新視野大學(xué)英語(第二版)第四冊讀寫教程課文Unit1-8翻譯

Unit1Anartistwhoseeksfameislikeadogchasinghisowntailwho,whenhecapturesit,doesnotknowwhatelsetodobuttocontinuechasingit.藝術(shù)家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了繼續(xù)追逐不知還能做些什么。Thecrueltyofsuccessisthatitoftenleadsthosewhoseeksuchsuccesstoparticipateintheirowndestruction.成功之殘酷正在于它常常讓那些追逐成功者自尋毀滅。"Don'tquityourdayjob!"isadvicefrequentlygivenbyunderstandablypessimisticfamilymembersandfriendstoabuddingartistwhoistryinghardtosucceed.對一名正努力追求成功并剛剛嶄露頭角的藝術(shù)家，其親朋常常會建議“正經(jīng)的飯碗不能丟!”他們的擔(dān)心不無道理。Theconquestoffameisdifficultatbest,andmanyendupemotionallyifnotfinanciallybankrupt.追求出人頭地,最樂觀地說也困難重重,許多人到最后即使不是窮困潦倒,也是幾近精神崩潰。Still,impuremotivessuchasthedesireforworshippingfansandpraisefrompeersmayspurtheartiston.盡管如此,希望贏得追星族追捧和同行贊揚之類的不太純潔的動機卻在激勵著他們向前。Thelureofdrowninginfame'simperialgloryisnoteasilyresisted.享受成功的無上光榮,這種誘惑不是能輕易抵擋的。Thosewhogainfamemostoftengainitasaresultofexploitingtheirtalentforsinging,dancing,painting,orwriting,etc.成名者之所以成名,大多是因為發(fā)揮了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、繪畫或?qū)懽鞯确矫娴奶亻L,并能形成自己的風(fēng)格。Theydevelopastylethatagentsmarketaggressivelytohastenpopularity,andtheirrideontheexpresselevatortothetopisablur.為了能迅速走紅,代理人會極力吹捧他們這種風(fēng)格。他們青云直上的過程讓人看不清楚。Mostwouldbehard-pressedtotellyouhowtheyevengotthere.他們究竟是怎么成功的,大多數(shù)人也都說不上來。Artistscannotremainidle,though.盡管如此，藝術(shù)家仍然不能閑下來。Whentheperformer,painterorwriterbecomesbored,theirworkbeginstoshowalackofcontinuity<initsappealanditbecomesdifficulttosustaintheattentionofthepublic.若表演者、畫家或作家感到無聊,他們的作品就難以繼續(xù)保持以前的吸引力,也就難以保持公眾的注意力。Aftertheirenthusiasmhasdissolved,thepublicsimplymovesontothenextflavorofthemonth.公眾的熱情消磨以后，就會去追捧下一個走紅的人。Artistswhodoattempttoremaincurrentbymakingevenminutechangestotheirstyleofwriting,dancingorsinging,runasignificantriskoflosingtheaudience*sfavor.有些藝術(shù)家為了不落伍,會對他們的寫作、跳舞或唱歌的風(fēng)格稍加變動,但這將冒極大的失寵的危險。Thepublicsimply<22>discounts</22>stylesotherthanthoseforwhichtheartisthasbecomefamous.公眾對于他們藉以成名的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格以外的任何形式都將不屑ー顧。Famousauthors*styles一aTennesseeWilliamsplayoraplotbyErnestHemingwayorapoembyRobertFrostorT.S.Eliot-areeasilyrecognizable.知名作家的文風(fēng)一眼就能看出來,如田納西?威廉斯的戲劇、歐內(nèi)斯特?海明威的情節(jié)安排、羅伯特?弗羅斯特或T.S.艾略特的詩歌等。ThesameistrueofpainterslikeMonet,Renoir,orDaliand<24>moviemakers</24>likeHitchcock,Fellini,Spielberg,ChenKaigeorZhangYimou.同樣,像莫奈、雷諾阿、達(dá)利這樣的畫家,希區(qū)柯克、費里尼、斯皮爾伯格、陳凱歌或張藝謀這樣的電影制作人也是如此。Theirdistinctstylesmarkedasignificantchangeinformfromothersandgainedthemfameandfortune.他們鮮明獨特的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格標(biāo)志著與別人不同的藝術(shù)形式上的重大變革,這讓他們名利雙收、However,theypaidfbritbygivingupthefreedomtoexpressthemselveswithotherstylesorforms.但也讓他們付出了代價,那就是失去了用其他風(fēng)格或形式表現(xiàn)自我的自由。Fame'sspotlightcanbehotterthanatropical<27>jungle</27>—a<28>fraud</28>isquicklyexposed,andthepressureofsomuchattentionistoomuchformosttoendure.名氣這盞聚光燈可比熱帶叢林還要炙熱。騙局很快會被揭穿,過多的關(guān)注帶來的壓カ會讓大多數(shù)人難以承受。Ittakesyououtofyourself:Youmustbewhatthepublicthinksyouare,notwhatyoureallyareorcouldbe.它讓你失去自我。你必須是公眾認(rèn)可的那個你,而不是真實的你或是可能的你。Theperformer,likethepolitician,mustoftenpleasehisorheraudiencesbysayingthingsheorshedoesnotmeanorfullybelieve.藝人,就像政客ー樣,必須常常說些違心或連自己都不完全相信的話來取悅聽眾。