英語教資-句法-詞法-語言學(xué)-初高中通用筆記

英語教資-句法-詞法-語言學(xué)-初高中通用筆記?ロ句法三大從句+特殊句式?基礎(chǔ)內(nèi)容??簡單句5種主謂Shecried.主系表Shelookscoolandpretty.主謂賓Shelovescats.主謂賓賓補Hemakesherhappy.主謂間賓直賓Themangaveherakiss.?復(fù)合句2類?并列句（并列復(fù)合句）:用and連接兩個句子?從句（復(fù)雜句、從屬復(fù)合句）口本筆記句法部分重點?□定語從句（形容詞性從句）掌握關(guān)系詞的常規(guī)用法:限定和非限定?ー、定語從句定義:用于修飾名詞、代詞的從句?二、關(guān)系詞用法?1.關(guān)系詞的作用Therearewomenwhoareintheir30s.先行詞關(guān)系詞Theywhoarejustlikeusarethreeprettywomen.先行詞關(guān)系詞（1）連接先行詞與從句（2）在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分（主/賓/表/定/狀）?2.關(guān)系詞的選擇?(1)確定先行詞指代人還是指代物?(2)確定關(guān)系詞在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?限制性定語從句關(guān)系圖先行詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞作主語作賓語作表語作定語作狀語人who/thatthat/*/whom/whothat/xwhoseWhen/Where/why物which/thatthat/x/whichX表示不填Whose+n=thenofwhich/whom=ofwhich/whomthenTmnotthelittlegirlthat/xIwas.注意girl作表語,非賓語,所以用that/xSheisanexcellentmotherwhosesonispolite.=Sheisanexcellentmotherthesonofwhomispolite.=Sheisanexcellentmotherofwhomthesonispolite.Ifeelsorryforthecountrywhosepeoplearesufferingalot.=Ifeelsorryforthecountryofwhichthepeoplearesufferingalot.=Ifeelsorryforthecountrythepeopleofwhicharesufferingalot.FIIneverforgetthemomentwhenshecried.LastsummerItookmysontothecitywhereIgrewup.Thisisthereasonwhyyourbossneverdoubtsyou.對話A:Isthatthetownyouoftenreferto?A:那就是你經(jīng)常提到的那個城鎮(zhèn)嗎??B:Right,justtheonewhereyouknowIusedtoworkforyears.B:對,就那家我以前待過幾年的公司。?注意分析成分,不要看到day就when,看到reason就why:fIIneverforgetthedaysthat/which/xwespenttogetherlastsummer.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記去年夏天我們ー起度過的時光。Thereasonthat/which/xhegavetotheteacherisunbelievable.他給老師的理由簡直難以置信。?非限制性定語從句關(guān)系圖先行詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞作主語作賓語作表語作定語人whowhom/who/ofwhomthen/whosewhen/where物whichwhichofwhichthen/whose（不能用thatwhy,且不可省略）??非限定從和限定從的區(qū)別:非限一般有逗號,去掉不影響主句;非限定從可能是整個句子,而限定從是名詞、代詞、名詞性短語。Themeetingwasputoff,whichgaveusmoretimetoprepare.Jasonisamanofgreatexperience,fromwhommuchcanbelearned.杰森是ー個經(jīng)驗豐富的人,從他身上可以學(xué)到很多東西。Thattree,whosebranchesaregone,isveryold.=Thattree,ofwhichthebranchesaregone,isveryold.?3.ー些注意點（1）occasion表示"aparticulartimeorinstanceofanevent",即某一事件的時間或時刻,一般引導(dǎo)詞要用when。同理,point、situation,position,case,condition,stage...要用where。Describeanoccasionwhenyouhadtogiveupsomeimportantthings.描述ー個你必須（不得不）放棄ー些重要東西的場合。We'reinapositionwherewemaylosemoney.我們處在ー個可能失利的位置。（我們現(xiàn)在的處境可能會賠錢）（2）意義上,關(guān)系副詞（when/where/why）=介詞+whichIwasinRomeonthedaywhen/onwhichhearrived.Theofficewhere/inwhichheworksforisonthe3rdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonforwhich/whywedidit.?（3）根據(jù)謂語動詞的習(xí)慣搭配、固定搭配Who'sthemanwithwhomyoujustshookhands?（短語:shakehandswith）Thespeedatwhichthecarrunsdependsontheroadcondition.（短語:ataspeed）（4）復(fù)雜介詞:asaresultof（由于）、infrontof（在...前面）、inthebackof（在…后面）、mostof（大多）、allof（全部）……Theinstrumentbymeansof(通過)whichthetemperatureismeasurediscalledthermometer.用來測量溫度的儀器叫做溫度計。(5)不能拆的短語:takecareofslookafter(照顧)、lookfor(尋找)、turnin(在)、payattentionto(注意)、dependon(依靠)、!istento(聽) Thebabies(whom)thenursesarelookingafterarepoor.(V)Thebabiesafter(whom)thenursesarelookingarepoor.(x)一般不拆,易有歧義?4.特殊用法?(1)that與其他的區(qū)別?①先行詞為不定代詞,或被不定代詞修飾時[all/many/some/much/few/little/no (+thing)],只用that:Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.Allthebooksthatyouofferedareinfirenow.?