轉(zhuǎn)博-專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)卷

一、英譯漢（每題1共10分1、Herniaoflineaalba2、Hypophosphatemia3、Shunts4、Echinococcusdiseaseofliver5、Cryoprecipitate6、NeurologicalIntermittentclaudication7、Intertrochanteric 8、Stress9、Intravenous10Transmyocardiallaser二、漢譯英（每題1共10分1、急 性腸2 自控性陣3、腸系膜上靜脈血栓形4、膈下膿5、吻合6、特發(fā)7、坐骨神經(jīng)損8、良 增9、急性10、根治性全肺切除三、專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯（60分ClinicalTrialsinThemethodologyofclinicaltrialshasadvancedconsiderablyinthelast40years,largelythroughtheprocessofpharmaceuticaldevelopment,forwhichFDAregulationhasprovidedaframeworkrequiringRCTs.However,thereisnoogousregulatorystructureforclinicalprocedures,includingsurgicalprocedures.Asdiscussedingreaterdetailbelow,therearesomerealpracticalandconceptualdifficultiesregardingtheuseofRCTsinevaluatingsurgicalprocedures.Consequently,therearefewerclinicaltrialsinthesurgicalliterature.Thedelayinengaginginrandomizedsurgicaltrialscsobeattributedtothefactthatearlyinvestigationsinsurgicaltreatment,intheformofcaseseries,oftendemonstratedsuchdramaticpatientresponsesthatformaltrialswereunnecessary.However,asoureffortsincreasinglyfocusonthetreatmentofdiseasesthatarenotimmediaylifethreatening,dramaticandunequivocalpatientresponsesarenotseenasoften,andtheneedtoengageinrigorousstudiestodemonstrateefficacyhaseimportant.Significantly,thefailuretoengageinclinicaltrialsearlyintheevaluationofanewsurgicalprocedureoftencausesthelossoftheopportunitytoperformsuchatrial;onceanewprocedureisinwidespreaduse,evenwhenthisuseisbasedoninadequateevidenceofefficacy,itisnearlyimpossibletomotivateinvestigatorsandpatientstoengageinarandomizedtrial.Examplesoftreatmentsthathaveestandardpracticeintheabsenceofcontrolledclinicaltrialsfetaldistress.Patients'difficultywithacceptingrandomassignmentoftreatmenthasalsocontributedtotheslowdevelopmentofclinicaltrialsinsurgery.Thisisespeciallytruewhentheexperimentalandcontroltreatmentsareradicallydifferent,suchasthecomparisonofamputationandlimb-sparingtherapyforosteogenicaofanextremity.Inaconventionalrandomizationscheme,patientswouldneedtobewillingtoconsent,inadvance,toeitherlosingorsavingalimb.Theywouldthentheirfateafterwhatamountstoarollofthedice.Alternatives,suchastherandomizedconsentdesign,allowthepatientachoiceafterrandomization,andyetestablishequallyconstitutedgroupswithrespecttotheriskoftheeevent.Inthisscheme,patientsarerandomizedtoaconsentgrouporano-consentgroup.Thenoconsentgroupreceivesstandardtherapy,asiftheywerenotinthetrial.However,theyactuallyserveasthecontrolgroupforthetrial.Thosepatientsassignedtotheconsentgrouparegivenachoicebetweentheexperimentalandthestandardtherapy.Theconsentgroupandtheno-consentgrouphaveequalprobabilitiesofthestudye,anditistheesofthesetwogroupsthatarecompared.Withthisdesign,notallthepatientsintheconsentgroupreceivetheexperimentaltreatment,andthedegreetowhichthishappensdeterminesthestatisticalefficiencyofthedesign.However,thismaybecompensatedforbythefactthattherandomizedconsentdesignmayattractmorepatientsintothetrialthanwouldbethecasewithconventionalconsentprocedures.Anotherimportantdifferencebetweensurgicalandpharmaceuticaltrialsisthatsurgicalproceduresoftenundergoextensiverefinement,andlaterachievementsusuallyfarsurpassthoseoftheexperimentaloperations.Consequently,theresultsofacomparativeclinicaltrialofanewsurgicalinterventiondependonwhenthecomparisonwasmade.Thisposesaprobleminselectingtheoptimaltimetobringasurgicalproceduretotrial:waitingtoolongoftenresultsinwidespreaduseoftheprocedureandaloss