Onedropoffamewilllikely<29>contaminate</29>theentirewellofaman'ssoul,andsoanartistwhoremainstruetohimselforherselfisparticularlyamazing.一滴名氣之水有可能玷污人的心靈這一整口井,因此ー個藝術(shù)家若能保持真我,會格外讓人驚嘆。Ybuwouldbehard-pressedtounderlinemanynamesofthosewhohavenotcompromisedandstillsucceededinthefamegame.你可能答不上來哪些人沒有妥協(xié)，卻仍然在這場名利的游戲中獲勝。Anexample,thefamousIrishwriterOscarWilde,knownforhisuncompromisingbehavior,bothsocialandsexual,towhichthepublicobjected,paidheavilyforremainingtruetohimself.一個例子就是愛爾蘭著名作家奧斯卡?王爾德,他在社交行為和性行為方面以我行我素而聞名于世。雖然他的行為遭到公眾的反對，卻依然故我，他也因此付出了慘痛的代價。ThemotherofayoungmanOscarwasintimatewithaccusedhimatabanquetinfrontofhisfriendsandfansofsexuallyinfluencingherson.在ー次宴會上,他一位密友的母親當(dāng)著他的朋友和崇拜者的面,指責(zé)他在性方面影響了她的兒子。Extremelyangeredbyherremarks,hesuedtheyoungman'smother,assertingthatshehaddamagedhis"good"name.他聽了她的話以后大為光火,起訴了這個年輕人的母親,聲稱她毀了自己的“好”名聲。Heshouldhavehiredabetterattorney,though.但是,他真該請一個更好的律師。ThejudgedidnotsecondWilde'scalltohavethewomanpayfordamaginghisname,andinsteadfinedWilde.結(jié)果是,法官不僅不支持他提出的讓這個女人賠償他名聲損失費的請求,反而對他本人進行了罰款。Heendedupinjailafterrefusingtopay,andevenworse,waspermanentlyexpelledfromthewidercircleofpublicfavor.他由于拒交罰款最終還被送進了監(jiān)獄。更糟糕的是，他再也無法獲得更多公眾的寵愛。Whenthingswereattheirworst,hefoundthatnoonewaswillingtoriskhisorhernameinhisdefense.在最糟糕的時候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有一個人愿意拿自己的名聲冒險來替他說話。Hispriceforremainingtruetohimselfwastobeleftalonewhenheneededhisfansthemost.為保持真我,他付出的代價是,在最需要崇拜者時,誰也不理他。Curiouslyenough,itisthosewhofailthatreapthegreatestreward:freedom!奇怪的是,收獲最大的恰恰是失敗者。他們收獲了自由!Theyenjoythefreedomtoexpressthemselvesinuniqueandoriginalwayswithoutfearoflosingthesupportoffans.他們可以自由地表達(dá)，獨辟蹊徑，不落窠臼,不用擔(dān)心失去崇拜者的支持。Failedartistsmayfindcomfortinknowingthatmanygreatartistsneverfoundfameuntilwellaftertheyhadpassedawayorinknowingthattheydidnotsellout.失敗的藝術(shù)家尋求安慰時,可以想想許多偉大的藝術(shù)家都是過世多年以后オ成名,或是他們沒有出賣自己。Theymayjustifytheirfailurebyconvincingthemselvestheirgeniusistoosophisticatedfbrcontemporaryaudiences.他們也可以為自己的失敗辯解:自己的オ華實在過于高深,不是當(dāng)代聽眾或觀眾所理解得了的。Single-mindedartistswhocontinuetheirquestforfameevenafterfailuremightalsoliketoknowthatfailurehasmotivatedsomefamouspeopletoworkevenhardertosucceed.那些失敗了卻仍不肯放棄的頑固派也許會樂于知道,某些名人曾經(jīng)如何越挫越勇,直至成功。ThomasWolfe,theAmericannovelist,hadhisfirstnovel<em>LookHomeward,Angel</em>rejected39timesbeforeitwasfinallypublished.美國小說家托馬斯?伍爾芙的第一本小說《向家鄉(xiāng)看吧,安琪兒》被拒39次后,オ最終得以出版。Beethovenovercamehisfather,whodidnotbelievethathehadanypotentialasamusician,tobecomethegreatest<43>musician</43>intheworld.貝多芬戰(zhàn)勝了父親認(rèn)為他毫無音樂家潛質(zhì)的偏見,成為世界上最偉大的音樂家。AndPestalozzi,thefamousSwisseducatorinthe19thcentury,failedateveryjobheeverhaduntilhecameupontheideaofteachingchildrenanddevelopingthefundamentaltheoriestoproduceanewformofeducation.19世紀(jì)瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齊原先干的工作沒有一件成功,直到他想到去教小孩子,并研究出ー種新型教育模式的基礎(chǔ)理論。ThomasEdisonwasthrownout〇schoolinthefourthgrade,becauseheseemedtohisteachertobequitedull.托馬斯?愛迪生在四年級時被趕出了學(xué)校,因為老師覺得他似乎太遲鈍。Unfortunatelyformostpeople,however,failureistheendoftheirstruggle,notthebeginning.但不幸的是,對大多數(shù)人而言,失敗是奮斗的結(jié)束,而不是開始。Isaytothosewho<45>desperately</45>seekfameandfortune:goodluck.對那些孤注ー擲的追名逐利之徒，我要說:祝你們好運。Butalas,youmayfindthatitwasnotwhatyouwanted.