《考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解基礎(chǔ)講義》商志主編

《考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解基礎(chǔ)講義ー》商志主編編講商志主講介紹:★高等教育出版社考研英語(yǔ)高分系列叢書主編,“考研路上最不可錯(cuò)過(guò)的一位英語(yǔ)老師”★人生規(guī)劃大師,考研英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)史上劃時(shí)代的人物,考研英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo)高分神話的締造者★中國(guó)單詞第一人,傳奇考研英語(yǔ)滿分寫作創(chuàng)始人,碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)首席主講,應(yīng)試之王★直取本質(zhì)、徹底破解,主講的考研英語(yǔ)保過(guò)班、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班都成為了考研界無(wú)人能夠企及的巔峰之作,創(chuàng)造了多項(xiàng)他人無(wú)法打破的記錄撥開(kāi)考研迷霧打破英語(yǔ)瓶頸揭示致命誤區(qū),鋪就高分坦途ReadingComprehensionSectionA:Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)PartI總論i.考試大綱的要求最新考研英語(yǔ)考試大綱指出:“考生應(yīng)能讀懂各類書籍和報(bào)刊的不同類型的文字材料（生詞量不超過(guò)文章總字?jǐn)?shù)的3%）,還應(yīng)能讀懂與本人學(xué)習(xí)或工作有關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料、技術(shù)說(shuō)明和產(chǎn)品介紹等。對(duì)所讀材料,考生應(yīng)能:.理解主旨要義;.理解文中的具體信息;.理解文中的概念性含義;.進(jìn)行相關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申；.根據(jù)上下文推測(cè)生詞的詞義；.理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文之間的關(guān)系；.理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度;.區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)。II,閱讀理解的三要素:1.課文（text）的特點(diǎn)（-）題材內(nèi)容涉及社會(huì)科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和人文科學(xué)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的知識(shí),其中社會(huì)科學(xué)所占比堂較大,自然科學(xué)所占比重不大,人文科學(xué)近來(lái)有增加的趨勢(shì)。社會(huì)科學(xué)常涉及的領(lǐng)域有經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、心理學(xué)、社會(huì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、傳播學(xué)等，但政治、軍事不涉及。自然科學(xué)主要涉及醫(yī)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、工程和科學(xué)史等。人文科學(xué)主要涉及文學(xué)評(píng)論、語(yǔ)言、雜文和散文等。（二）文體在體裁上,大綱要求能讀懂四類文章:議論文、說(shuō)明文、記敘文和應(yīng)用文（如信函、技術(shù)說(shuō)明和產(chǎn)品介紹等）。イ口出題以議論文和說(shuō)明文為主。（三）文章來(lái)源歷年考研英語(yǔ)試卷上閱讀理解A部分的四篇文章幾乎全部選自英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文獻(xiàn)資料:2013Text1''FastFashion"BusinessWeek（《商業(yè)周刊》）2012年6月21日）Text2''MicrosoftandPrivacy:ChangeofTrack*'Economist（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》）2012年6月9日）Text34tThcEver-brightProspectsofMankind** NewScientist （《新科學(xué)家》）2012年9月Text4'TheBalanceofPowerbetweentheFederalandtheStates**WallStreetJournal年6月25日2012Text1"HerdMentality**Time （《時(shí)代》,2011年3月24日）Text2"VermontYankeePlant'sOwnerMustHonorItsOwnPromises*'B（《波士頓網(wǎng)站》）2011年4月24日）Text3"EverydayPracticeofScience:WhereIntuitionandPassionMeetObjectivityandLogic”Text4"EnemiesofProgress:theBiggestBarrierstoPublic-sectorReformAretheUnions"Economist（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2011年3月17日）2011Text1t4SellingClassicalMusic"Commentary（《評(píng)論》,2007年9月）Text2 "TopManagersAreQuitting,WithoutaNewJob"BusinessWeek（《商業(yè)周刊》）2009年9月5日）Text3 "BeyondPaidMedia:Marketing'sNewVocabulary"Forbes（《福布斯》）2010年12月3日）Text4"NotonBoardwithBaby"Newsweek（《新聞周刊》,2009年9月7日）2010Text1 k*TheAmateurasCritic" Commentary（《評(píng)論》,2009年6月）Text2 t4APendingThreattoPatents"BusinessWeek（《商業(yè)周刊》）2008年2月21日）Text3 "WhoDriveSocialEpidemics"HarvardBusinessReview（《哈佛經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)論》,2007年2月）Text4l4BankersonTheWrongPlanetMEconomist（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2009年4月）2009Text1"CanYouBecomeaCreatureofNewHabits"NewYorkTimes（《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》,2008年5月4日）Text2"Who'sYourDaddy?TheAnswerMayBeattheDrugstore"ScientificAmerican（《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》,2008年11月14日）Text3uEducatingGlobalWorkers"MckinseyQuarterly（《麥肯錫季刊》,2003年12月）Text4"Civilization"IntellectualLifeinAmerica:AHistory（《美國(guó)歷史:文化教育》1989年）2008Text1"GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress" Discovery（《探索頻道》,2006年5月フ日）Text2<4ThePaperlessLibrary" Economist （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2005年9月24日）Text3“Napoleon'sRevenge" ScientificAmerican （《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》,2001年7月17日）Text44,TheSorryLegacyoftheFounders" USNewsandWorldReport （《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》）2007Text1“AStarisMade” NewYorkTimes （《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》,2006年5月7日）Text2"IntelligenceConsidered'* ScientificAmerican （《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》）Text3kiTheMiddleClassonthePrecipice" HazardMagazine（《哈佛雜志》,2006年1月）Text4“InformationSecurity" Economist （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2005年6月23日）2006Text2“InsideMeaning" TheObserver（《觀察家報(bào)》）Text3“〇cean'seleventhhour?" Economist （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2003年5月15日）lext4"TheArtofUnhappiness” Time （《時(shí)代》,2005年1月17日）2005TextlkTairandSquare" Economist. （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2003年9月18日）Text2WashingtonPost （《華盛頓郵報(bào)》時(shí)事評(píng)論）Text3"TakingControl" Newsweek （《新聞周刊》,2002年7月15日）Text4"TalkingDown Economist （《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2004年1月2日）2004TextlwPuttingtheNettoWork".USNews&WorldR叩ort（《美國(guó)新聞與世界報(bào)道》,1997年10月27日）Text2“AseasyasZYX".Economist（《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家》,2001年8月30日）Text3"What'saShoppertoDo?"Newsweek（《新聞周刊》,2000年12月18日）Text4“NurturingtheLifeoftheMind",ASBJ（2001年1月美國(guó)學(xué)校輦事會(huì)雜志）

