GRE寫(xiě)作固定句型(摘自黃皮書(shū))

8/8Themerefactthat...isinsufficientevidencetoconcludethat...conclude,show,prove,imply,support,justify,validate,indicate,illustrate,demonstrate,substantiateThefactthat.doesnotprovethat(doesnotsupporttheclaimthat/doesnotensurethat/lendsnostrongsupporttotheconclusionthat)Thefactthat.doesnotnecessarilyimplythat.Theargumentfailstoruleoutthepossibilitythata.Theargumentsimplyequates.with.Theauthorassumesthat.Theauthorprovidesnoevidencethat.Thisassumptionpresentsafalsedilemma,since.arenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusivealternatives.Commonsensetellsusthat.Whilethismaybetrueinsomecases,butitisequallypossiblethat.Lackingmorespecificinformationabout.,itisimpossibletoassess.lacking,intheabsenceof,forlackofassess,evaluate,judge,determineTheeditorialfailstotakeintoaccountpossibledifferencesbetween.Whileitistruethat.thisisnottrueofeveryone.Unlesstheauthorcandemonstratethat.theauthor'sconcernabouttheseissuesIsunfounded.Theauthorfailstoconsiderandruleoutotherfactorsthatmightaccountfor.Theauthorignores/failstotakeintoaccount(consider/explain)otherlikelybenefitsof…Unless...thereisagoodchanceTheauthorispresentingafalsedilemmabyimposinganeither—orchoicebetweentwocoursesofactionthatneednotbemutuallyexclusive.Comprehensiveanalysisisnecessarytoidentifytheactualcauseof.Therefore,anydecisionaimedataddressingtheproblemof.mustbebasedonmorethoroughinvestigationtogathersufficientdatainordertonarrowdownandlocatetheactualcausesoftheproblem.Fromthesurveyquotedintheargument,however,wefindnosignofsuchproceduresforrandomsampling,andhavegoodreasontodoubtifthesampleisrepresentativeenoughtoreflectthegeneralattitudesofallworkersasawhole.Whensamplesareusedtomakegeneralclaimsaboutaparticulargroup,thesamplesshouldbecloseenoughintimetothegeneralizationtheyareusedtosupport,sothathistoricalchangeswillnotinvalidatethegeneralization.Theproblemisthatthetwosituationsarenotsimilarenoughtojustifytheanalogicaldeduction.Theargumentrestsonthegratuitous/unreasonableassumptionthat.Thearguerfailstoestablishacausalrelationshipbetween.and.Thearguer'sconclusiondependsonthequestionableassumptionthat.Thearguerfailstoprovideanyinformationconcerning.Thereasoning(assumption)that.isopentodoubt/doubtful/suspicious/unreliable/problematic/questionable/unconvincing/unfounded/unwarranted/groundless.Anotherassumptioninshortoflegitimacyis.Theargueroversimplifiestheimportanceof.Theargueroveremphasizestheimportanceof...Theconclusionreachedinthisargumentisinvalidandprobablymisleading.Theevidenceprovidedinthisargumentisnotsufficienttovalidatetheassumptionthat.Thestatisticalevidence/theresultofthesurveyuponwhichtheargumentreliesistoovaguetobeinformative.Theargumentreliesonfiguresthataretooimprecisetosupporttheconclusiondrawn.Ifthesubjectsforthestudywererandomlychosenandrepresentadiversecrosssectionofthepopulationof.,theresultswillbereliableregardlessof.Sincethearguermakesaclaimabout.ingeneral,thesampleforthesurveyshouldbeabletorepresentall.Yetwearetoldnothingaboutthewaythepollwasconductedandhowwellitrepresentedthepublicopinions.Theexamplecited,isinsufficienttowarranttheirtruthbecausethereisnoreasontobelievethatthedatadrawnfrom.isrepresentativeof.Thearguerassumesthatwhatistrueofagroupasawholeisnecessarilytrueofeachmemberofthatgroup.Theargumentassumesthatwhatistrueofgroupofpeopletakencollectivelyisalsotrueofanyindividualwithinthatgroup.Theargumentattributesacharacteristicofanindividualmemberofagrouptogroupasawhole.Thearguersupporttheconclusionbyover—generalizingfromaspecificpieceofevidence.Thearguerdrawsahastyconclusionwhichisbasedoninadequateevidenceabout.Thearguergeneralizesonthebasisofasampleconsistingofatypicalcases.Theargueruseafewexceptionalcaseasthebasisforaclaimaboutwhatistrueingeneral.Thearguerdrawsaconclusionthatisbroaderinscopethaniswarrantedbytheevidenceadvanced.Theauthorgeneralizesfromwhatistrueinoneregionofspacetowhatmustbetrueinallregionsofspace.Thearguerattemptstoextractageneralprinciplefromaspecificcase