但是,遺憾的是，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這不是你想得到的。Thedogwhocatcheshistaildiscoversthatitisonlyatail.狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一條尾巴而已。Thepersonwhoachievessuccessoftendiscoversthatitdoesmoreharmthangood.獲得成功的人常常發(fā)現(xiàn)成功對他來說弊大于利。Soinsteadoftryingsohardtoachievesuccess,trytobehappywithwhoyouareandwhatyoudo.所以要為真實的你、為自己的所為感到高興,而不是拼命去獲得成功。Trytodoworkthatyoucanbeproudof.做那些你為之感到驕傲的事情。Maybeyouwon'tbefamousinyourownlifetime,butyoumaycreatebetterart.可能在有生之年你默默無聞,但你可能創(chuàng)作了更好的藝術(shù)。本單元完Unit2HewasbominapoorareaofSouthLondon.他出生在倫敦南部的ー個貧困地區(qū)。Heworehismother'soldredstockingscutdownforanklesocks.他穿的短襪是從媽媽的紅色長襪上剪下來的。Hismotherwastemporarilydeclaredmad.他的媽媽一度被診斷為精神失常。DickensmighthavecreatedCharlieChaplin'schildhood.狄更斯或許能創(chuàng)作出查理?卓別林的童年故事,ButonlyCharlieChaplincouldhavecreatedthegreatcomiccharacterof"theTramp",thelittlemaninragswhogavehiscreatorpermanentfame.但只有查理?卓別林才能塑造出了不起的喜劇角色“流浪漢”,這個使其創(chuàng)作者聲名永駐的衣衫襤褸的小人物。Othercountries—France,Italy,Spain,evenJapan一haveprovidedmoreapplause(andprofit)whereChaplinisconcernedthanthelandofhisbirth.就卓別林而言,其他國家,如法國、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地給予了他更多的掌聲(和更多的收益)。ChaplinquitBritainforgoodin1913whenhejourneyedtoAmericawithagroupofperformerstodohiscomedyactonthestage,wheretalent<6>scouts</6>recruitedhimtoworkforMackSennett,thekingofHollywoodcomedyfilms.在1913年,卓別林永久地離開了英國,與一些演員ー起啟程到美國進行舞臺喜劇表演。在那里,他被星探招募到好萊塢喜劇片之王麥克?塞納特的旗下工作。Sadtosay,manyEnglishpeopleinthe1920sand1930sthoughtChaplin'sTrampabit,well,"crude".令人遺憾的是,20世紀(jì)二、三十年代的很多英國人認(rèn)為卓別林的“流浪漢”多少有點“粗俗”。Certainlymiddle-classaudiencesdid;theworking-classaudiencesweremorelikelytoclapforacharacterwhorevoltedagainstauthority,usinghiswickedlittlecanetotripitup,oraimingtheheelofhisbootforawell-placedkickatitsbroadrear.中產(chǎn)階級當(dāng)然這樣認(rèn)為。勞動階層反倒更有可能為這樣一個反抗權(quán)勢的角色拍手喝彩:他以頑皮的小拐杖使絆子,或用皮靴后跟對準(zhǔn)權(quán)勢者肥大的臀部踢一下。Allthesame,Chaplin'scomicbeggardidn'tseemallthatEnglishorevenworking-class.盡管如此，卓別林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英國人，甚至也不像勞動階級的人。Englishtrampsdidn'tsporttinymoustaches,hugepantsortailcoats:EuropeanleadersandItalianwaitersworethingslikethat.英國流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的褲子或燕尾服:歐洲的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和意大利的侍者才那樣穿戴。Thenagain,theTramp'squickeyeforaprettygirlhadacoarsewayaboutitthatwasconsidered,well,notquitenicebyEnglishaudiences—that'showforeignersbehaved,wasn'tit?另外,“流浪漢”瞟著漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英國觀眾認(rèn)為不太正派——只有外國人才那樣,不是嗎?Butforoverhalfofhisscreencareer,ChaplinhadnoscreenvoicetoconfirmhisBritishnationality.而在卓別林大半的銀幕生涯中,銀幕上的他是不出聲的,也就無從證明他是英國人。Indeed,itwasaheadacheforChaplinwhenhecouldnolongerresistthetalkingmoviesandhadtofind"therightvoice"forhisTramp.事實上，當(dāng)卓別林再也無法抵制有聲電影，不得不為他的“流浪漢”尋找“合適的聲音”時，他確實很頭疼。Hepostponedthatdayaslongaspossible:InModemTimesin1936,thefirstfilminwhichhewasheardasasingingwaiter,hemadeupanonsenselanguagewhichsoundedlikenoknownnationality.他盡可能地推遲那一天的到來:在1936的《摩登時代》里，他第一次在影片里發(fā)聲唱歌。在片中，他扮演一名侍者，滿ロ胡言亂語,聽起來不像任何國家的語言。HelatersaidheimaginedtheTramptobeacollege-educatedgentlemanwho'dcomedownintheworld.后來他說,他想象中的“流浪漢”是一位受過大學(xué)教育,但已經(jīng)沒落的紳士。Butifhe'dbeenabletospeakwithaneducatedaccentinthoseearlyshortcomedies,it'sdoubtfulifhewouldhaveachievedworldfame.