《英國文學》課程教學大綱（完整版）

PAGEPAGE75《英國文學》課程教學大綱課程名稱(中文)：英國文學課程名稱(英文)：BritishLiterature課程編號：060502015007課程類別：專業(yè)選修課程學時學分：總學時36學分2其中實踐學時開出時間：2015年級第1學期開課單位：外國語學院適用專業(yè)英語師范（本科）一、課程的教學目標和教學要求1.課程工作任務目標英國文學是高等學校英語專業(yè)的必修課。教學目的是使學生對英國文學發(fā)展史，英國主要作家及其作品有一宏觀、系統(tǒng)的了解，以提高學生對英國文學作品的欣賞理解能力，從而熟練地掌握英語語言技能。2.職業(yè)能力目標通過英國文學的學習，不但要使學生掌握文學方面的理論和常識，增強學生欣賞英國文學作品的能力，同時要提高學生的英語語言技能；使學生更好地適應未來的工作。3.素質目標通過英國文學的學習，不但要使學生掌握文學方面的理論和常識，增強學生欣賞英國文學作品的能力，同時要提高學生的英語語言技能；不但要培養(yǎng)學生分析問題、解決問題的能力及創(chuàng)新能力，而且要培養(yǎng)他們的思想道德素質、文化素質和心理素質。二、教學時數(shù)分配周次課程內容章節(jié)教學內容教學時數(shù)123456789101112131415161718123456789101112131415161718OverviewofBritishLiteratureEarlyandmedievalBritishLiteratureChaucerShakespeareThe17th-centuryBritishLiteratureThe18th-centuryBritishLiteraturePre-RomanticisminBritainRomanticNovelistsRomanticNovelistsRomanticpoetsRomanticpoets19th-CenturyWomenNovelistsWritersinVictorianPeriodWomenWritersCharlesDickensModernDramatistsModernisminBritishLiteratureReview222222222222222222三、主要教學內容與教學方法（一）教學安排《英國文學》課程的授課時間為一學期，每周2學時,共36學時。英國文學課中各個歷史階段的學時分配如下：1、盎格魯·撒克遜時期(2學時)2、十四世紀后半期及十五世紀的文學(4學時)3、文藝復興時期(10學時)4、資產階級革命時期及王政復辟時期(2學時)5、十八世紀文學(4學時)6、浪漫主義時期(4學時)7、十九世紀中期及后期(6學時)8、二十世紀文學(4學時)（二）英國文學的授課內容：第一章盎格魯·撒克遜時期（2學時）第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點第二節(jié)世俗文學1、《貝奧武甫》2、盎格魯·撒克遜詩歌的特點第二章十四世紀后半葉及十五世紀英國文學(4學時)第一節(jié)喬叟時期1、歷史背景及文學特點2、威廉·蘭格蘭3.杰弗利·喬叟第二節(jié)十五世紀英國文學1、歷史背景及文學特點2、托馬斯·馬羅禮3、民謠選讀：杰弗利·喬叟：TheCanterburyTales民謠：“RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale”第三章文藝復興時期(10學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點文藝復興的主要特點人文主義第二節(jié)托馬斯·莫爾第三節(jié)詩歌1、魏阿特和薩利2、菲力浦·錫特尼3、埃德蒙·斯賓塞第四節(jié)小說李雷第五節(jié)戲劇1、約翰·李利2、羅伯特·格林3、托馬斯·基德4、克里斯托弗·馬洛第六節(jié)威廉·莎士比亞第七節(jié)莎士比亞以后的英國戲劇1、本·瓊斯2、其他戲劇家第八節(jié)弗蘭西斯·培根選讀：莎士比亞：TheMerchantofVeniceHamletSonnet18培根：“OfStudies”第四章英國資產階級革命及王朝復辟時期(2學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點玄學派清教主義第二節(jié)玄學派詩人約翰·鄧恩第三節(jié)約翰·彌爾頓第四節(jié)約翰·班揚第五節(jié)約翰·屈萊頓思考題：略選讀彌爾頓：ParadiseLose“OnHisBlindness”約翰·鄧恩：“GoandCatchaFallingStar”“DeathBeNotProud”約翰·班揚:ThePilgrims’Progress第五章十八世紀英國文學(4學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點古典主義啟蒙主義感傷主義諷刺作品第二節(jié)十八世紀初期英國文學1、亞歷山大·蒲柏2、艾狄生和斯梯爾3、丹尼爾·笛福4、喬納森·斯威夫特第三節(jié)十八世紀末期英國小說1、塞繆爾·理查遜2、亨利·菲爾丁3、勞倫斯·斯泰恩4、奧利弗·哥爾德斯密5、哥特式小說6、塞繆爾·約翰遜第四節(jié)十八世紀英國戲劇1、理查德·比·謝立丹2、奧利弗·哥爾德斯密第五節(jié)十八世紀英國詩歌1、托馬斯·葛蕾2、威廉·布萊克3、羅勃特·彭斯選讀：丹尼爾·笛福：RobinsonCrusoe喬納森·斯威夫特：“AModestProposal”亞歷山大·蒲柏：AnEssayonCriticism亨利·菲爾?。篢omJones塞繆爾·約翰遜：“LettertoLordChesterfield”威廉·布萊克：“London”“Tyger”羅勃特·彭斯：“AMan’saManforA’That”“Scots,WhaHae”“ARed,RedRose”“AuldLangSyne”第六章浪漫主義時期(4學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點浪漫主義湖畔派歷史小說第二節(jié)詩歌1、威廉·華茲華斯2、塞繆爾·特·科勒律治3、羅伯特·騷塞4、喬治·戈登·拜倫5、波西·比西·雪萊6、約翰·濟慈第三節(jié)小說及散文1、沃爾特·司各特2、查爾斯·蘭姆3、簡·奧斯丁選讀：威廉·華茲華斯：“SheDweltamongtheUntroddenWays”“TotheCuckoo”“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”“TheSolitaryReaper”“ComposeduponWestminsterBridge”塞繆爾·特·科勒律治：“KublaKhan”喬治·戈登·拜倫“WhenWeTwoParted”“TheIslesofGreece”“SheWalksinBeauty”波西·比西·雪萊：“MenofEngland”“OdetotheWestWind”“ToaSkylark”約翰·濟慈：“OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer”“OdetoaNightingale”“ToAutumn”第七章十九世紀中期及后期的英國文學(6學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點憲章運動批判現(xiàn)實主義拉斐爾前派新浪漫主義唯美主義第二節(jié)憲章運動時期的詩歌1、艾內斯特·瓊斯2、托馬斯·胡德第三節(jié)十九世紀中期的小說1、查爾斯·狄更斯2、威廉·薩克雷3、夏洛特·布朗蒂4、埃米莉·布朗蒂5、E·C·蓋斯凱爾6、喬治·愛略特第四節(jié)十九世紀下半葉的詩歌1、阿爾弗雷德·丁尼生2、羅伯特·布朗寧3、E·B·布朗寧4、D·G·羅塞蒂5、A·C·斯溫伯恩6、威廉·莫里斯第五節(jié)十九世紀下半葉的散文1、托馬斯·卡萊爾2、約翰·羅斯金3、馬修·阿諾德4、T·B·麥考利第六節(jié)十九世紀下半葉的小說1、喬治·梅雷迪斯2、塞繆爾·巴特勒3、托馬斯·哈代4、R·L·史蒂文森5、奧斯卡·王爾德選讀：托馬斯·胡德“TheSongoftheShirt”查爾斯·狄更斯：OliverTwist威廉·薩克雷：VanityFair阿爾弗雷德·丁尼生：“Ulysses”“Break,Break,Break”“CrossingtheBar”羅伯特·布朗寧：“Home-Thoughts,fromAbroad”E·B·布朗寧：SonnetsformthePortuguese約翰·羅斯金“Books”托馬斯·哈代：TessoftheD’Urbervilles第八章二十世紀英國文學(4學時)第一節(jié)歷史背景及文學特點現(xiàn)代主義意識流小說憤怒的青年荒誕派戲劇第二節(jié)二十世紀英國戲劇1、喬治·肖伯納（GeorgeBernardShaw）2、約翰·高爾斯華綏3、W·B·葉芝4、肖恩·奧凱西5、塞繆·貝克特6、J·J·奧斯本7、哈羅德·品特第三節(jié)二十世紀英國小說1、羅德亞德·吉卜林2、約瑟夫·康拉德3、H·G·威爾斯4、約翰·高爾斯華綏5、A·柯南·道爾6、弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫7、詹姆斯·喬伊斯8、D·H·勞倫斯9、W·S·毛姆10、A·J·克羅寧11、羅伯特·特萊塞爾12、葛蘭姆·葛林第四節(jié)二十世紀英國詩歌1、T·S·艾略特2、W·H·奧登選讀：喬治·肖伯納：Mrs.Warren’sProfession約翰·高爾斯華綏：TheForsyteSaga弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫：Mrs.Dalloway四、考核方式測試與考核是了解學生學習情況、教師教學質量的重要手段。測試必須具有科學性、客觀性和可行性。測試應既有助于提高學生的語言運用能力，又有助于培養(yǎng)學生的思維分析能力。在英國文學棵的測試中，既要包括文學史方面的客觀問題及對文學作品的語言方面的理解問題；同時應注重檢驗學生分析問題和解決問題的能力。測試中的客觀題和主觀題應保持科學合理的比例。五、使用教材與參考書目1、教材《英國文學史及選讀》，吳偉仁，外語教學與研究出版社，20132、參考書目1）《英國文學選讀》，楊豈深、孫銖，上海譯文出版社，19812）《新編英國文學選讀》，羅經國，北京大學出版社，19963）《英國文學史》，劉炳善，河南人民出版社，1995六、其他說明本標準應根據地方經濟發(fā)展的需要，及時調整學習情境。日期：2012年6月日TeachingPlanofEnglishLiterature外國語學院：Chapterone教學目的：1．使學生了解本門課程的教學目的、課程基本內容；2．從宏觀上掌握英語文學發(fā)展各個階段的主要特征、出現(xiàn)的文學流派及代表作家；3．向學生介紹學習本課程的方法以及必讀書目和參考書目。教學內容：英國文學史發(fā)展概述教學方法：教師講授及學生提問教學時數(shù)：4課時課后作業(yè)：了解早期英國的歷史和盎格魯撒克遜時期的文學。Lecturenotes:1.OldEnglishLiteratureGenerallyspeaking,thisperiodlastsfrom449A.D.to1066anditwitnessedthemakingoftheEngland.AftertheRomanwithdrawal,from449threetribesformNorthernEuropeinvadedBritain:Jutes,AngelsandSaxons.Smallkingdomsestablishedbythemweregraduallycombinedintooneunitedkingdom:thelandofangels,England.ThedialectsgraduallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish,whichisthebasisofModernEnglish.EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.Theybroughtaspecificpoetictradition.ThemostimportantpoemisTheSongofBeowulf,thenationalepicofEnglishpeople.TheAnglo-Saxonperiodexperiencedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.2.MedievalEnglishLiteratureThisperiodcoversaboutfivecenturies.AftertheNormanConquestin1066,afeudalsystemwasestablishedinEnglandandRomanCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry.(Anglo-Saxonswerechristianizedinthe7thcentury.)Englishliteraturestartedtoflourishinthisperiod.MiddleEnglishliterature,comparedwithOldEnglishliterature,dealswithawiderrangeofsubjectsanddifferentstylesandgenresareused.RomanceisthemostprevailingkindofliteratureintheMiddleAges.Popularballadoccupiesanimportantposition.GeoffreyChauceristhemostimportantmedievalwriter.Secularmattersareinvolvedinhiswritings.HeisthefirstrealisticwriterandtheforerunnerofEnglishRenaissanceforhisworksbearmarksofhumanism.WilliamLanglandisanotherimportantone.3.RenaissanceEnglishliterature(late15thcentury~early17thcentury)DuringthecenturyandhalfafterthedeathofChaucer,Englandexperiencedgreatchanges:theestablishmentofTudorDynasty(1485~1603),ReligiousReformation,theestablishmentofProtestantism,commercialexpansionabroad,theWarwithSpainetc.Bythesemeans,Englishbourgeoisiefoughtforexistenceandfoughtforpower.Theriseofbourgeoisiesoonshoweditsinfluenceinthesphereofculturallife.AnintellectualmovementknownastheRenaissancefirstbeganinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Renaissanceisalsocalledtherebirthofletters,thatis,theclassicalliteraturebyGreek,RomanandLatinauthors.Thethoughtofhumanismaroseatthattimeandthatisthekeytotherenaissance.ThegreatesthumanistisThomasMore(Utopia).Fromthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury,theEnglishRenaissancebegantodevelopintoafloweringofliterature.Manyformsofwritingappear:translationofclassicalliterature,worksonhistory,booksdescribingdiscoveriesandadventures.Poetryisanimportantsphereinexpressingthevoiceandtheenergyoftheage.(Sonnetandblankverseareused.)Mostimportantisthedrama,thatis,thehighestgloryofEnglishRenaissanceof16thcentury.TherepresentativewritersareEdmundSpencer:poetryWilliamShakespeare:dramaFrancisBacon:essay4.EnglishLiteratureoftheRevolutionandRestorationPeriod(17thcentury)AfterthevictoryoftheSpanishWar,thetiebetweenthemonarchyandthebourgeoisiebegantoweaken.TheconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKingreachedthehighestpoint,hencebrokeouttheEnglishRevolutionin1649.TheresultwastheestablishmentofaCommonwealth,arepublicinEngland.WhileafterthedeathofCromwell,themonarchywasrestored1660.Afteracenturyofdisputesandbattlestilltheso-called“GloriousRevolution”in1688,thebasicstructureofEnglandwassettled.DuringtheRevolution,thestrengthofthebourgeoisieandtheirangerwasexpressedunderareligiouscloak,Puritanism.Itadvocatedthesimplicityoflife,whichwasgoodfortheaccumulationofcapitalandalsogreatlyinfluencedtheliteratureofthisperiod.Themainliteraryformoftheperiodispoetry.AmongthepoetsJohnMiltonisthegreatest.Besides,themetaphysicalpoetsappearedataboutthebeginningofthe17thcentury.Theworksofthemarecharacterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.JohnDonneisthefounderofthisschool.InthefieldofprosewritingofthePuritanAge,JohnBunyanoccupiesthemostimportantposition.Thisageiscalledthe“AgeofMilton”.ThegreatestRestorationworksaretheworldly,wittycomedies(Comedyofmanners).AllthefeaturesofRestorationliteratureareexemplifiedintheworksofJohnDryden.Thisageiscalledthe“AgeofDryden”.Comedyofmanners:taketheartificialandsophisticatedhabitsanddoingsofthehighsocietyasitsgeneralsettingandloveasitsspecificsubject.Loveforlove.WilliamCongreve)5.18thcenturyEnglishliteratureAttheendofthe17thcentury,Englandbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy,thenfollowedaperiodofcomparativelypeacefuldevelopment.Inthe18thcentury,EnglandwitnessedtheindustrialRevolutionandthebourgeoismiddleclassbegantogrowrapidly