作----展望式Livinginthesuburbsisbecomingapredominantpattern,andwiththeimprovementoftrafficandtheperfectionofservices,itwillprovetoholdgreatsuperiorityovercitylife().

第106頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作—提議式"TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPrivateTutoring"Generallyspeaking,thedisadvantagesofprivatetutoringoverweightheadvantages.Therefore,greateremphasisshouldbelaidonclassroomteachingandpractice,ontheimprovementofteachingqualityandonthetappingofthepupil‘spotentialities().Onlyinthiswaycananewgenerationbehealthilybroughtup.

第107頁(yè)結(jié)尾段寫作—警示式Ifwedon'teaseourschoolchildren'sstudyburdennow,justimaginewhatwouldbecomeofourchildreninafewyears:theireyesshort-sighted,theirbackshunchedtheyarenothingbutbookworms().Therefore,easingourchildrensStudyburdenisnotanecessity,butamust().

第108頁(yè)引語(yǔ)句用格言、諺語(yǔ)或習(xí)語(yǔ)總結(jié)全文。如：Laterrisermayfinditverydifficulttocultivatethehabitofearlyrising.Theyoughttomakespecialefforttodoso.AstheEnglishproverbsays,“Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.”第109頁(yè)英文寫作中使用率最高基本句式以下是短文寫作中使用率最高、覆蓋面最廣基本句式，每組句式功效相同或相同，考生可依據(jù)自己情況選擇其中1-2個(gè)，做到能夠熟練、正確地仿寫或套用。第110頁(yè)1.表示原因

1）Therearethreereasonsforthis.

2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.

3）Thereasonforthisisobvious.

4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek.

5）Thereasonforthisisthat…

6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat…

第111頁(yè)比如：

Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Firstly,people’slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Secondly,mostpeoplearewell-paid,andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Lastbutnotleast,moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.

注：如考試時(shí)寫第一個(gè)句子沒有把握，可將其改寫成兩個(gè)句子。如：Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourlife.Therearethreereasonsforthis.這么寫能夠防止套用中表示失誤。

第112頁(yè)2.表示好處

1）Ithasthefollowingadvantages.

2）Itdoesusalotofgood.

3）Itbenefitsusquitealot.

4）Itisbeneficialtous.

5）Itisofgreatbenefittous.

第113頁(yè)比如：

Booksarelikefriends.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter,andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore,readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.

第114頁(yè)3.表示壞處

1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.

2）Itdoesusmuchharm.

3）Itisharmfultous.

第115頁(yè)比如：

However,everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.

第116頁(yè)4.表示主要、必要、困難、方便、可能

1）Itisimportant（necessary,difficult,convenient,possible）forsb.todosth.

2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.

3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife.

第117頁(yè)比如：

Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere,whetherinthegovernment,inschoolsorinbusiness.Soon,computerswillbefoundineveryhome,too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.

第118頁(yè)5.表示辦法

1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures.

2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties.

3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth.

4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with.

第119頁(yè)比如：

Thehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Therefore,wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit.

第120頁(yè)6.表示改變

1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears.

2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworld’scommunications.

3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation.

第121頁(yè)比如：

Somechangeshavetakenplaceinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.Themajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseek.Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein,andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins.

第122頁(yè)7.表示事實(shí)、現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況

1）Wecannotignorethefactthat…

2）Noonecandenythefactthat…

3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…

4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin.

5）However，that’snotthecase.第123頁(yè)比如：

Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution.Tosolvetheseproblems,wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution.Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment.

第124頁(yè)8.表示比較

1）ComparedwithA,B…

2）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV.

3）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem.

第125頁(yè)比如：

Comparedwithcars,bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable.Firstly,theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum.Secondly,theydonotcausethepollutionproblem.Lastbutnotleast,theycontributetopeople’shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise.

第126頁(yè)9.表示數(shù)量

1）Ithasincreased（decreased）from…to…

2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800.000.

3）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15％comparedwiththatofJanuary.

第127頁(yè)比如：

Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandards,theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreased.

再如：

Fromthegraphlistedabove,itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin.

第128頁(yè)10.表示看法

1）Peoplehave（take,adopt,assume）differentattitudestowardssth.

2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem.

3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion.

4）Somepeoplebelievethat…Othersarguethat…

第129頁(yè)比如：

Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchanceofsuccessattheirrenewedendeavor.However,othersareeasilydiscouragedbyfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.

再如：

Do“l(fā)uckynumber