但假如他在早期那些短小的喜劇電影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否會聞名世界就難說了,AndtheEnglishwouldhavebeensuretofindit"odd”.NoonewascertainwhetherChaplindiditonpurposebutthishelpedtobringabouthishugesuccess.而英國人也肯定會覺得這很“古怪”。沒有人知道卓別林這么干是不是有意的,但這促使他獲得了巨大的成功。Hewasanimmenselytalentedman,determinedtoadegreeunusualevenintheranksofHollywoodstars.他是ー個才能非凡的人,他的決心之大甚至在好萊塢明星中也十分少見。Hishugefamegavehimthefreedom一and,moreimportantly,themoney-tobehisownmaster.他的巨大名聲為他帶來了自由,更重要的是帶來了財富，他因此得以成為自己的主人。Healreadyhadtheurgetoexploreandextendatalenthediscoveredinhimselfashewentalong.在事業(yè)發(fā)展之初，他就感到ー種沖動要去發(fā)掘并擴展自己身上所顯露的天才。"Itcan'tbeme.Isthatpossible?Howextraordinary,"ishowhegreetedthefirstsightofhimselfastheTramponthescreen.當(dāng)他第一次在銀幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪漢”時,他說:'’這不可能是我。那可能嗎?瞧這角色多么與眾不同啊!”Butthatshockrousedhisimagination.這種震驚喚起「他的想象。Chaplindidn'thavehisjokeswrittenintoascriptinadvance;hewasthekindofcomicwhousedhisphysicalsensestoinventhisartashewentalong.卓別林并沒有把他的笑料事先寫成文字。他是那種邊表演邊根據(jù)感覺去創(chuàng)造藝術(shù)的喜劇演LifelessobjectsespeciallyhelpedChaplinmake"contact“withhimselfasanartist.沒有生命的物體特別有助于卓別林發(fā)揮自己藝術(shù)家的天賦。Heturnedthemintootherkindsofobjects.他將這些物體想象成其他東西。Thus,abrokenalarmclockinthemovieThePawnbrokerbecamea"sick"patientundergoingsurgery;bootswereboiledinhisfilmTheGoldRushandtheirsoleseatenwithsaltandpepperlikeprimecutsoffish(thenailsbeingremovedlikefishbones).因此,在《當(dāng)鋪老板》中,ー個壞鬧鐘變成了正在接受手術(shù)的“病人”;在《淘金記》中,靴子被放在鍋里煮，靴底被蘸著鹽和胡椒吃掉，就像上好的魚片ー樣（鞋釘就像魚骨那樣被剔除）。Thisphysicaltransformation,plustheskillwithwhichheexecuteditagainandagain,issurelythesecretofChaplin'sgreatcomedy.這種對事物的轉(zhuǎn)化,以及他一次又一次做出這種轉(zhuǎn)化的技巧,正是卓別林偉大喜劇的奧秘所在。Healsohadadeepneedtobeloved一andacorrespondingfearofbeingbetrayed.他也深切地渴望被愛,同時也害怕遭到背叛。Thetwowerehardtocombineandsometimes一asinhisearlymarriages一thecollisionbetweenthemresultedindisaster.這兩者很難結(jié)合在ー起,有時這種沖突導(dǎo)致了災(zāi)難,就像他早期的幾次婚姻那樣。Yeteventhispainfully-boughtself-knowledgefounditswayintohiscomiccreations.然而即使是這種以沉重代價換來的自知之明也在他的喜劇創(chuàng)作中得到了表現(xiàn)。TheTrampneverloseshisfaithintheflowergirlwho'llbewaitingtowalkintothesunsetwithhim;whiletheothersideofChaplinmakesMonsieurVerdoux,theFrenchwifekiller,intoasymbolofhatredforwomen.“流浪漢”始終沒有失去對賣花女的信心,相信她正等待著與自己共同走進タ陽之中;而卓別林的另一面使他的凡爾杜先生，ー個殺了妻子的法國人，成為了仇恨女人的象征。It'sarelieftoknowthatlifeeventuallygaveCharlieChaplinthestabilityandhappinessithadearlierdeniedhim.令人寬慰的是,生活最終把卓別林先前沒能獲得的穩(wěn)定和幸福給了他。InOonaO'NeillChaplin,hefoundapartnerwhosestabilityandaffectionspannedthe37yearsagedifferencebetweenthem,whichhadseemedsothreatening,thatwhentheofficialwhowasmarryingthemin1942turnedtothebeautifulgirlof17who'dgivennoticeoftheirweddingdate,hesaid,"Andwhereistheyoungman?"-Chaplin,then54,hadcautiouslywaitedoutside.他找到了沃娜?奧尼爾?卓別林這個伴侶。她的沉穩(wěn)和深情跨越了他們之間3?歲的年齡差距。他們的年齡差別太大，以致當(dāng)1942年他們要結(jié)婚時,新娘公布了他們的結(jié)婚日期后,為他們辦理手續(xù)的官員問這位漂亮的17歲姑娘:“那個年輕人在哪兒?”——當(dāng)時已經(jīng)54歲的卓別林小心翼翼在外面等候著。AsOonaherselfwasthechildofalargefamilywithitsownproblems,shewaswellpreparedforthebattlethatChaplin'slifebecameasmanyunfoundedrumorssurroundedthemboth一and,lateron,shewasthecenterofcalminthequarrelsthatChaplinsometimessparkedinhisownlargefamilyoftalentedchildren.由于沃娜本人出生在ー個被各種麻煩困擾的大家庭,她對卓別林生活中將面臨的挑戰(zhàn)也做好了充分準(zhǔn)備,因為當(dāng)時關(guān)于他倆有很多毫無根據(jù)的流言。