.Atthesametime,anintellectualmovement,enlightenmenttookplaceinEurope,sotoEngland,whichisthestruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersadvocatedequality,reason,andscience.The18th-cneturyEnglandisalsocalledtheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TherepresentativeenlightenersareAlexanderpope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele.Literatureofthisperiodfallsintomanytrends:1)Theschoolofneoclassicism,includingAlexanderpope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele.TheyfoundtheirartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureofGreekandLatinanddemandedanywritingshouldbecontrolledbyfixedlawsandrules.2)Thesecondimportantphenomenonistheriseandgrowthofrealisticnovel.Therisingbourgeoismiddleclasswantedtoexpresstheirideasandservetheirinterests,henceappearedthenewkindofrealisticliterature.DanielDefoe,JonathanSwiftandHenryFieldingarethemostfamous.3)Sentimentalismappearedinthemiddleofthe18thcentury,asareactionagainstcommercialismandthecoldrationalism.Sentimentalistsemphasize“thehumanheart”andshowsympathytothepoor.ThistrendmarksthetransitionformneoclassicismtoromanticisminEnglishpoetry.ThomasGrayisoneofthemodels.AnothersentimentalistpoetisOliverGoldsmith(TheDissertedVillage).ThemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalismisLaurenceSterne.4)Attheendofthiscentury,Pre-romanticismaroseinEngland.Passionandemotionarefrequentlyconcernedsubjectsinthepoetryofthistrend.WilliamBlakeandRobertburnsaretherepresentatives.6.RomanticEnglishLiteratureAttheturnofthe18thcenturyandthe19thcentury,provokedbytheFrenchrevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolution,anewliterarytrendRomanticismaroseinEngland.Generallyspeaking,itexpressestheideasandthefeelingsofthosewhoarediscontentwiththedevelopmentofthecapitalism.Actually,thisperiodisanageofpoetry.WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelleyandJohnKeatsarethemajorromanticpoets.Theypaygreatattentiontothespiritandemotionofman.RomanticproseisrepresentedbyCharlesLamb,whosefamiliaressaysareveryfamous.ThetwogreatnovelistsofthisperiodareWalterScottandJaneAusten.Scottisfamousforhishistoricalnovels.Heisanimportanttransitionalwriterfromromanticismtorealism.7.CriticalRealisticLiteratureinthe19thCentury19thcenturyinEnglandsometimesisroughlycalledtheVictorianperiod(1836~1901).AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,towardsthemiddleofthatcentury,EnglandreachedthehighestpointasaworldpowerandthestrugglebetweentheworkingclassandthecapitalistsbecamethebasiccontradictioninEnglishsocialandpoliticallife.Amidsuchaclass-struggleperiod,manywritersturnedtosocialcriticism.Soappearedanewliterarytrend:criticalrealism.Itflourishedinthe40sandearly50s.Theserealistsaremainlyconcernedwiththesociety,thesocialsystemandthepeopleinthesociety.Themostimportant,theyperfectnovelasaliteraryformintheirwritings.CharlesDickensisthegreatest.Othersare:W.M.Thackeray,Brontesisters,Mrs.Gaskell,GeorgeEliotetc.Duringthemidandlate19thcentury,proseandpoetrywerealsoflourishing.ThefamousprosewritersareThomasCarlyleandMatthewArnold.ThemajorpoetsareAlfredTennysonandRobertBrowning.WiththeChartistmovementappearedtheChartistliterature,butcomparedwiththeabove-mentioned,itisofminorimportance.EarnestJonesisthegreatestrepresentativeinthemovement.Someotherliterarytrendsattheendofthe19thcentury:1)Naturalism:literaturemustbetruetolifeandexactlyreproducereallife,includingallitsdetailswithoutanyselection.GeorgeGissingisonewhowroteundertheinfluenceofnaturalism.2)Neo-romanticism:emphasizetheinventionofexcitingadventuresandfascinatingstoriestentertainthereaders.RobertLouisStevensonistherepresentative(TreasureIsland).3)Aestheticism:(artforart’ssake)trytoseparateartformreallife,paylittleattentiontosocialandmoralobligations.RepresentativesareOscarWildeandWalterPater.8.20thCenturyEnglishLiteratureWorldWarOneisusuallyregardedasthewatershedinEnglishhistory.Afterit,radicalchangestookplaceinEngland.Experiencingthetwowarstill1970s’England’spowerovertheworldwaslessened,especiallyafterthelossofallthecolonies.Theso-called“sun-never-setempire”finallycollapsed.Thesocialchangeswerereflectedintheliteratureofthetime.1)RealisticwritingEarly20thcenturyliteratureturnedincreasinglytolowermiddle-classandworking-classlife,asintheDublinstoriesofJamesJoyceandthenovelsofArnoldBennet,JohnGalsworthyandH.G.Wells.InSonsandLovers,D.H.Lawrencewroteaboutthelifeofaminer’sfamilyintheindustrialNorthofEngland.Realistsinthisperiodcontinuedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyanddevelopedthem.2)ModernismAroundthetwoworldwars,manywritersandartistsbegantosuspectandbediscontentwiththecapitalism.Theytriedtofindnewwaystoexpresstheirunderstandingoftheworld.Itwasamovementofexperimentsintechniquesinwriting.Itflourishedinthe20sand30sinEnglishliterature.Representativesinpoetry:W.B.YeatsandT.S.Eliot.Modernistnovelists:D.H.Lawrence,E.M.Foster,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf.Theyturnedtheirinteresttodescribingwhatwashappeninginthemindsoftheircharacters.Becauseoftheiremphasisonthepsychologicalactivitiesofthecharacters,theirwritingsarealsocalledpsychologicalnovels.Moderndrama:J.M.Synge(Irishdramaticrevival)3)Englishliteraturesince1945Wheremodernwasakeywordforthefirstpartofthe20thcentury,thetermpostmodernhasbeenwidelyusedtodescribetheattitudesandcreativeproductionwhichfollowedtheSecondWorldWar.Postmodernismcelebratesdiversity,eclecticism,andparodyinallformsofart,formarchitecturetocinema,formmusictoliterature.Alltheformswhichrepresentexperiencearemediated,transformed,andthetruthofexperiencethusbecomesevenmorevariedthanithaseverbeenbefore.Drama:SamuelBecket(WaitingforGodot),JohnOsborne(LookBackinAnger)andHaroldPinter(TheBirthdayParty).Novel:WilliamGolding,JohnFowles(TheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman),KingsleyAmis(theAngryYongman),MartinAmisetc.Poetry:DylanThomas,PhilipLarkin,TedHughesandSeamusHeaneylecturenotes:Ⅰ.Anglo-SaxonConquestIntheancienttimes,therewerethreetribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesinthenorthernEurope.Inthe5thcentury,theyconqueredBritainandsettleddownthere.AfterdrivingthenativepeopleintothedeepmountainsofWalesandScotland,theydividedthewholeislandamongthemselves.Anglessettledintheeastmidland,andbuiltthekingdomofEastAngles.SaxonstookthesouthernpartoftheislandandsetupsomesmallkingdomsasWessex,EssexandSussex.Jutesoccupiedthesoutheasterncorneroftheisland.GraduallysevenkingdomsaroseinBritain.Bythe7thcentury,thesesmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland.Angles,SaxonsandJutesusuallyknownasAnglo-SaxonsarethefirstEnglishmen.LanguagespokenbythemiscalledtheOldEnglish,whichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.WiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinBritain,thehistoryofEnglishliteraturebegan.Ⅱ.CharacteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLiteratureAnglo-Saxonliterature,thatis,theOldEnglishliteratureisalmostexclusivelyaverseliteratureinoralform.Itcouldbepasseddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogeneration.Itscreatorsforthemostpartareunknown.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.ThereweretwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod.ThefirstgroupwasthepaganpoetryrepresentedbyBeowulf,thesecondwasthereligiouspoetryrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulf.Inthe8thcentury,Anglo-Saxonproseappeared.ThefamousprosewritersofthatperiodwereVenerableBedeandAlfredtheGreat.Ⅲ.Anglo-SaxonPoetry1.PaganPoetryThepaganpoetry,alsocalledsecularpoetry,doesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrineandemphasizesontheharshnessofcircumstanceandthehelplessnessofhumansbeforethepoweroffate.Beowulfistherepresentative.BeowulfBeowulfistheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguage,itisthemostimportantspecimenofAnglo-Saxonliterature;andalsotheoldestsurvivingepicintheEnglishlanguage.Itconsistsofmorethan3,000lines.Itwasoriginallyinanoralform,sungbytheminstrelsattheendofthe6thcentury.Ithadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthetenthcenturyorattheendoftheninthcentury.Themanuscriptwasdiscoveredin1705.Themainstoriesarebasedonthefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes.Throughthedescriptionofthefightswiththemonsters,weseeitisessentiallyconcernedwiththeheroicidealofkingsandkingshipinNorthernEurope:courageandstrength,wisdom.Beowulfisshownnotonlyasagrandhero,butalsoasasaviorofthepeople.A.Story:Hrothgat,kingoftheDanes,hasbuiltneartheseaamead-hallcalledHeorot.Itisthemostsplendidhallintheworld.Everynightthekingandhisthanesgathertheretofeastandenjoythesongsofhisgleemen.Butthenmisfortunebefallsthem.Onenight,aftertheyhavegonetosleep,afrightfulmonstercalledGrendelcomes,breakingintothehall,andkillingthirtyofthesleepingwarriors,andthencarryingofftheirbodiestodevourtheminhislairunderthesea.Theappallingvisitspeedilyrepeats,andfearanddeathreigninthegreathall.Thewarriorsfightatfirst,butfleewhentheyfindthatnoweaponcanhurtthemonster.Thesplendidmead-hallisleftdesertedandsilent.FortwelvewintersGrendel’shorribleraidscontinue;andjoyischangedtomourningamongtheDanes.BeowulfisthenephewofHygelac,kingoftheGeatswholiveinJuteland,Denmark.WhenhehearsthatHrothgatisingreattrouble,hecrossestheseawith14soldierstoridHrothgarofthemonster.Aftertheygetthere,theyaregivenafeastofwelcome,andthentheyliedowninthehallforthenight.Atmidnight,GrendelcomesandkillsoneofBeowulf’scomrades.Beowulfhasahand-to-handfightwithhim.Finallyhewrenchesoffoneofthemonster’sarms.Thenthemonsterfleestohisdintodie.Thenextnight,Grendel’smotherdescendsuponthehalltoavengeherson.Shecarriesawaytheking’sdearestfriend.Inthemorning,Beowulfpursuesherintoherlairandslaysherwithaswordwroughtbythegiants.WhenhefindsthecorpseofGrendel,hecutsoffhisheadandbringsitbackintriumph.TheDanesawardhimmanytreasures,andBeowulfreturnstohisuncle.Lateron,BeowulfbecomeskingoftheGeatsandreignsoverhispeoplefor50years.Thenafire-spewingdragonbeginstodevastatethelandofhiskingdom,becausesomebodyhasstolenacupfromamountaincave,whichthedragonhasguardedfor300years.Thereforetheangrydragondeterminestopunishthepeopleofthekingdom.With11chosenthanestheagedkinggoestothedragon’smountaintofightwithit.Asaresult,thedragoniskilled,butBeowulfisseverelywoundedduringthefight.Hediesaheroicdeath.Thepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero.B.WritingFeaturesofthePoem1)ItisnotaChristianbutapaganpoem,despitetheChristianflavorgiventoitbythemonasteryscribe.(p3~4)Itistheproductofalladvancedpagancivilization.Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsocietyandChristianculture.Thesocialconditionsandcustomscanbeseeninit.Sothepoemhasagreatsocialsignificance.2)Theuseofthestrongstressandthepredominanceofconsonantsareverynotableinthispoem.Eachlineisdividedintotwohalves,andeachhalfhastwoheavystresses.3)Theuseofthealliterationisanothernotablefeature.Threestressesofthewholelinearemadeevenmoreemphaticbytheuseofalliteration.4)Alotofmetaphorsandunderstatementsareusedinthepoem.Forexample,theseaiscalled"thewhale-road"or"theswanroad";thesoldiersarecalled"shield-men";thechieftainsarecalledthe"treasurekeepers";human-bodyisreferredtoas"thebone-house";Godiscalled"wonder-wielder";monsterisreferredtoas"soul-destroyer".2.ReligiousPoetryThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmonandCynewulf.1)Caedmon(610-680)CaedmonisthefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland.HeisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.HislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBede'sHistoricEcclesiastica.ThebooktellsusthatCaedmon,ahumbleandunlearnedman,tendscattleforanabbeyontheYorkshirecoast.Onenight,atafeast,whensongsarecalledfor,hestealsoutquietly,becausehefeelsashamedthathecancontributenothingtotheamateurentertainment.Thenheliesdowninthecowshedtosleep.Inhissleep,hehearsavoiceaskinghimtosing."Ican'tsing,"hesays,"andthatiswhyIleftthefeastandcamehere.""Nevertheless,"saysthemysteriousvoice,"Youshallsingtome.""WhatshallIsing?"asksCaedmon."Singmethesongofcreation."ThenCaedmonsingsasongwhichishisfirstpoem,calledTheHymnofPraise.Lateron,Caedmoncomposedmanyotherpoemsbyusingthebiblicalmaterial.2)CynewulfandHisPoemsCynewulflivedintheearly9thcentury.ExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,heisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.Ofhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyanecclesiastic牧師andascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.Heproducedfourpoems:Christ,Juliana,TheFatesoftheApostles,andElene.OfallthesepoemsthemostcharacteristicisTheChrist,whichisadidacticpoeminthreeparts:thefirstpartcelebratestheNativity;thesecondpartdescribestheAscension;andthethirdpartdealswithDoomsday.Cynewulftookhissubjectmatterpartlyfromthechurchliturgy,morelargelyfromthehomiliesofGregorytheGreat.Throughoutthepoem,adeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.Ⅳ.Anglo-SaxonProseProseliteraturedidnotshowitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.Therewerethreefamousprosewriters:VenerableBede,AlfredtheGreat,andAelfric.1.VenerableBede(673-735)WhenwespeakoftheOldEnglishprose,thefirstnamethatcomesintoourmindisVenerableBede,whoisthefirstscholarinEnglishliteratureandhasbeenregardedasFatherofEnglishlearning.Hisworks,overfortyinnumber,writtenexclusivelyinLatin,coverthewholefieldofhumanknowledgeofhisday.ThemostimportantofhisworksisTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople.ThebooknotonlytellsushowreligionwasintroducedandspreadinEnglandbutalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.ItmustbepointedoutthatthemanwhofirstdescribedCaedman'slegendarylifestoryisBede.2.AlfredtheGreat(848-901)AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexkingdom,isanotherimportantfigureinprosewritingofAnglo-Saxonperiod.Duringhisreign,hetriedeverymeanstoimprovethestateofeducation,suchasfoundingcolleges,andimportingteachersfromEurope.Hewasawell-knowntranslator.HetranslatedsomeimportantLatinworksintoEnglish.Butofhisworks,themostimportantisTheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.ThisbookrecordsthemainhappeningsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.ItisthebestmonumentoftheOldEnglishprose.3.Aelfric(955-1023)Aelfricwasaclergyman.HewrotealargenumberofreligiousworksinGreekandLatin.Intohisworkheintroducedalighter,clearerandmoremusicalprose.WecanseeinhisworkstheOldEnglishprosewasattaininghighquality.思考題：1)HowmanygroupsdoestheOldEnglishpoetryfallinto?Whatarethey?2)WhatfeaturesdoesBeowulfhaveinwriting?3)WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofAnglo-Saxonliterature?4)WhatisAlfred’smostimportantcontributiontoBritishliterature?Chapter2MiddleEnglishLiterature教學目的:1．了解中世紀英語文學的發(fā)展狀況；2．掌握這一時期各種文學形式及代表人物的特點。教學重點：1．中世紀英國文學的總體特征；傳奇、民謠的特點；2．《高文爵士和綠衣騎士》的主題、母題分析；3．羅賓漢民謠分析；4．威廉?朗格蘭及《農夫皮爾斯》介紹；5．喬叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》分析，喬叟的文學貢獻；6．英語詩歌知識介紹。教學難點：1．主題與母題的區(qū)分；2．《坎特伯雷故事集》中《序曲》的結構特征及其蘊含的宗教思想；3．英語詩歌的韻律、格律特點；4．學生對詩歌中古英語詞匯的理解。教學時數(shù)：4課時LectureNotes:I.HistoricalBackground1.TheNormanConquestIn1066,William,theenergeticDukeofNormandy,invadedEnglandwithhisstrongarmy.Afiercebattlewas,foughtnearHastingsbetweentheEnglishandtheNormanarmies.AstheEnglishweredividedandirresolute,theylostthendecisivebattleandtheirleaderHaroldwaskilled.Thus,William,theConqueror,becametheKingofEngland.2.TheConsequenceoftheConquestTheNorman