.Theargumentassumesacausalrelationshipwhereonlyacorrelationhasbeenindicated.Thearguer'sreasoninglinkingAwithBseemsreasonableonthesurface,but…ThereisnoinformationavailabletojustifyanycausalrelationshipbetweenAandB.WedonothaveanyevidencesuggestingthatAwillcauseB.Contingenciessuchas...canallleadto...Antfurtherlinkageofthesetwophenomenarequiresmoreevidenceandisnotjustifiedbythedatasofaravailable.Tofindtheexactcauseof.examinationshouldbeappliedtoallthefactoesthathavesignificantimpacton.ItdoesnotnaturallywarranttheconclusionthatAhassignificantlycontributed,andthusiscausaltoB.Thisobservedphenomenon,actually,sayslittlemorethanthatthesetwoeventsaresynchronictoeachotherandthatisall.Theevidenceitcitesisconsistentwiththealternativehypothesisthat.Theargumentignoresfactorssuchas...thatmaybemoreimportantthanAindetermingB.Sincetheapplicanthasnotadequatelyrespondedtothisconcern,hisclaimthat...isuntenable.Nordoesthemerefactthat.lendsignificantsupportto.Sincetheeditorialfailstoruleouttheseandotherpossibleexplanationsfor.,Icannotacceptanyconclusionsabout.But,sincetheeditorialprovidesnoevidencetosubstantiatethisassumptionitisequallypossiblethat.Evenifthedeancansubstantiatealloftheforegoingassumptions,thedean'sassertionthat.isstillunwarranted.Itisentirelypossiblethatpeopleinclinedtorecycleweremorewillingtorespondedtothesurveythanotherpeoplewere.Withouteliminatingthispossibility,theownercannotrelyonthenationalsurveytoconcludethat.Giventhesepossiblescenarios.Tvesnothingabout.Byrelyingonthenationalsurveytosupportitsconclusiontheargumentdependsontheassumption'sconclusionthat.Thisscenarioisquitepossible,especiallyconsideringthat.Anyofthesescenarios,iftrue,wouldcastconsiderabledoubtontheargument'sconclusionthat.Thenationwidestudyshowing.doesnotnecessarilyapplyto.Withoutweighingrevenueagainstexpensestheargument'sconclusionisprematureatbest.Evenassumingisneverthelessimpossibletoassesstheauthor'sbroadercontentionthat…Absenteitheracleatdefinitionofthetermordearevidencethat.,theauthor'scontentionthat.issimplyunjustified.Inordertoestablishastrongcorrelationbetween.,thestudy'ssamplemustbesufficientinsizeandrepresentativeof.Lackingevidenceofasufficientlyrepresentativesample,theauthorcannotjustifiablyrelyonthestudytodrawanyconclusionwhatsoever.Adirectcorrelationbetween.doesnotnecessarilyprovethattheformercausesthelatter.Whileahighcorrelationisstrongevidenceofcausalrelationship,initselfitisnotsufficient.Theauthormustconsiderandeliminatethisandotherpossiblereasonswhy.otherwise,Icannotaccepttheauthor'simplicitclaimthat.Thissinglesampleisinsufficienttodrawanygeneralconclusionabout.Withoutadditionalsamplesfromdiversgeographiclocations,Icannotaccepttheauthor'ssweepinggeneralizationabout.Ontheonehand,theauthorignoresthepossibilitythat.;ontheotherhand,perhaps.Inshort,lackingevidencethatconditionsonthetwoislandsarerelevantlysimilar,theauthorcannotconvincemeonthebasisofBatia'sexperiencethat.Absentadditionalinformationaboutthecitedstudies,thesestudieslendnocrediblesupporttotheconclusionthat.Althoughthisisentirelypossible,theargumentprovidesnoevidencetosupportthisassumption.Commonsenseandexperiencetellsusthisisnotthecase,andthatavarietyofotherfactors,suchas…,alsoplaymajorroles.Withoutsuchevidencetheargumentcanberejectedoutofhand.Ifthisisthecase,itprovidesanalternativeexplanationforthefactthat...Theargumentfailstoindicatewhatportionofthepeoplesurveyedactuallyresponded;thesmallerthisportion,thelessreliabletheresults.并列(and)關(guān)系類排序/列舉(sequencing/listing)first(ly),firstofall,inthefirstplace,tobeginwith,thefirst(reason)is,initially,earliersecond(ly),then,next,followingthis/that,afterwards,afterthis/that,laterfinally,intheend,lastbutnottheleast遞進(jìn)(reinforcing)also,and,besides,furthermore,inaddition,what'smore,similarly,likewise,aswellas,moreover,andthen,too,notonly...but,even,besidesthis/thatC.等同(equating)is,refersto,mean,thatis,consistsof,inthesameway,likewise,similarly,accordingly,namely,equallyimportant,notonly.but(also),總結(jié)/