后來在他那個有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中,卓別林有時會引發(fā)爭吵,而她則成了安寧的中心。ChaplindiedonChristmasDay1977.卓別林死于1977年圣誕節(jié)。Afewmonthslater,acoupleofalmostcomicbodythievesstolehisbodyfromthefamilyburialchamberandhelditformoney.幾個月后,幾個近乎可笑的盜尸者從他的家庭墓室盜走了他的尸體以借此詐錢。ThepolicerecovereditwithmoreefficiencythanMackSennett'sclumsyKeystoneCopswouldhavedone,butonecan'thelpfeelingChaplinwouldhaveregardedthisstrangeincidentasafittingmemorial—hiswayofhavingthelastlaughonaworldtowhichhehadgivensomany.警方追回了他的尸體,其效率比麥克?塞納特拍攝的啟斯東喜劇片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人們不禁會感到,卓別林一定會把這ー奇怪的事件看作是對他的十分恰當(dāng)?shù)募o(jì)念——他以這種方式給這個自己曾為之帶去這么多笑聲的世界留下最后的笑聲。本單元完Unit3Awelfareclientissupposedtocheat.Everybodyexpectsit.人人都覺得福利救濟對象是在騙人。Facedwithsharingadinnerofrawpetfoodwiththecat,manypeopleinwheelchairsIknowbleedthesystemforafewextradollars.當(dāng)我認(rèn)識的許多坐輪椅的人面臨與寵物貓分吃生貓食的窘境時,都會向福利機構(gòu)多騙取幾美元。為了能領(lǐng)到ー點額外的福利款,Theytellthegovernmentthattheyaregettingtwohundreddollarslessthantheirrealpensionsotheycangetalittleextrawelfaremoney.他們告訴政府說他們實際上少拿了200美元的養(yǎng)老金,Or,theytellthecaseworkerthatthelandlordraisedtherentbyahundreddollars.或告訴社會工作者,說房東又將房租漲了100美元。Ihaveoptedtolivealifeofcompletehonesty.我選擇了過ー種完全誠實的生活,Soinstead,Igooutanddrumupsomebusinessanddrawcartoons.因此我不會那樣做,而是四處找活,攬些畫漫畫的活。IeventellwelfarehowmuchImake!我甚至還告訴福利機構(gòu)我賺了多少錢!Oh,I'mtemptedtogetpaidunderthetable.哦,私下里領(lǐng)ー筆錢當(dāng)然對我挺有吸引力,ButevenifIyieldedtothattemptation,bigmagazinesarenotgoingtogetinvolvedinsomestickysituation.但即使我擋不住這種誘惑,我投稿的那些大雜志也不會去給自己惹麻煩。Theykeepmyrecords,andthatinformationgoesrightintothegovernmentscomputer.他們會保留我的記錄,而這些記錄會直接進入政府的電腦。Veryhigh-profile.真是態(tài)度鮮明，毫不含糊。AsawelfareclientI'mexpectedtobowbeforethecaseworker.作為一名福利救濟對象,我必須在社會工作者面前卑躬屈膝。Deepdown,caseworkersknowthattheyarebeingmadefoolsofbymanyoftheirclients,andtheyfeeltheyareentitledtohaveclientsbowtothemascompensation.I'mnotbeingbitter.社會工作者心里知道,許多救濟對象在欺騙他們,因此他們覺得,作為補償,他們有權(quán)讓救濟對象向他們點頭哈腰。我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。Mostcaseworkersbeginascollege-educatedliberalswithhighideals.大多數(shù)社會工作者剛開始時都是些大學(xué)畢業(yè)生，有理想，而且思想開明。Butafterafewyearsinasystemthatpracticallyrequirespeopletolie,theybecomeliketheoneIshallcall"Suzanne",adetectiveinshorts.可是,在這個實際上是要人撒謊的體制里干了幾年后,他們就變得與那個叫“蘇珊娜”的人ー樣了 個穿運動短褲的偵探。NotlongafterChristmaslastyear,Suzannecametoinspectmyapartmentandsawsomenewposterspastedonthewall.去年圣誕節(jié)過后不久,蘇珊娜到我家來了解情況,看到墻上貼著新的宣傳畫,"Where'dyougetthemoneyforthose?"shewantedtoknow.便想知道:“你從哪兒弄到錢來買這些?”"Friendsandfamily."“從朋友和家人那兒?！?Well,you'dbetterhaveareceiptforit,byGod.Youhavetoreportanydonationsorgifts."“那么,你最好要張收據(jù),真的,你接受任何捐獻或禮物都要報告。”Thiswasmycuetobeg.她這是在暗示我:得哀求她了。Instead,Italkedback.但是我卻將她頂了回去。“Igotacigarettefromsomebodyonthestreettheotherday.DoIhavetoreportthat?”“那天在馬路上有人給我ー根煙,我也得報告嗎?”"Well,I,msorry,butIdon'tmaketherules,Mr.Callahan."“對不起,卡拉漢先生,可是規(guī)定不是我制訂的?！盨uzannetriestolecturemeaboutrepairstomywheelchair,whichisalwaysbreakingdownbecausewelfarewon'tspendmoneymaintainingitproperly.蘇珊娜試圖就修理輪椅的問題訓(xùn)斥我。由于福利部門不愿意花錢好好地修理,所以它總是壞。"Youknow,Mr.Callahan,I*veheardthatyouputalotmoremilesonthatwheelchairthanaverage.',“您是知道的,卡拉漢先生,我聽說您的那輛輪椅比一般人用得多得多?！監(jiān)fcourseIdo.我當(dāng)然用得多,Pmanactiveworker,notavegetable.我是個工作很積極的人,又不是植物人。Iliveneardowntown,soIcangetaroundinawheelchair.我住在鬧市區(qū)附近,可以坐著輪椅到處走走。Iwonderwhatshe'dthinkifshesuddenlybrokeher<19>hip</19>andhadto<20>crawl</20>towork.我真想知道如果她突然摔壞臀部,不得不爬著去上班時,會是什么感受。Governmentcutsinwelfarehaveresultedinhungerandsufferingforalotofpeople,notjustme.政府削減福利開支已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致許多人挨餓受苦,我只是其中之一。Butpeoplewithspinalcordinjuriesfeltthecutsinauniqueway:Thegovernmentstoppedtakingcareofourchairs.但它對脊柱傷殘的人的影響更為突出:政府已經(jīng)不管我們的輪椅了。Eachtimeminebrokedown,lostascrew,neededanewrollerbearing,thebrakewouldn'twork,etc.,andIcalledSuzanne,Ihadtoendurealittlelecture.每次我的輪椅出問題,掉了螺絲，需要換個新軸承，或剎車不靈時,我都打電話給蘇珊娜,但每次都要挨訓(xùn)。Finally,she'dsay,"Well,ifIcanfindtimetoday,I'llcallthemedicalworker."她最后總會說:“好吧，如果今天我能抽出時間的話,我會找醫(yī)務(wù)人員的?！盨hewassupposedtonotifythemedicalworker,whowouldcertifythattherewasaproblem.她該通知醫(yī)務(wù)人員,由醫(yī)務(wù)人員來確認(rèn)問題確實存在,Thenthemedicalworkercalledthewheelchairrepaircompaniestogetthecheapestbid然后打電話給各家輪椅維修公司,拿到最低的報價。Thenthemedicalworkeralertedthemainwelfareofficeatthestatecapital.接著醫(yī)務(wù)人員就通知州政府的福利總部,TheyconsideredthematterfbrdayswhileIlayinbed,unabletomove.他們再花幾天時間考慮這件事。而這期間我只能躺在床上,動彈不得。Finally,ifIwaslucky,theycalledbackandapprovedtherepair.最后,如果我幸運的話,他們會給我回電話,同意維修。Whenwelfarelearned1wasmakingmoneyonmycartoons,Suzannestarted"visiting“everyfortnightinsteadofeverytwomonths.當(dāng)福利部門獲悉我畫漫畫賺錢時，蘇珊娜就開始每兩個星期“拜訪”我ー次,而不再是每兩個月一次了。Shelookedintoeverycomerinsearchofunreportedappliances,ormaids,oraroastpigintheoven,oranewhelicopterparkedoutback.她尋遍每個角落，想找出我未上報的電器，或者是女仆、烤爐里的烤豬、停在房后新買的直升飛機什么的。Sheneverfoundanything,buttherewasalwaysathickpileofformstofilloutattheendofeachvisit,accountingforeverypenny.她從來都是ー無所獲,但最后我總要填厚厚的一疊表格,說明每一分錢的來歷。Thereisnoprovisioninthelawforagradualshiftawayfromwelfare.如何逐漸脫離福利照顧,這在法律條款中沒有明確規(guī)定。Iamanindependentbusinessman,slowlybuildingupmymarket.我是ー個獨立的生意人,正在慢慢建立起自己的市場。It'simpossibletojumpoffwelfareandsuddenlybemakingtwothousanddollarsamonth.ButIwouldlovetobeabletopayforsomeofmylivingandnothavetogothroughanembarrassingsituationeverytimeIneedasparepartformywheelchair.要脫離福利救濟，一下子每月掙2,000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己負(fù)擔(dān)部分生活費用,不必在每次需要為輪椅買點配件時都去尷尬地求人。Thereneedstobealawyerwhocanactasachampionfortherightsofwelfareclients,becausethesystemsoeasilylendsitselftoabusebythewelfaregiversaswellasbytheclients.真需要有一位律師來捍衛(wèi)福利救濟對象的權(quán)利,因為這ー福利體制不僅容易使福利提供者濫用權(quán)カ,也很容易使救濟對象濫用權(quán)カ。WelfaresentSuzannetolookaroundinmyapartmenttheotherdaybecausethechemistsaidIwasusingalargerthanusualamountofmedicalsupplies.前幾天,由于藥劑師說我使用的醫(yī)療用品超出常量,于是福利部門派蘇珊娜到我的住所調(diào)查。Iwas,indeed:Theholethathasbeensurgicallycuttodrainurinehadchangedsizeandtheconnectiontomyurinebagwasleaking.我確實多用了,因為外科手術(shù)中切的排尿孔的大小改變了,尿袋的連接處發(fā)生滲漏。Whileshewastakingnotes,myphonerangandSuzanneansweredit.她正做著記錄，我家的電話鈴響了。Thecallerwasastatesenator,whichscaredSuzannealittle.蘇珊娜接聽了電話,是一位州議員打來的,這使她慌了一下。Would1sitonthegovernor'scommitteeandtrytodosomethingaboutthethousandsofwelfareclientswho,likeme,couldearnpartoralloftheirownlivingsiftheywereallowedtodoso,onestepatatime?數(shù)以千計像我這樣的福利救濟對象，如果允許的話，可以慢慢地負(fù)擔(dān)自己的一部分甚至全部生活費用,對此，我要不要在州政府的委員會里嘗試著做點兒什么呢?Hell,yes,Iwould!還用說嗎?我當(dāng)然要!Somedaypeoplelikemewillthriveunderanewsystemthatwillencouragethem,notseektoconvictthemofcheating.總有一天，像我這樣的福利救濟對象將在ー種新的福利制度下過上好日子,這種制度不會千方百計證明福利救濟對象在欺騙,而是要鼓勵他們自立。Theywillbefreetodeveloptheirtalentswithoutguiltorfear~orjustholdagood,steadyjob.他們將能自由地、毫無愧疚、亳不擔(dān)憂地發(fā)揮他們的オ干，或擁有一份穩(wěn)定的好工作。本單元完Unit4Atransformationisoccurringthatshouldgreatlyboostlivingstandardsinthedevelopingworld.一個將會大大提高發(fā)展中國家生活水準(zhǔn)的轉(zhuǎn)變正方興未艾。Placesthatuntilrecentlyweredeafanddumbarerapidlyacquiringup-to-datetelecommunicationsthatwillletthempromotebothinternalandforeigninvestment.ー些不久前還是信息閉塞的地方正在迅速獲得最新的通信技術(shù),這將促進他們吸納國內(nèi)外投資。ItmaytakeadecadeformanycountriesinAsia,LatinAmerica,andEasternEuropetoimprovetransportation,powersupplies,andotherutilities.亞洲、拉丁美洲和東歐的許多國家也許需要10年時間來改善其交通、電カ供應(yīng)和其他公用設(shè)施。Butasingleopticalfiberwithadiameteroflessthanhalfamillimetercancarrymoreinformationthanalargecablemadeofcopperwires.但是只一根直徑小于半毫米的光纖電纜就可以比由銅絲制成的粗電纜承載更多的信息。Byinstallingopticalfiber,digitalswitches,andthelatestwirelesstransmissionsystems,aparadeofurbancentersandindustrialzonesfromBeijingtoBudapestaresteppingdirectlyintotheInformationAge.由于安裝了光纖電纜、數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器和最新的無線傳輸系統(tǒng),從北京到布達(dá)佩斯的一系列城區(qū)和エ業(yè)區(qū)正在直接步入信息時代。AspidefswebofdigitalandwirelesscommunicationlinksisalreadyreachingmostofAsiaandpartsofEasternEurope.ー個蛛網(wǎng)般的數(shù)字和無線通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)發(fā)展到亞洲的大部分地區(qū)和東歐的部分地區(qū)。Allthesedevelopingregionsseeadvancedcommunicationsasawaytoleapoverwholestagesofeconomicdevelopment.所有這些發(fā)展中地區(qū)都把先進的通信技術(shù)看作一種跨越經(jīng)濟發(fā)展諸階段的途徑。Widespreadaccesstoinformationtechnologies,forexample,promisestocondensethetimerequiredtochangefromlabor-intensiveassemblyworktoindustriesthatinvolveengineering,marketing,anddesign.例如,信息技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用有望縮短勞動密集型的組裝工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向涉及工程、營銷和設(shè)計的那些產(chǎn)業(yè)所需的時間。Modemcommunications"willgivecountrieslikeChinaandVietnamahugeadvantageovercountriesstuckwitholdtechnology".現(xiàn)代通信技術(shù)”將使中國、越南這樣的國家比那些困于舊技術(shù)的國家擁有巨大的優(yōu)勢二Howfastthesenationsshouldpushaheadisamatterofdebate.這些國家應(yīng)以多快的速度向前發(fā)展是人們爭論的ー個問題。ManyexpertsthinkVietnamisgoingtoofarbyrequiringthatallmobilephonesbeexpensivedigitalmodels,whenitisdesperateforanyphones,period.許多專家認(rèn)為,越南在目前急需電話的情況下,卻要求所有的移動電話都必須是昂貴的數(shù)字型電話,這種做法太超前了。"Thesecountrieslackexperienceinweighingcostsandchoosingbetweentechnologies,'*saysoneexpert.一位專家說:“這些國家缺乏成本估算和選擇技術(shù)的經(jīng)驗」Still,there'slittledisputethatcommunicationswillbeakeyfactorseparatingthewinnersfromthelosers.然而毋庸?fàn)庌q,通信技術(shù)將是區(qū)分輸贏的關(guān)鍵因素。ConsiderRussia.看一看俄羅斯的情況吧。Becauseofitsstrongeducationalsysteminmathematicsandscience,itshouldthriveintheInformationAge.由于其堅實的數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)教育基礎(chǔ),它應(yīng)該在信息時代有繁榮的發(fā)展。Theproblemisitsnationalphonesystemisarustingantiquethatdatesfromthe1930s.問題是,它的國內(nèi)電話系統(tǒng)是ー堆生銹的20世紀(jì)30年代的老古董。Tolickthisproblem,Russiaisstartingtoinstallopticalfiberandhasastrategicplantopump$40billionintovariouscommunicationsprojects.為了解決這ー問題,俄羅斯已經(jīng)開始鋪設(shè)光纖電纜,并制定了投入400億美元建設(shè)多項通信工程的戰(zhàn)略計劃。Butitseconomyisstuckinrecessionanditbarelyhasthemoneytoevenscratchthesurfaceoftheproblem.但是由于其經(jīng)濟陷于低迷,幾乎沒有資金來著手解決最基本的問題。ComparethatwiththemainlandofChina.Overthenextdecade,itplanstopoursome$100billionintotelecommunicationsequipment.與俄羅斯相比,在未來10年中,中國大陸計劃對通信設(shè)備投入1,000億美元。Inaway,China'sbackwardnessisanadvantage,becausetheexpansionoccursjustasnewtechnologiesarebecomingcheaperthancopperwiresystems.從某種意義上說,中國的落后成了一種有利因素,因為這ー發(fā)展正好發(fā)生在新技術(shù)比銅線電纜系統(tǒng)更便宜的時候。Bytheendof1995,eachofChina'sprovincialcapitalsexceptforLhasawillhavedigitalswitchesandhigh-capacityopticalfiberlinks.到1995年底,中國除了拉薩以外的省會都將有數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器和高容量的光纖網(wǎng),Thismeansthatmajorcitiesaregettingthebasicinfrastructuretobecomemajorpartsoftheinformationsuperhighway,allowingpeopletologontothemostadvancedservicesavailable.這意味著其主要城市正在具備必需的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,成為信息高速公路的主要部分，使人們能夠進入系統(tǒng)，獲得最先進的服務(wù)。TelecommunicationsisalsoakeytoShanghai'sdreamofbecomingatopfinancialcenter.電信工程也是上海實現(xiàn)其成為一流的金融中心這ー夢想的關(guān)鍵。Toofferpeakperformanceinprovidingtheelectronicdataandpaperlesstradingglobalinvestorsexpect,ShanghaiplanstelecommunicationsnetworksaspowerfulasthoseinManhattan.為了能給國際投資者提供其所期望的電子數(shù)據(jù)和無紙化交易方面的出色服務(wù),上海計劃建設(shè)與曼哈頓同樣強大的電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Meanwhile,Hungaryalsohopestojumpintothemodernworld.與此同時，匈牙利也希望躍入現(xiàn)代世界。Currently,700,000Hungariansarewaitingforphones.目前,有70萬匈牙利人等著裝電話。TopartiallyovercometheproblemoffundsandtospeedtheimportofWesterntechnology,Hungarysolda30%stakeinitsnationalphonecompanytotwoWesterncompanies.為了部分地解決資金問題,加速引進西方技術(shù),匈牙利將國有電話公司30%的股份出售給了兩家西方公司。Tofurtherreducethewaitinglistforphones,HungaryhasleasedrightstoaDutch-Scandinaviangroupofcompaniestobuildandoperatewhatitsayswillbeoneofthemostadvanceddigitalmobilephonesystemsintheworld.為進ー步減少電話待裝戶,匈牙利已將權(quán)利出租給一家荷蘭ー斯堪的納維亞企業(yè)集團,來建造并經(jīng)營ー個據(jù)說位居世界先進行列的數(shù)字移動電話系統(tǒng)。Infact,wirelessisoneofthemostpopularwaystogetaphonesystemupfastindevelopingcountries.事實上,無線方式是在發(fā)展中國家快速建設(shè)電話系統(tǒng)的最受歡迎的方式之一。It'scheapertobuildradiotowersthantostringlinesacrossmountainridges,andbusinesseseagerforreliableservicearewillingtoacceptasignificantlyhigherpricetagforawirelesscall——thefeeistypicallytwotofourtimesasmuchasforcallsmadeoverfixedlines.建造無線電發(fā)射塔要比翻山越嶺架設(shè)線路更便宜。而且,急切盼望可靠服務(wù)的企業(yè)樂于花費可觀的高價來換取無線電話服務(wù)——其資費通常是固定線路電話資費的二至四倍。WirelessdemandandusagehavealsoexplodedacrosstheentirewidthandbreadthofLatinAmerica.整個拉丁美洲對無線通信的需求和使用已急速增長。Forwirelessphoneserviceproviders,nowhereisbusinessbetterthaninLatinAmerica一havinganoperationthereislikehavinganendlesspileofmoneyatyourdisposal.對于無線電話服務(wù)商來說,沒有任何地方的業(yè)務(wù)比拉丁美洲更好了ーー在那里有一個營運點就好像有一堆無窮無盡供你使用的鈔票。BellSouthCorporation,withoperationsinfourwirelessmarkets,estimatesitsannualrevenueperaveragecustomeratabout$2,000ascomparedto$860intheUnitedStates.在四個無線電話市場有營運點的貝爾南方電話公司估計,來自于其每個客戶的平均年收入均為2,000美元,而在美國僅為860美元。That'spartlybecauseLatinAmericancustomerstalktwotofourtimesaslongonthephoneaspeopleinNorthAmerica.產(chǎn)生這種情況的部分原因是拉丁美洲客戶的通話時間是北美洲客戶的二至四倍。Thailandisalsoturningtowireless,asawaytoallowThaistomakebetteruseofallthetimetheyspendstuckintraffic.泰國也在求助于無線通信方式,以便讓泰國人在發(fā)生交通堵塞時更好地利用時間。Anditisn'tthateasytocallorfaxfromtheoffice:Thewaitinglistforphonelineshasfromonetotwomillionnameso