②被形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞修飾時,被theonly/thevery修飾時,只用that?Heistheonlyonethatcaresaboutme.?③指代人又指代物體時,只用that?Wewereimpressedbythescenerythatwesaw.?④已經(jīng)有who/which,避免重復(fù)?Whoisthatmanthatismakingaspeech??(2)which,who、whom辨析①非限制性定從中只能用which指代物,用who/whom指代人。②介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中,只用which指代物,用whom指代人。③先行詞本身是that,指代物時用which;先行詞本身是whose/one/he/...,多用who指代人Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.(3)as和which辨析在限制性定語從句中,有固定搭配suchas/thesame...as/as...as/so...as時,不換Don'treadsuchbooksasyoucan'tunderstand.ThisisthesamecomputerasIusedyesterday.Youcantakeasmanycandiesasyouwant.

Wehaven'tsomuchfoodasyouneed.Heissuchacleverboyastheteacherlikes.（定語從句）Heissuchacleverboythattheteacherlikeshim.（狀語從句）?□名詞性從句主ノ賓/表/同?ー、名詞性從句定義:起到名詞作用的從句（分為主語/賓語/表語/同位語從句）?二、連接詞的常規(guī)用法（三類:從屬連詞,連接代詞,連接副詞）?1.從屬連詞（that、whether）在句中不充當(dāng)成分,不可省略（同時出現(xiàn)if和whether時用whether）在句中不充當(dāng)成分,不可省略（同時出現(xiàn)if和whether時用whether）特別是T這種瘦長型短單詞太慘烈了Thatshelefthimmadehimdeadinside.（主）Shecan'tmakesurewhethershouldbuythehouse.（賓）Ourtroubleisthatwedon'thavethatmuchtime.（表）Youmustanswerthequestionwhetheryouwerethereatthecrimescene.（同位語）2.比接代詞（who/what/which/whatever/whichever/whoever）在句中充當(dāng)主賓表定,判斷是否缺成分,不缺用that,缺了用相應(yīng)連接詞。范圍:whether>ifwhatever>what>whichWhatever可以引導(dǎo)名從狀從,范圍更大,而nomatterwhat只能引導(dǎo)狀從Whatseemseasytosomepeopleseemsdifficulttoher.（主）She'stryingtofigureoutwhichdressisbetter.（賓）Allwecan'tdecideiswhoshouldbesentabroad.（表）Thequestionwhowilltakehisplaceisstillnotclear.（同位語）3.連接副詞（when/where/how/why）在句中充當(dāng)狀語,選用根據(jù)語境Why/How/Where/Whenhediditremainsamystery.TheyarewonderingwhenIwillgetmarried.（C）mancanachieveandaspiretogoodnessisevidentthroughouthistory.AWhatBWhetherCThatDHowAWhatBWhetherCThatDHow下劃線部分是個完整句子,不缺成分,故that。?三、特殊用法?1.主語從句（兩種形式）主語從句較長時,常后置避免頭重腳輕,此時用it作形式主語,主句放句末。?（1）It+系+表+主語從句（表語:名詞、形容詞、過去分詞）?（2）It+謂+賓+主語從句（謂語:分為及物和不及物,及物的一般是被動語態(tài),不及物的后不接賓語）Itisstilluncertainwhetherheiscomingornot.（It系表キ從）Itdoesn*tmatterwhetherhe'IIcomeornot.（It不及物動キ從）Ithasbeendecidedthathewillgoforit.（It及物被動主從）?2.賓語從句?（1）由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句——關(guān)于that省略與否（總結(jié):主語與賓語從句之間除了及物動詞沒其他東西時,可以省略）①主+動+that+賓從Janesaid（that）shewasfeelingbetter.②主+及物+間賓+that（作直賓,不可?。?賓從Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.③主+及物+并列that賓從（第一個分句前可省,后都不可?。㊣think（that）itwillclearupthisafternoon（第一個分句）andthattheywillcometosaygoodbyetous（第二個分句）.④It作形式賓語,that引導(dǎo)的賓從不可省Wefeltitstrangethatshewouldleave.⑤主+及物動+that+從句主語+（should）do可以省略Iinsist（that）she（should）doherworkalone.?（2）賓語從句的陳述語序ー連接代/副詞+主+謂+其他（:discuss、wonder、notsure后一般都跟whether）Idon'tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.Nooneknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.Pleaseletmeknowwhether/ifhewillcome.?（3）賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移和反義疑問?①否定轉(zhuǎn)移:主句主語為第一人稱,且動詞為think、consider,suppose.believe、expect、guess、imagine...等表主觀思考,且其后的賓從中有否定意味,則否定轉(zhuǎn)移到主語謂語:Ithinkthedressdoesn'tfityouwell.(x)Idon'tthinkthedressfitsyouwell.(V)Shethinksthisdressdoesn'tfityouwell.(V)主語非第一人稱,可以不轉(zhuǎn)。②反義疑問:前肯后否,前否后肯。?主句主語第一人稱,反義疑問句主謂與從句一致Iexpectourteacherwillbeback,won'tshe?(won't與teacherwillbeback謂語一致)ー主句主語非第一人稱,反義疑問句主謂與主句一致Youthinkyoucan'tgetup,don'tyou?(don't與youthink謂語一致)注意:第一人稱有想法,反義疑問就從句,否定轉(zhuǎn)移還原。回答基于事實,是就是,不是就不是。Idon'tbelieveyouwillfinishtheworktoday,willyou?(我不認(rèn)為你能…,你能嗎?)A:Youdon'tsmoke,doyou?B:No,Idon't.Ihaveneversmokedacigarette.??固定用法:what'sthematterHeaskedM汰e(A)withhiscomputer.AwhatwasthematterBwhatisthematterCwhatthematterwas?(4)賓從時態(tài)?主現(xiàn)從不限Shesaysthatsheworksthere.(V)Shesaysthatshewillsellthebooks.(V)?主將從現(xiàn),主過從過Iwilltellhimaboutitwhenhecomes.Thechildrendidn'tknowwhohewas.?客觀事實永不變Shesaidthatherbrotherisfiveyearsolderthanher.?3.表語從句(連接詞+結(jié)構(gòu))?(1)連接詞:because,asif/asthough?Itlooksasifitwasgoingtosnow.(It指代天氣)Wewon'tgo.That'sbecauseweloveworkinghere.(2)一般結(jié)構(gòu)主+系+表(系:be/look/remain/seem..….)Thereasonisthat...That'sbecause...That'swhy...Itseems/looksasif...?4.同位語從句?(1)常見連接詞①從屬連詞:that、whetherHemustansweritwhetherheagreesitornot.②連接副詞:how、when、whereHemustanswerthequestionwherehewillgo.注:if和which不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。有時同位語從句可以不緊接名詞,而被別的詞隔開,同樣是為避免類似的頭重腳輕的問題。Severalyearslater,wordcamethatNapoleonhimselfwascomingtoinspectthem.? ノ?(2)定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)分?①看與前面名詞的關(guān)系:同從:解釋說明它前方名詞的內(nèi)容ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.(同)定從:修飾、限定名詞的范圍Thenewsthathetoldmejustnowistrue.(定)注:常見可跟同位語從句的詞一般都比較抽象:news、idea、fact、doubt、promise,question,thought,hope、message,word,possibility......?②看that在從句中的作用:同從:that為連詞,在從句中不充當(dāng)成分Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicesurprisesmanypeople.(同)定從:that為關(guān)系代詞,從句中充當(dāng)主7賓/表Theideathathegavesurprisesme.(定)Sheis(A)isknownasanosyperson-sheisalwaysdyingtoknowwhat'sgoingoninother'slives.AwhatBwhoCwhichDthat名詞性從句,成分為主語,what=thenthat,在i文単二thepersonthat?從句部分不缺成分ー、狀語從句定義:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。狀從在復(fù)合句中作狀語。二、分類:時間、地點、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、行為方式、比較、讓步…三、連詞常規(guī)用法?1.時間狀語從句?①when、while、as當(dāng)……when短暫性/延續(xù)性動詞同時/先后發(fā)生while延續(xù)性（從句常為bedoing）同時as一邊”?一邊…;同時;隨著/Whentheathletereachedthefinishline,wecried.?②until,till直到……until可用于肯定、否定,但till常用于肯定Iwillworkuntil/tillhetellsmetostop.Iwon'tleaveuntilit'stwelve'clock.(3)nosooner...than,hardly...when、scarcely...when—…就...(這三者位于句首時,后面要部分倒裝,且之后要加haddone/when...did...)同義詞:assoonas、themoment,theminute,thesecond,theinstant,immediately,directly、instantly,once Hehadhardlyseenmewhenheranaway.一Hardlyhadheseenmewhenheranaway.Scarcelyhadthedoctorgotintobedwhenhewascalledoutagain.Nosoonerhadwesetdownthanwefounditwastimetogo.Hesaidhe'dphonedyou(A)hegothome.AthemomentBthemomentwhenCatthemomentDatthemomentwhenthemoment和when-意思?2.讓步狀語從句?①盡管:as、although,though、while、eventhough,evenifAlthough在讓步狀從中用正常語序As常用倒裝(強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+as+主謂/系,且強(qiáng)調(diào)部分提前時要去掉冠詞)Though可倒裝可不倒While常在句首表盡管~although,thoughAlthough/thoughheisachild,heknowsalot.Childas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.?②nomatter+疑問詞?疑問詞+ever兩者都可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀從,但只能用疑問詞+ever引導(dǎo)名從,且however和nomatterhow之后要接adv/adjNomatterwhathesaid,...=Whateverhesaid,...Ibelievewhateverhesaid.Howevermuchsheeats,shenevergetsfat.Nomatterhowcolditis,healwaysgoesswimming.?3.目的狀語從句Sothat（為了…,目的是…）、incase（免得,以防）forfearthat=lest（唯恐）、inorderthat（目的是…）?①sothat、inorderthat后常接may、could、should,would,且sothat一般不在句首。Iworkhardsothat/inorderthatIcanlearnmore.?②lestforfear（that）,incase表”擔(dān)心,憂慮〃,常用虛擬語氣,結(jié)構(gòu)為（Should）+do（大概率發(fā)生的事件不用虛擬語氣）rmtellingyouthislestyou（should）doubtmysincerity.?4.結(jié)果狀語從句（注意和定從的suchas區(qū)分）So.??that、such...that、sothat…?①被many、much、little、few修飾時,用so。當(dāng)little表示“小的",用such。He'ssuchalittleboythathecan/tgotoschool.?②sothat表結(jié)果,前面通常加逗號Ididn'tplantheworkwell,sothatIfield.IwassoangryatallthathewasdoingthatIleftatonce.（定從缺賓用that）Hewassopleasedwithallthatwehaddoneforhimthathewroteusaletter.It'ssuchagoodplaceaseverybodywantstovisitthatit'swellknownallovertheworld.（前面是定從,后面是狀從）?5.條件狀語從句If.as/solongas、unless、incase、onconditionthat、providing/provided（如果）?四、主將從現(xiàn)的運用（常在時間、條件狀語從句中）WhenIgrowup,TIIbeagreatinventor.Ifyouplantwatermelonseedsinthespring,you'IIbeeatingfreshwatermelonsinthefall.?ロラ擬語氣掌握與if相關(guān)、與建議/命令相關(guān)的動詞形式?ー、定義:虛擬語氣（subjectivemood）用于表示說話人的主觀愿望或假想,不指代事實。它通過謂語動詞的特殊形式表示。?二、與if（如果）相關(guān)的虛擬語氣?1.if引導(dǎo)的條件狀從:大概率發(fā)生的,可用主將從現(xiàn),反之用虛擬。Ifitrainstomorrow,I'llcancelthedatewithher.IfIwonthelotteryoftenmillion,Iwouldbuythehouse.①與現(xiàn)在事實相反If+主+did,主+should/could/would/mightdo...②與過去事實相反If+主+haddone?主+should/could/would/mighthavedone...③與將來事實相反的假設(shè)If+主+did,主+should/could/would/mightdo...If+主+weretodo,主+should/could/would/mightdo...If+主+shoulddo,主+should/could/would/mightdo...例:Ifyouwereapanda,everybodywouldloveyou.IfIwereyou,Iwouldgowithher.Ifwewerebillionaires,wecouldbuyanythingwelike.IfIhadhadhernumberIwouldhavecalledher.Ifwehadn'tgotmarried,wemightnothavehadakid.Haditnotbeenforthepolice*shelp,Petercouldn'thavefoundhisbicycleyesterday.?2.錯綜時間條!牛句:從句選從句時態(tài),主句選主句時態(tài)?Ifyouhadlistenedtome（以冃リ），youwouldn'tloseyourwallet.（現(xiàn)在）Ifithadn'trainedsomuch(以前),wewouldn'tworrysomuchnow.(現(xiàn)在)?3,省略if:若條件從句中包含were、had、should,有時省略if,把were、had、should放主語前面,倒裝。Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.Ifitweren'tfortherain,Iwouldbegoingh汰ingnow.Wereitnotfortherain,Iwouldbegoinghikingnow.?4.代替if(含蓄條件句)Without/thankto/butfor+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以代替虛擬語氣。主句時態(tài)同理。其他類似的還有:or/orelse/otherwise(否則,要不然)butthat/for(要不是)Withoutyourhelp(=ifwehadnothadyourhelp),wecouldn'thavesucceeded.Butforelectricity(=iftherewerenoelectricity),therewouldbenomodernindustry.Butthatyougavehimahand,hewouldhavelosthislife.Butforyouradvice,Iwouldhavegotintotrouble.?三、與愿望、命令、建議.要求等相關(guān)的虛擬語氣(Shoulddo)?1.suggest/require/order...+賓從,主句用(should)doShedemanded(that)thepaper(should)berewrittenimmediately.Theyinsisted(that)themeeting(should)beputoff.?注:如suggestinsist用于本意’暗示、表明‘、“堅持〃,且從句中內(nèi)容已發(fā)生,則用陳述語氣Heinsistedthatshewasseriouslyill.Theoldladyinsistedthatthemanhadstolenherwalletandthatshe(send)himtothepolicestation.(and兩倆that并列,前者是"堅持〃,但后者是〃要求",要用虛擬)?2.It'simportant/required...+主從Itisnecessary/urgentthatwe(should)starttodoitrightnow.Itisapitythatshe(should)callblackwhite.(反向建議)很遺憾她這樣顛倒黑白。3.表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬語氣Myopinionisthatwe(should)reviewtheirproposalrightnow.Hemadetherequestthattheproblem(should)besettled.?四、要是…就好了;好像?1.wish+賓從@與過去相反:從句謂語用haddoneIwishyouhadcome.（我希望你來了,說明你沒來?）②與現(xiàn)在相反:從句謂語用did（be用were）IwishIwererich.（我希望我有錢（說明我沒錢.［哭了。］）③與將來假設(shè)相反:would/coulddoIwishshewouldtryagain.（我希望她再次嘗試。但多半不會了。）2.ifonly表愿望,用法同上Ifonlyyouhadcometomyparty.（我真希望你來。）Ifonlyyouweremyroommate.（我真希望你是我室友。）IfonlyIcouldturnintoamantomorrow.（我真希望《你的名字》這種事能發(fā)生在我身上。）3.asif、asthough+方式表語從句、狀語從句,用法同上?Youlookasifyoudidnrtcare.（說得好像你不在意似的。）?4.wouldrather/hadrather+賓從①與過去相反:從句謂語用haddone②與現(xiàn)在相反:從句謂語用did（be用were）③與將來假設(shè)相反:從句謂語用did（be用were）I'dratheryouwenttomorrow.五、it's（high/about）time+從句是時候...了用did/shoulddo（should不能省略）It'stime（that）wewenttobed.?□?ー、定義:謂語的全部或部分（助動詞or情態(tài)動詞）放在主語之前的現(xiàn)象。?全部倒裝:謂語動詞完全移到主語之前?部分倒裝:謂語部分移動,常添加助動詞do/does/did?二、全部倒裝（時間、地點、方位、therebe、表語、介詞短語）1.here/there/up/down/in/out/off/away...等副詞Now/Herecomesyourturn.（輪到你了）Outrushedtheboy.（這個男孩沖了出去）2.表地點的介詞短語作狀語位于句子開頭Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.（樹下立著兩張桌子和四把椅子。）3.強(qiáng)調(diào)表語,位于句子開頭Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.注:主語是人稱代詞的情況下,以上三點都不倒裝Hereyouare.Outheran.例:(A)whohadarrestedhim4timesforsmuggling.ABeforeJohnstoodthepolicemanBBeforethepolicemanstoodJohn(題目中的定從是修飾警察的,很明顯警察放后邊)?三、部分倒裝?1.表否定意義(形式)的副詞放在句子開頭:never,hardly,scarcely,seldom.little,not除了notuntil,其余倒裝都出現(xiàn)在否定之后?①hardlywhen、nosoonerthan從倒主不倒;notuntil主倒從不倒HardlydidIknowwhathadhappenedwhen...Notuntil11ofclockdidhecomeback.Notuntilhereturneddidwehavesupper.NosoonerhadIgothomethanitbegantorain.②notonly...butalso連接并列句,前倒后不倒?NotonlydoesheknowsFrench,butalsoheisanexpert.?③neither...nor連接并列句,前倒后也倒?NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.?練習(xí)Notuntilhesawitopenhiseyes(A)creatingthemonster.AdidFrankensteinregretBhadFrankensteinregretted怪物先睜眼,然后弗蘭肯斯坦再后悔,睜眼是過去的過去,所以AHardly(B)Edinburghwhen(B)toreturntoLondon.Adidtheyreach;theyhadorderedBhadtheyreached;theywereordered先回愛丁堡,再被命令回到倫敦,前面是后面的過去,加上固定用法。BRarely(B)soheavilyinSouthChinaasitdidthiswinter.AdiditsnowBdoesitsnow中國南方很少像今年冬天下這么大的雪,即今年的雪很罕見,說明雪下得少是以往的一般規(guī)律,故B2.。川y和修飾的狀語放在句子開頭Onlythendidherealizethetruth.Onlybykeepingdowncostswillweholdittight.3.as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句,要把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分提前（though也可）。Fastasyouread,youcan'tfinishthebookin2days.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothing.（較為少見）4.so/nor（復(fù)）/neither（單）+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞ノ系動詞+主語Shedoesn'tlikeapples.NeitherdoI./Nordothey.注:表〃確實"則僅僅是ー種肯定或者附和:-Youmusthaveforgottentoturnoffthelight.（你一定忘記關(guān)燈了。）-Soldid.（我確實關(guān)了的。）?例:Iwillneverknowthetruth,（A）.AnorwillanyoneelseBnorwon'tanyoneelse（nor已經(jīng)有否定之意,故A。）翻譯:我永遠(yuǎn)也無法得知真相。其他人也一樣（無法得知）。5.省略if的虛擬條件（had、should,were可提前）WereIyou=IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tdoitinthisway.6.so...that/such...that中的so/such及修飾成分放句首,前倒后不倒Sobusyishethathecan'tgoonaholidaywithusnextWednesday.7.表示祝福的祈使句Mayyousucceed.（=Youmaysucceed.）Maygodblessyou.（=Godmayblessyou.）例:（A）theexpense,IwouldhavegonetoItaly.Ahaditnotbeenfor（=ifithadnotbeenfor...）Bwereitnotfor（要不是因為…,我就去意大利了。）?□重在判斷和句型,注意時態(tài)?ー、基本句型和判斷方法Itwas9o'clockwhenwecameback.（非that,是狀語從句） Itwas3hourssincewehadcomeback.（同上,是狀語從句）?句型:Itis/was強(qiáng)調(diào)部分that/who/whom其他成分?方法：￠￠1itis/was和that/who/whom句7（^完,則為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。?二、從句的強(qiáng)調(diào)?1.強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語從句?①原因狀從because Itwasbecause...that...?②時間狀從Itwas/isnotuntil+被強(qiáng)調(diào)+that ?Hedidn'tgotobeduntilhiswifecameback.Itwasnotuntilhiswifecamebackthathewenttobed.?2.強(qiáng)調(diào)主語從句(同理)?注:謂語無法如此被強(qiáng)調(diào),只能在前加do/did/doesHedidwritetoyoulastweek.Dobecarefulwhenyoucrossthestreet.?三、疑問句形式?1.一般疑問句?Is/Wasit被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分??