虛擬語氣 (1)課件

SubjunctiveMood虛擬語氣的用法一、虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法。條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的。句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆用陳述語氣。你如果把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。Oilfloatsifyoupouritonwater.假若明年我有錢，我就去法國。IfIhaveenoughmoneynextyear,IwillgotoFrance.非真實條件句所表示的假設(shè)則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆用虛擬語氣。條件從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式與現(xiàn)在事實相反If主語＋動詞過去式主語＋should/would/could/might+動詞原形與過去事實相反If主語＋had+動詞過去分詞主語＋should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞與將來事實相反If主語＋動詞過去式

＋should＋動詞原形＋wereto＋動詞原形主語＋should/would/could/might＋動詞原形2與過去的事實相反從句的謂語用had＋過去分詞，構(gòu)成IfI(we,you,he,they)＋had＋過去分詞的形式；主句的謂語用should（第一人稱）/would（第二、三人稱）/could/mighthave＋動詞過去分詞。如果你仔細一點，這個錯誤是可以避免的。Ifyouhadbeenmorecareful,themistake

mighthavebeenavoided.假如受過良好的教育，他就不會表現(xiàn)成那樣。Hewouldneverhavebehavedlikethatifhehadhadagoodeducation.假如我的表不停，我就會準時的。Ifmywatchhadnotstopped,Ishouldhavebeenontime.3與將來事實相反從句的謂語用IfI(we,you,he,they)＋動詞過去式或weretodo或shoulddo形式，主句謂語用should（第一人稱）/would（第二、三人稱）/could/might＋動詞原形。假如他來了，我們對他說什么呢？Ifheweretocome,whatshouldwesaytohim.假如他看見我，就會認識我。Ifheshouldseeme,hewouldknowme.假如我們爬上山頂，我們能有一個好的視野嗎？Ifweclimbedtothetopofthemountain,shouldwegetagoodview?4If從句中若含有should,had或者were，那么就可以把它們放在句首，與主語顛倒形成倒裝，但動詞過去式不可以與主語倒裝。如果他在，他會來幫助我們。Werehehere,hewouldcometohelpus.假如你剛才在這里，你就會遇見她。Hadyoubeenherejustnow,youwouldhavemether.假如我明天看見他，我就會告訴他關(guān)于這一切。ShouldIseehimtomorrow,Iwouldtellhimaboutit.5當條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時間不一致時，被稱為“錯綜時間條件句”，動詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時間作出相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。如果他早點出發(fā)，他現(xiàn)在已到家了。Ifhehadsetoutearlier,hewouldbehomenow.我要是不忙的話，我早就會過來了。IfIwerenotbusy,Iwouldhavecome.假如你接受了我的意見，你現(xiàn)在就會好的多。Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadtakenmyadvice.6用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。常用的介詞由with,without,butfor等。Whatwouldyoudowithamilliondollars?=ifyouhadamilliondollars二、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法1在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。（1）表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動詞用過去式或過去進行式（be動詞一般用were）。我希望知道這個問題的答案。IwishIknewtheanswertothequestion.但愿北京全年是秋天。IwishitwereautumninBeijingalltheyeararound.她希望仍和祖母住在一起。Shewishesshewerestilllivingwithhergrandmother.2在一個堅持（insist）,兩個命令（order,command）,三個建議（suggest,advice,propose）,四個要求（ask,demandrequest,require）等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“(should)＋動詞原形”，表示建議、要求、命令等。我建議馬上動身。Isuggestthatwe(should)setoffatonce.學(xué)生們堅持要多上英語課。Thestudentsinsistedthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishclasses.3在主語＋would(had)rather＋that賓語從句中，從句謂語用過去式表示虛擬形式。我倒希望他們和我一起去。Iwouldrathertheywentwithme.四、虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句的用法。在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名詞后的表語從句和同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣。其構(gòu)成是“should＋動詞原形”。Myideaisthatweshouldthinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatweshouldgotoDalianforsightseeing.五、在Itis(high)time(that)…的句型中，定語從句的虛擬形式常用過去式或should＋動詞原形（should不能省略），表示“現(xiàn)在該……”我們該走了。Itistimeweleft.六、ifonly…表示一種假設(shè)情況，意思是“要是······就好了”，相當于主語＋wish。要是今天是星期天就好了。IfonlyitwereSundaytoday.要是他幽默點就好了。Ifonlyhehadasenseofhumor.七、由asif(asthough)或eventhough(eventhough)引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時，從句謂語形式為動詞的過去式（be用were）或“had＋過去分詞”。他那樣對待我，好像我是陌生人似的。HetreatsmeasifI

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astranger.她談?wù)撃遣坑捌秃孟袼_實看過一樣。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.注意：如果表示的事情可能會發(fā)生，那么方式狀語從句中的謂語動詞可用陳述語氣。八、虛擬語氣用在含有Ifitwerenotfor或Ifithadnotbeenfor條件句中。Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp,wecouldn’thavefinishedtheworkaheadoftime.九、虛擬語氣表示委婉語氣的句型中。Itwouldbebetterforyounottodothat.Wouldyoubesokindastoshowmethewaytotherailwaystation.十、用于“may＋動詞原形”表示“祝愿……”，may須置于句首。Mayyousucceed!Mayyoubehappy!需要注意的問題a)含有助動詞should的條件句表示語氣較強的條件，常譯為“一旦…”。該條件句，除了常用于表示未來情況的非真實條件句以外，也可用在主句是陳述語氣或祈使語氣的句子中。例如：Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldhavetochangeourplan.（條件句）萬一明天下雨，我們將不得不改變計劃。Askhertoleaveamessageifsheshouldcome.（祈使句）她萬一來的話讓她留個信。b)suppose(supposing)也可以單獨引導(dǎo)一個句子，用于提出建議或假設(shè)。Supposewestartedtomorrow.我們明天動身吧。Supposingthelionshouldcomeoutofthecage?萬一獅子從籠子里跑出來呢？d)含蓄條件假設(shè)的情況有時不是用一個條件句來表示，而是隱含在一個由介詞（如：without,butfor,butthat）引導(dǎo)的短語中，或由連詞but，副詞otherwise，以及比較等級表示的上下文中。例如：Withoutelectricity,therewouldbenomodernindustry.Butforyourcooperation,wecouldnothavesucceededinourexperiment.Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.要不是害怕的話，她就會拒絕了。Amorecarefulpersonwouldn’thavemadesomanymistakes.e)混合型虛擬語氣如果條件從句表示的動作和主句表示的動作發(fā)生時間不一致，如主句是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，而從句則是對過去情況的虛擬，或者主句是對過去情況的虛擬，從句是對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，這時，主句和從句動詞的形式要根據(jù)各自所表示的時間進行調(diào)整。這就是混合型虛擬語氣。例如：Ifwehadn’thadsuchamagnificentoptimismtocarryusthroughallthesethings,wewouldn’tbehere.如果不是偉大的樂觀精神一路上支持我們，我們就不是現(xiàn)在的樣子了。（從句是對過去情況的假設(shè)，主句是對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)）IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’thaveshoutedathimbeforesomanypeople.Helookedhurt.如果我是你，我就不會當著這么多人的面對他大喊大叫。他看上去很傷心。（從句是對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)，主句是對過去情況的假設(shè)）2.Jeandoesn’twanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksifshe____ajob,sheprobablywouldn’tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.(CET4-9601)A.hastogetB.weretogetC.hadgotD.couldhavegotB4.____fortheactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(TEM4-2002)A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.WereitnotA5.Butforhiscourage,thebattle____.(CET6-9206)A.waslostB.willbelostC.wouldloseD.wouldhavebeenlostD6.Thetrafficwasveryheavy;otherwiseI____here50minutessooner.(CET4-9101)A.wouldbeB.shouldbeC.hadbeenD.wouldhavebeenD8.Janedoesnotwanttoworkrightawaybecauseshethinksifshe____ajobsheprobablywouldn'tbeabletoseeherfriendsveryoften.A.hastoget B.weretogetC.hadgot D.couldhavegotB9.Ifthewholeoperation____beforehand,agreatdealoftimeandmoneywouldhavebeenlost.A.wasnotplanned B.werenotplannedC.hasnotbeenplanned D.hadnotbeenplannedD10.IfI____harderatschool,Iwouldbesittinginacomfortableofficenow.A.workedB.weretowork C.hadworkedD.wereworkingC11.___beforewedepartthedayaftertomorrow,weshouldhaveawonderfuldinnerparty.A.HadtheyarrivedB.WouldtheyarriveC.Weretheyarriving D.WeretheytoarriveD12.Hadheworkedharder,he____theexams.A.musthavegotthrough B.wouldhavegotthroughC.wouldgetthrough D.couldgetthroughB13.____foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.A.Haditnotbeen B.ItwerenotC.Weren'tit D.HadnotitbeenA14.Thingsmighthavebeenmuchworseifthemother____onherrighttokeepthebaby.A.hasbeeninsisting B.hadinsistedC.wouldinsist D.insistedB15.Wedidn'tknowhistelephonenumber,otherwisewe____him.A.wouldhavetelephoned B.musthavetelephonedC.wouldtelephone D.hadtelephonedAFillintheblankswiththewordsinbrackets.Youmanchangetheformifnecessary.1Ourteachersuggestedthatwe____________(discuss)thequestioningroupsoffour.2Ifhehadnotmademanymistakes,he_________(pass)thetest.3Ifyouhadgonetoseethedoctorearlier