大綱要求理解主旨要義理解文中的具體信息理解文中的概念性含大綱要求理解主旨要義理解文中的具體信息理解文中的概念性含義進(jìn)行相關(guān)的判斷、推理和引申根據(jù)上ド文推測(cè)生詞的詞義理解文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文之間的關(guān)系理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度區(qū)分論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)題型 —（一）主旨題（-）事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題,判斷題（三）句子理解題（四）推理題（五）詞義題（六）文章/段落總體結(jié)構(gòu)題、例證題&新題型（七）態(tài)度題（八）論據(jù)與論點(diǎn)之間關(guān)系題&新題型. 3.選項(xiàng)（choices）的特點(diǎn)（一）改寫（paraphrase）（二）引申（implication）（二）無(wú)關(guān)（irrelevance）III.閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)的致命誤區(qū).兩大誤區(qū)在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)草草看過(guò)、抓大意不求其解的文章的太多,認(rèn)真細(xì)讀、透徹分析和總結(jié)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的太少;在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)草草做過(guò)、其至連蒙帶猜的題太多,對(duì)題和選項(xiàng)認(rèn)真細(xì)讀、透徹分析的太少,對(duì)題的規(guī)律和選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律系統(tǒng)總結(jié)和歸納的太少。.發(fā)作表現(xiàn)即便有些語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)已看過(guò)n次,在第n+1次再看到它時(shí)還是似會(huì)非會(huì)、似是而非、朦朧暈眩、半死不活的感覺(jué);即便有些類型的題、有些種類的選項(xiàng)已遇到過(guò)n次,在第n+1次遇到時(shí)還是沒(méi)想到這種題型、這種選項(xiàng)的規(guī)律,所以做題依然只能靠蒙。3,后果大量做真題和模擬題成為了一種自我安慰、自欺欺人的手段，而真正的閱讀水平、真正的得分并沒(méi)有得到提高,原來(lái)怎么夢(mèng)游還怎么夢(mèng)游、原來(lái)錯(cuò)幾個(gè)依然錯(cuò)幾個(gè)。IV.閱讀理解復(fù)習(xí)的科學(xué)方法（-）課文（texts） 精讀和泛讀的合理結(jié)合+知識(shí)面/背景知識(shí)2004--2013年閱讀理解A部分共考了40篇文章,要做到精讀，徹底分析透其中的每ー個(gè)句子中的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)、徹底分析透每一段中句子之間的關(guān)系。此后,把這40篇課文按題材橫向總結(jié)。泛讀和真題難度相當(dāng)、題材一致的模擬題,乃至相關(guān)漢語(yǔ)讀物，以擴(kuò)大相關(guān)知識(shí)面。.詞匯的識(shí)別能力“考生應(yīng)能掌握5,500個(gè)左右的詞匯以及相關(guān)詞組”首先,歷年text中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的高頻核心詞匯要高度熟練掌握。此外,熟詞生義要反亜背記《3147核心詞匯寶典》（注意:必須是2014最新升級(jí)版。因?yàn)橹挥凶钚律?jí)版包含最新考研英語(yǔ)考試大綱新增加的單詞）上給出的漢語(yǔ)釋義:claim,act,cause,late,modest,preserve,program,reason/reasoning,remains,...最后,學(xué)有余力又想考高分的同學(xué),還要花時(shí)間對(duì)大綱里未曾考過(guò)的生僻詞做到認(rèn)識(shí)。. 2.長(zhǎng)難句的理解能力主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ);插入成分、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ);從句:非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);強(qiáng)調(diào)、倒裝;虛擬語(yǔ)氣、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu);it的用法;with短語(yǔ)的用法.篇章的宏觀把握能力和段落的分析能力徹底掌握每篇課文，就不僅僅要聚焦于對(duì)單詞、句子的局部理解,還要對(duì)篇章以及段落的總特點(diǎn)、對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析。直充,要熟知考研英語(yǔ)文章的行文模式,抓住文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu),了解作者中心意圖,推測(cè)全文大意;其玄，要注意分析每段中句子的一致性與連貫性:段落的一致性表現(xiàn)在全段由一個(gè)主題句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)，后面跟有若干支持句。所有的支持句必須為主題句服務(wù)，圍繞該主題句展開(kāi)，或陳述原因，或羅列事實(shí)、步驟和情節(jié)。大多數(shù)段落主題句的位置在段首，尤其是從第二段起以后的段落。但段落主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在段落中間或最后，尤其是第一段。段落的連貫性是指段落中句子與句子之間的銜接必須合乎邏輯，即思想發(fā)展合乎邏輯，過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)使用恰當(dāng),層次分明,脈絡(luò)清晰，聯(lián)系緊湊,語(yǔ)句流暢，使讀者容易掌握作者的思路，了解段落意思。實(shí)現(xiàn)段落的連貫性，除了要合理地安排素材，使邏輯聯(lián)系自然、緊湊外,在結(jié)構(gòu)上,還可以通過(guò)其他手段來(lái)達(dá)到連貫性的目的,如重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞、合理使用代詞及其他起指代作用的詞、使用過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)、使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)等。要總結(jié)出每段的主旨或找出每段的主題句（區(qū)分主題句與支持句）；還要分析每段中句與句之間的關(guān)系。（二）題（questions）熟悉各種題型的解題思路,提高各種題型的剖析能力;主旨題,例證題,細(xì)節(jié)題,單詞理解題（詞匯題）,作者態(tài)度題、推理題等。（三）選項(xiàng)（choices）了解出題人在造選項(xiàng)時(shí)的命題思路，并加強(qiáng)研究正確答案和干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)。V、特別提醒.整理出（至少是反復(fù)記憶）文章中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的2000個(gè)左右核心詞匯;.熟練掌握文中的路標(biāo)詞和句子;.熟悉閱讀中最重要的句型,包括插入、定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句，名擴(kuò),并列,分詞,倒裝等;.熟練掌握對(duì)文章進(jìn)行宏觀分析的閱讀方法:包括查找文章的中心（詞），熟悉文章的結(jié)構(gòu),作者情感態(tài)度等；.熟練掌握對(duì)文章進(jìn)行微觀分析的閱讀方法:①根據(jù)題干,推出作者的出題意圖，②根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)能夠到文章中準(zhǔn)確定位,并準(zhǔn)確分析相關(guān)句、句對(duì)、句段或句篇，⑶能意識(shí)到選項(xiàng)中常見(jiàn)的陷阱、常見(jiàn)的線索提示信息;.熟悉文章的寫作的風(fēng)格，描述型,定義型,比較對(duì)比型,因果型,駁斥型,時(shí)間變化型等描述性結(jié)構(gòu)（主要介紹事物、問(wèn)題或傾向的特點(diǎn),對(duì)人物、事件的描述中,時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等往往是出題重點(diǎn)）釋義性結(jié)構(gòu)（解釋某一理論、學(xué)科、事物，主要用例子比喻類比闡述）比較性結(jié)構(gòu)（把兩個(gè)人或事物功能、特點(diǎn)、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比）原因性結(jié)構(gòu)（這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要分析事物的成因，客觀的、主觀的、直接的、間接的）駁斥性結(jié)構(gòu)（這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是先介紹ー種觀點(diǎn)，然后對(duì)其評(píng)論或駁斥，然后分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)，危害性，最后闡明自己的觀點(diǎn)）?！