例:?Wasitin1969(D)theAmericanastronautssucceeded(D)landingonthemoon,?A.when;onB.that;onC.when;inD.that;in原:Itwasin1969thattheAmericanastronautssucceededinlandingonthemoon?Coulditbeintherestaurantin(B)youhaddinnerwithmeyesterday(B)youlostyourhandbag?A.that;whichB.which;thatC.where;thatD.that;where含情態(tài)動詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問句形式。第一空所在的句子成分為定從,結(jié)合介詞!n要用關(guān)系代詞which(inwhich=where);第二空格所在部分應(yīng)為強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的that分句。故B。?2.特殊疑問句?特殊疑問詞+is/was+it+that+原部分?例:Jimmethisfriendslastnight.WhenwasitthatJimmethisfriends?Apersonneedstoknowwhoheorsheisbeforebeingabletoknowwhatitisthatmakeshimorherhappy.ー個人需要知道TA是誰,才能知道什么讓TA快樂。?四、省略形式（常見于問答）?1.復(fù)合句的省略?主要是狀語從句:省略主+be動詞(常省略從句)Youshouldbecarefulwhen(youare)crossingthestreet.If(itis)properlytreated,wastewilldonoharm.?注:if狀從通常省略Itisxthereis/arexthatis...than,as比較狀從的主謂Heistallerthanhisbrother(is).Ihaveasmuchconfidenceinyouthat(Ihaveconfidence)inhim.?2.并列句的省略①并列主語相同,后者省略②并列謂語相同,后者省略(包括助動詞、不定式。)注:但不定式要留著to,如Iwouldloveto...〇不定式后面有have、be,不能省略Hewantsmetobeapilot,butIdidn'twanttobe.?例:-Whoismakingsomuchnoise?-(A)thechildren(that/whoaremakingsomuchnoise.).AIt*sBThey'reCThatisDThereare.補充:獨立主格?一、獨立主格定義:主語不同,有逗號無連詞,邏輯主語與之后的短語有某種主謂(動賓)關(guān)系。?二、獨立主格形式?1.邏輯主語+非謂語動詞(doing/done/to...)(現(xiàn)在)Sheranuptome,herhairflyinginthewind.(過去)Thisdone,wewenthome.(將來)Wedividedthework,hetocleanitandItouseit.?2.邏輯主語+形容詞/副詞/介詞?MissSmithenteredtheclassroom,bookinherhands.?3.固定句型:therebeヽItbeing?Itbeingasunnyday,alltheshopsareopen.?ロ詞法名冠代形副介數(shù)連動非謂動主收錄一些容易忽視的點?名詞?ー、名詞分類?專有名詞(首字母通常大寫)?普通名詞?可數(shù)(個體、集體)?不可數(shù)(個體、抽象)?二、所有格——'S1.表示各自的所有關(guān)系,均加’S2.表示共有的所有關(guān)系,最后ー詞的末尾加’s3.the+職業(yè)'s/身份,所有格格后名詞省略Thedoctor's(clinic)Myuncle's(home)Thebarber's(shop)?三、所有格——of1.所屬關(guān)系,主要用于無生命東西e.g.Thecoverofabook2.定語較長e.g.Theclassofthefirst-yearstudents3.名詞化的詞語e.g.the+adj(thepoor/therich/theyoung/theold)?四、雙重所有格Of+名詞所有格(眾多……中的ー個)astudentofourstudentsOf+名詞性物主代詞alipstickofyours數(shù)詞+名詞作定語用單數(shù):athree-yearcontract用/s:a2,000dollars'salary注:?(l)Of前的名詞只能用an/a,of后面的名詞特指人,不育自旨物體Adrawingofmysister(我妹妹的畫像)Adrawingofmysister's(我妹妹畫的畫)?(2)(man/woman)性+職業(yè)作定語,前后保持一致.awomansingertwowomensingers?□冠詞?ー、不定冠詞(a/an)?1.序數(shù)詞前表示"又一,再ー"Asecondchance2.在most之前,表示程度“很‘非常"Ifsamostusefultool.這是個很實用的工具3.在quite/rather/such（adj）之后,表示”如此,相當(dāng)"That,squiteadiscussion.那是一場相當(dāng)激烈的討論。4.在so/as/too/how+adj之后,表示"如此"Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.她會是你想見的那種聰明女孩。?二、定冠詞（the）?用于身體部位名詞前?（hit/bit/touch/pat ）+人+介詞+the+部位Hepattedmeontheshoulder.他拍了拍我的肩膀。?三、零冠詞?1.表示職業(yè)、身份、頭銜（不做主語的時候）之前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerican.林肯被選為美國總統(tǒng)。?2.用and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用（謂語用單數(shù)）WarandpeaceTrialanderror*?—、One/It/That/So辨析1.同名同物：it2.同名異物:theone/that（特指,常用于比較句）3.代替上文岀現(xiàn)內(nèi)容:so4.代替否定賓語從句:動詞否定+so/notDoyouthink ?-1don,tthinkso.=Ibelievenot.?二、固定結(jié)構(gòu)1.不亞于nothinglessthan2.僅僅,不過是nothingmorethan3.根本不是,一點不是anythingbut4.僅僅1只nothingbut都任ー都不兩者botheitherneither三者（及以上）allanynone?コ形容詞、副詞?一、比較（?注:程度副詞:fairly<quite<rather<very）?1.同級比較肯定:as+原級/副詞+as否定:not+so/as+原級/副詞+as.AistoBwhat/asCistoDA與B的關(guān)系就像C與D的關(guān)系例:Myparentshaveasbigahouseasours.Countryistopeoplewhat/aswateristofish.?注:有的adj沒有比較級和最高級:favorite、excellent,extreme,perfect,superior,inferior,senior等等自帶等級的形容詞。?2.比較級表示最高級?比較+than+anyoftheother+名詞復(fù)數(shù)?ヒ徽+than+anything/anyoneelse??關(guān)于morethan的不常見意思（最常用意思:多余,超過=over）不僅僅是Heismorethanafathertome.極其,非常=very/muchHewasmorethanupset難以,完全不能IloveyoumorethanIcansay.*morethan與!ike/love連用,表示"更加"IlikeAmorethanIlikeB.*moreAthanB與其說B<不如說A?二、多個形容詞的拜訪順序不用死記什么ロ訣,記住把主觀的修飾詞放前面,剩下的交給語感。

?一、表示時間 on/at/inIntheOnChristmasDayOnthatdayInadayOnacoldmorningmorningInthe1.at表示時間點、在…歲、在時間短語中表示時間段2.on表示特定的日子、日期、星期幾、某天的上午/中午/下午3.in后方接時間段、月份?二、表示地點?1.地理(1)in+大地點(2)at+小地點2.與方位詞連用時,on表示接鄰,in表示在內(nèi)部,to表示相離Across:表示從表面上跨過,與on有關(guān)Through:表示從內(nèi)部穿過,與in有關(guān)Over:表示從上面越過?pass:表示經(jīng)過?三、表示方式、手段、工具?By被用語態(tài)之后,接執(zhí)行者表示方法手段,接交通工具或者動詞ing,前無冠詞With后方接冠詞或者物主代詞,也可以是器官!n用…的語言、材料、顏色On通過…方式、媒介,多是搭配固定?四、表示材料Of看得出原料(desk-of-iron)From看不出原料(p叩er-from-wood)In用在某種材料前,常常與write,speak、answer連用(Writeinink)?五、表示穿著In接衣服、顏色、眼鏡、帽子、留辮子(定表皆可)With只和眼鏡、手套連用,不能與衣服(定語only)?*六、其他介詞用法Except用于同類事物排除,不放句首,用于從句(作連詞)Exceptfor表示與主語非同類的,可以放句首Beyond?表示位置,在...那邊、以外beyondthetown?表示范圍,為...所不及Thebookisbeyondme?這本書我看不懂。?表示時間,比...晚beyond9〇'clock?攵詞?一、基數(shù)詞Inone'sfifties=5Os表示某人多少歲Inthe1980s=Inthe1980's二十世紀(jì)八十年代’?二、序數(shù)詞:前面一般加the?Thisisthesecondchanceyoutrytobeatme.?注:I'mfirst.(V)I'mthefirst.(V)有時兩種說法都可以first這里做名詞,表示第一,不加the0同理atfirst?三、分?jǐn)?shù)、小數(shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)?1.分?jǐn)?shù)(謂語只根據(jù)名詞判斷,與分?jǐn)?shù)本身無關(guān))?①分子/分母用基數(shù)詞/序數(shù)詞表示時,若分子大于一,則分母要加SOnethird%twothirds%?②分子/分母用基數(shù)詞/基數(shù)詞表示時,等價于分子in/outof分母Twointhree=twooutofthree%?2.小數(shù)?點前的數(shù)按基數(shù)詞的讀法讀,點后的數(shù)按單個數(shù)字 讀岀。onepointfive-six(1.56),tenpointthreefive(10.35),被大于1的小數(shù)修飾的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。"1.3米”—>1.3meters3.百分?jǐn)?shù):fifteenpercent(15%),zeropointsixpercent(0.6%).?補充:dozen,score、hundred、thousand、million等單位的用法?數(shù)字+單數(shù)twohundred無數(shù)字+復(fù)數(shù)+ofhundredsof與afew,several,many等數(shù)目不具體的詞連用時,單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)均可。?單數(shù),of可省ThereIsawseveralhundred(of)guests.復(fù)數(shù)(of不可省ThereIsawseveralhundredsofguests.*一、從屬連詞引導(dǎo)從句when,while,if,although,sothat等不做成分,不可省略二、并列連詞連接平行的詞、短語、句and,but,or,aswellas,both...and,notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor等根據(jù)意思選擇一,動詞時態(tài)?1.一般現(xiàn)在時(客觀存在的真理事實、按照計劃時刻表安排的事)?主將從現(xiàn)?Here/there開頭的局子里,go/come等等ー些表示正在發(fā)生的動作?2.一般將來時(1)will/shalldo(shall只能用第一人稱)(2)begoingtodo計劃、安排;有...的跡象;即將做...(3)betodo人做主語,按照計劃或者正在安排(4)beabouttodo馬上做(但不是具體時間)(5)bedoing按計劃而將發(fā)生Heismovingout.(用于位移性動詞:goleavearrivestay)?3.現(xiàn)在逬行時Bealways/continuous/constantlydoing感情色彩帶夸獎或埋怨e.g.You'realwaysworkinghard.你總是拼命工作e.g.Youareconstantlysmoking!你老是在抽煙!?4.現(xiàn)在完成時(1)表示過去發(fā)生的對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果(2)從過去開始,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(3)短暫動詞(瞬間動詞)不能與時間段狀語連用Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.(x)Ihavegothisletterforamonth.(V)Ihaven'treceivedhisletterforamonth.(V)??現(xiàn)在完成時和一般現(xiàn)在時辨析?現(xiàn)在完成時:與現(xiàn)在仍然有聯(lián)系一般過去時:在過去發(fā)生,和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化了*現(xiàn)在完成逬行時:過去一直在做,而且還可能繼續(xù)做下去Youlooktired.-Yeah,Ihavebeenpaintingtheroomallday.?5.過去完成時（過去的過去）?注意一些常用表示主觀愿望的詞,如hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose 表示未實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖.（本期望、本打算……）Wehadexpectedthatyouwouldbeabletowinthatmatch.（注意區(qū)分虛擬語氣）二、動詞語態(tài)需要Need/want/require+tobedone=doing值得beworth/deserve+tobedone=doing.Todo表示目的、將來Doing表示主動、逬行（或者動名詞）Done表示被動、完成例：Hesatdowntohavearest.Acompanywasbuiltin2011,creatinglotsofjobopportunities.注意分詞或分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語相同:Enteringtheroom,Ifoundthewallsnewly-painted.（V）Enteringtheroom,thefirstthingthatmetmyeyeswasthenewly-paintedwalls.（x）?ー、主語雖然有and連接,冠詞不在and后面,謂語用單數(shù)TheworkerandwriterisfromWuhan.（―個人有雙重身份）TheworkerandthewriterarefromBeリing.（兩個人）二、不定代詞做主語,謂語用單數(shù),數(shù)量增多也不會變Everydeskandeverychairismadeofwood.三、morethanone（manya）+名詞,謂語用單數(shù)形式?Manya/Morethanonestudentfailstopasstheexam.?四、anumberof/quantitiesof/agroupof+名詞做主語,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式?Quantitiesoffurniturehavebeenordered.?五、一堆修飾詞+分?jǐn)?shù)或者百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞,謂語與名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致?Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiswater.?注:cattle/police/crew/people/folk/personnel等一些單詞只看作復(fù)數(shù)?就近原則:有時謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語(主要指名詞)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式:Or/nor/either...or/neither...nor/not...but本質(zhì)是找到被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分Thereisateacherandthreestudentsintheclassroom.?就遠(yuǎn)原貝リ:當(dāng)主語成分后面跟but,except,besides,including,like,with,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,inadditionto,combinedwith,ratherthan,togetherwith等短語時,謂語動詞習(xí)慣上與這些結(jié)構(gòu)前面的主語保持一致,即與比較遠(yuǎn)的那個保持一致。John,ratherthanhisroommates,istoblame.Nobodybuttwostudentsisintheclassroom.?□語言學(xué)語音音系形態(tài)語義語用修辭掌握微觀語言、社會語言學(xué)中的概念?1.語言學(xué)(Linguistics)分類?微觀語言學(xué)語音學(xué)(Phonetic)音系學(xué)(Phonology)形態(tài)學(xué)(Morphology)?句法學(xué)(syntax)語義學(xué)(Semantics)語用學(xué)(Pragmatics)?宏觀語言學(xué)社會語言學(xué)(Sociolinguistics)心理語言學(xué)(Psycholinguistics)計算機(jī)語言學(xué)(Computationallinguistics)人類語言學(xué)(Anthropologicallinguistics)?2.語言學(xué)本質(zhì)特征和性質(zhì)(Designfeatures)人類固有的,有別于其他任何動物交流系統(tǒng)的特質(zhì)。①任意性(Arbitrariness):語言符號的形式與表示的意義沒有天然的聯(lián)系。②二重性(Duality):語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩個層次(低:無意義的音高:有意義的單位)③創(chuàng)造性(Productivity/Creativity):體現(xiàn)在造詞、無限長的句子。④移位性(Displacement):人類語言可談?wù)摰綍r間空間上并不可及的物體、時間或觀點。⑤文化傳播性(Culturaltransmission):人類語言靠學(xué)習(xí)傳播,而非遺傳.⑥互換性(Interchangeability):人可以是信息的發(fā)送者,也可以是接受者。(Speaker/Hearer)?3.語言的重要功能①信息功能(Informativefunction):傳遞或表達(dá)信息的功能;并且信息有真假。②人際功能(Interpersonalfunction):不用人際關(guān)系會有不同的稱呼。③施為功能(Performativefunction):用于"做事”的功能。在某特定場合某特定的人說出的話,即為事情的發(fā)生。(如:法官的宣判)④情感功能(Emotivefunction):改變聽者的情感世界。⑤寒暄功能(Phaticfunction)為建立、維持社會接觸而進(jìn)行的日常寒暄。(問天氣打招呼、問候、告別,注意和①區(qū)分)⑥娛樂功能(Recreationfunction):如相聲和小品⑦元語言功能(Metalinguisticfunction)用語言解釋語言。?4.社會語言學(xué)中的概念?①言語社區(qū)(speechcommunity)(一起研究一種語言的人)?②言語變體(speechvariety)?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)語standardlanguage?方言dialect地域語言regionaldialect(地域)社會語言sociolect(階級)種族方言ethnicdialect(如:黑人英語)個人方言idiolect(個人語言特色)?③語域(register)(語言使用的場合)?正式(如：幫助facilitate)?非正式(如：幫助help)?チ音學(xué)Phoneits1.語音學(xué):專門研究語音的產(chǎn)生、イ專遞和理解articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語音學(xué)acousticphonetics聲學(xué)語音學(xué)auditoryphonetics聽覺語音學(xué)2.發(fā)音器官(organsofspeech)thepharyngealcavity(thethroat)咽腔theoralcavity(themouth)口腔thenasalcavity(thenose)鼻腔?3.英語語音的分類(ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds)區(qū)另():theobstructionofairstream氣流的阻礙元音(Vowels)20個單元音monophthong(12個)1/Z〇//d//a//b//e//ae//vj/u://o://a://3：/雙元音diphthong(8個)/ei//ai//oi//8o//ao//ia//ea//08/單元音分類方式4種?(1)按th