犊佳杏⒄Z(yǔ)閱讀理解基礎(chǔ)講義二》商志主編PartTwoOriginalTests1997Passage1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurewaspassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldawaybyJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'sonlineservice,DeathNETSaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It'sworldhistory.0Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIlllawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofreliefothers,includingchurches,rightto-lifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnotogyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera"coolingoff°periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLbydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer;theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."I'mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,becauseI'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,0hesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat .theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountriesphysiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasiachangingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelawittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassageWhentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans .observersaretakingawaitandseeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasiasimilarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,CanadaandothercountriesobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoestheeffecttakingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastopWhenLloydNicksondies,hewill .facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasiaexperiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatienthaveanintensefearofterriblesufferingundergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendaysTheauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof .oppositionsuspicionapprovalindifferencePassage2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly;courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefail；thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry;atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.DullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanotherStrangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn'ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remembei;youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytravele匚Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.°Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner—amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate“culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend”,theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld, .rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUSsmallmindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscommentCanadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighborsmostAmericansarereadytoofferhelpItcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat .cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationshipcourteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelatedvariousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriendssocialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventionsFamiliesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers .toimprovetheirhardlifeinviewoftheirbngdistancetraveltoaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylifeoutofacharitableimpulseThetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers .tendstobesuperficialandartificialisgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStatesisalwaysunderstoodproperlywassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsPassage3Technically;anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon'trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase"substanceabuse"isoftenusedinsteadof°drugabuse"tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantssbwitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mindmanifesting")becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone'sstateofconsciousness.59?“SubstanceabuseH(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto"drugabuse"inthat .A)substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyusedB)"drugabuseMisonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakersC)alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaineD)manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonousTheword"pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean .A)widespreadB)overwhelmingC)piercingD)fashionablePhysicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom .uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimeexclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposesquantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseasescarelessempbymentofthemforunpleasantsymptomsFromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat .stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemindhallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealthdepressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstancesthethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsPassage4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.°Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.HYouhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?'AtTimeWarner;however;suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoulsearchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It'saselfexaminationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility;creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealscbse.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany;butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany'srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIceT'sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.°Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,*'hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon'tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.',Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishardlinestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety'silk"andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe"balancedstruggle"betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter"Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited/'saysLuce."Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor .itsraisingofthecorporatestockpriceitsself-examinationofsoulitsneglectofsocialresponsibilityitsemphasisoncreativefreedomAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWarnerGeraldLevinisliabletocompromise.TimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate.SteveRossisnobngeraliveInfaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman .stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpressionsoftenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicychangedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjectionreceivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboardThebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe .A)ACompanyunderFire B)ADebateonMoralDeclineC)ALawfulOutletofStreetCultureD)AFormofCreativeFreedomPassage5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas"steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding"or"atouchonthebrakes”,makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearetong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheelGivenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyeanclosetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisatongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpo\]seachmonthsaidthatAmerica'sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbebwtheratepredictedattheendoflastyea匚Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlybwerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica's,havelittleproductiveslack.America'scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyeananditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbebwmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunempbyment—theratebebwwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately;alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.67.Fromthepassagewelearnthat .thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrateseconomywillalwaysfolbwcertainmodelstheeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpectedeconomistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituationAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?MakingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingacarAnextremelybwjoblessratewillleadtoinflationAhighunempbymentratewillresultfrominflationInterestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomyThesentenceaThisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat .thebwinflationratewilllastforsometimetheinflationratewillsoonrisetheinflationwilldisappearquicklythereisnoinflationatpresentThepassageshowsthattheauthoris thepresentsituation.A)criticalof B)puzzledby C)disappointedat D)amazedat1998年P(guān)assage1Fewcreationsofbigtechnobgycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffbodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.ThelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautifulItdoesn'thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt'sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey'sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft