海明威文學(xué)作品簡(jiǎn)介(英語(yǔ))市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省名師優(yōu)質(zhì)課賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

AmericanLiteratureTheAmericanModernism(IV)(1914-1945)ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)HemingwayI.Biography:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanwriterandjournalist.Hisdistinctivewritingstyle—knownastheicebergtheory—characterizedbyeconomyandunderstatement,influenced20th-centuryfiction,asdidhisapparentlifeofadventureandthepublicimagehecultivated.Heproducedmostofhisworkbetweenthemid-1920sandthemid-1950s,andhiscareerpeakedin1954whenhewontheNobelPrizeinLiterature.Hemingway‘sfictionwassuccessfulbecausethecharactershepresentedexhibitedauthenticitythatreverberated（回響）

withhisaudience.ManyofhisworksareclassicsofAmericanliterature.Hepublishedsevennovels,sixshortstorycollections,andtwonon-fictionworksduringhislifetime,withafurtherthreenovels,fourcollectionsofshortstories,andthreenon-fictionworkspublishedafterhisdeath.

ErnestHemingwaywasbornonJuly21,1899,inthevillageofOakPark,Illinois,closetotheprairiesandwoodswestofChicago.BothhereandinMichigan,hewouldexplore,camp,fishandhuntwithhisphysicianfather,Dr.ClarenceHemingway.BothparentsandtheirnearbyfamiliesfosteredtheVictorianprioritiesofthetime:religion,family,workanddiscipline.TheyfollowedtheVictorians'elaboratesentimentalstyleinlivingandwriting.AtOakParkandRiverForestHighSchool,Ernestreportedandwrotearticles,poemsandstoriesfortheschool'spublicationslargelybasedonhisdirectexperiences.Afterleavinghighschoolheworkedforafewmonthsasareporter,beforeleavingfortheItalianfronttobecomeanambulancedriverduringWorldWarI,whichbecamethebasisforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms.Hewasseriouslywoundedandreturnedhomewithintheyear.

InEuropeinthe1920's,Ernestlearnedfromavant-gardewriterslikeGertrudeSteinandEzraPound.Hemingwayusedthesemethodsinshortstoriesandnovelsthatcapturedtheattentionofbothcriticsandthepublic.In1922HemingwaymarriedHadleyRichardson,thefirstofhisfourwives,andthecouplemovedtoParis,whereheworkedasaforeigncorrespondent.Duringhistimetherehemetandwasinfluencedbymodernistwritersandartistsofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityknownasthe"LostGeneration".Hisfirstnovel,TheSunAlsoRises,waswrittenin1924.HemingwayandHadleyPaulineMariePfeifferAfterdivorcingHadleyRichardsonin1927HemingwaymarriedPaulinePfeiffer;theydivorcedfollowingHemingway'sreturnfromcoveringtheSpanishCivilWar,afterwhichhewroteForWhomtheBellTolls.MarthaEllisGellhornMarthaGellhornbecamehisthirdwifein1940,butheleftherforMaryWelshHemingwayafterWorldWarII,duringwhichhewaspresentatD-DayandtheliberationofParis.MaryWelshShortlyafterthepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeain1952Hemingwaywentonsafari（旅行）toAfrica,wherehewasalmostkilledinaplanecrashthatlefthiminpainorill-healthformuchoftherestofhislife.HemingwayhadpermanentresidencesinKeyWest,Florida,andCubaduringthe1930sand40s,butin1959hemovedfromCubatoIdaho,wherehecommittedsuicideinthesummerof1961.II.HisNovels:TheSunAlsoRise(1926)Thenovelconcernsagroupofpsychologicallybruised,disillusionedexpatriateslivinginpostwarParis,whotakepsychicrefugeinsuchimmediatephysicalactivitiesaseating,drinking,traveling,brawling,andsoon.Withthepublicationofit,hewasrecognizedasthespokesmanofthe“l(fā)ostgeneration”(socalledbyGertrudeStein).AFarewellToArms(1929)tellsofatragicwartimeloveaffairbetweenanambulancedriverandanEnglishnurse.DeathintheAfternoon(1932),anonfictionworkaboutbullfightingGreenHillsofAfrica(1935),anonfictionworkaboutbig-gamehunting,glorifyvirility（男子氣）,bravery,andthevirtueofaprimal（最初）challengetolife.ToHaveAndHaveNot(1937)TheFifthColumn(hisonlyplay1938)ForWhomTheBellTolls(1940),indetailinganincidentinthewar,arguesforhumanbrotherhood.AcrosstheRiverandintotheTrees(1950)TheOldManAndTheSea(1952,PulitzerPrize),celebratestheindomitable（不屈服）courageofanagedCubanfisherman.Paris:AMoveableFeast(1964)IslandsintheStream(1970)III.HisCollectionsofStoriesThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923),InOurTime(1924)MenwithoutWomen(1927)WinnerTakeNothing(1933)FirstForty-nineStories(1938)IV.Hisfamousstories:TheKillersTheUndefeatedTheSnowsofKilimanjaroV.HismasterpiecePlotSummaryInasmallfishingvillageinCuba,Santiago,anold,weatheredfishermanhasjustgone84dayswithoutcatchingafish.Onthe85thday,heisdeterminedtocatchabig,impressivefish.Foryears,SantiagohasbeenfishingwithayoungboynamedManolin.Manolinstartedfishingwiththeoldmanwhenhewasonly5yearsold.SantiagoislikeManolin'ssecondfather,andhastaughttheyoungboyeverythingaboutfishing.ManolinisextremelyloyaltoSantiagoandmakessurethattheoldmanisalwayssafeandhealthy.Manolin'sparents,however,forcetheboytoleaveSantiagoandfishonamorelucrativefishingboat.ManolindoesnotwanttoleaveSantiago,butmusthonorhisdutytohisparents.Onthenewboat,Manolincatchesseveralfishwithinthefirstfewdays.Santiago,meanwhile,decidestoheadoutontheGulfStreamalone.Hefeelsthe85thdaywillbeluckyforhim.Hesetsoutonhisold,ricketyskiff（搖擺小船）.Aloneonthewater,Santiagosetsuphisfishinglines（釣鉤）withtheutmostprecision,askillthatotherfishermanlack.Finally,hefeelssomethingheavytuggingatoneofhislines.AhugeMarlin（青槍魚(yú)）hasfoundSantiago‘sbaitandthissetsoffaverylongstrugglebetweenthetwo.TheMarlinissohugethatitdragsSantiagobeyondallotherboatsandpeople-hecannolongerseelandfromwherethefishdragshim.Thestruggletakesitstoll（造成損傷）onSantiago.Hishandsbecomebadlycrampedandheiscutandbruisedfromtheforceofthefish.SantiagoandtheMarlinbecomeunitedoutatsea.Theyareattachedtoeachotherphysically,andinSantiago‘scase,emotionally.HerespectsandlovestheMarlinandadmiresitsbeautyandgreatness.Heseesthefishashisbrother.Despitethis,Santiagohastokillit.Hefeelsguiltykillingabrother,butafteranintensestruggleinwhichthefishdragstheskiffaroundincircles,Santiagoharpoons（用魚(yú)叉叉）theverylargefishandhangsitonthesideofhisboat.Hefeelsbrave,likehisheroJoeDiMaggio,whoaccomplishedgreatfeatsdespiteobstacles,injuriesoradversities.Afterenjoyingafewmomentsofpride,apackofsharksdetectsthebloodinthewaterandfollowthetrailtoSantiago'sskiff.Santiagohastofendoffeachsharkthatgoesafterhisprizedcatch.EachsharktakesahugebiteoutoftheMarlin,buttheoldmanfendsthemoff,himselfnowbruised,butalive.HesailsbacktoshorewiththecarcassofhisMarlin.Heisbarelyabletowalkandslowlystaggersbacktohishut,wherehefallsintobed.Thenextmorning,theboyfindshismentorandcrieswhenhelooksatSantiago'sbruisedhands.Hepromiseshewillrejecthisparents'wishesandvowstofishwithSantiagoagain.MainCharacters:Santiago:Theheroofthestory.HeisanoldCubanfishermanwhoisaperfectionistwhenitcomestofishing.Despitehisprecisemethods,hehasnoluckatsea.Santiagowantstobeunique:agreaterandstrangerpersonthanhispeersoutatsea.Helovesbaseballanddreamsoflions.Heisalone,exceptforthecompanyofManolin.Heisdeterminedtocatchonebigfish.Manolin:Theyoungboywhoisadisciple（徒弟）ofSantiagoandwhotakescareofhim.Hisparentspreferthatheworkwithmoresuccessfulfishermen,butashebecomeshisownman,hechoosestobeloyaltoSantiago.Marlin:TheMarlinisthebigfishthatSantiagodesperatelywantsandneedstocatch.Itisanawesomefishthatimpressestheoldman.Becauseofthefish'sgreatness,hebecomeslikeabrothertoSantiagoTheSea:Asitstitlesuggests,theseaiscentralcharacterinthenovella.Mostofthestorytakesplaceonthesea,andSantiagoisconstantlyidentifiedwithitanditscreatures;hissea-coloredeyesreflectboththesea’stranquility（寧?kù)o）andpower,anditsinhabitantsarehisbrothers.Santiagoreferstotheseaasawoman,andtheseaseemstorepresentthefemininecomplementtoSantiago'smasculinity.Theseamightalsobeseenastheunconsciousfromwhichcreativeideasaredrawn.3.Hemingway’sstyle1)Asthemostwidelyimitatedofanyinthe20thcentury,heisgenerallyknownforhis"masteryoftheartofmodernnarration."Hemingwayhimselfoncesaid,"Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater".Typicalofthis"iceberg"analogyisHemingway'sstyle.

2)WhilerenderingvividlytheoutwardphysicaleventsandsensationsHemingwayexpressesthemeaningofthestoryandconveysthecomplexemotionsofhischaracterswithaconsiderablerangeandastonishingintensityoffeeling.

3)Besides,HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain.Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharesowellpresentedthatthecharactersarefulloffleshandbloodandtheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentenceshasaneffectofclearness,terseness（言簡(jiǎn)意賅）andgreatcare.Thisruthlesseconomyinhiswritingstandsasastrikingapplicationofanarchitecturalmaxim:“Lessismore.”(簡(jiǎn)練至上)4.LiterarysignificanceandcriticismTheOldManandtheSeaservedtoreinvigorate(振興)Hemingway'sliteraryreputationandpromptedareexaminationofhisentirebodyofwork.Thenovellawasinitiallyreceivedwithmuchpopularity;itrestoredmanyreaders'confidenceinHemingway'scapabilityasanauthor.Itspublisher,Scribner's,onanearlydustjacket,calledthenovellaa"newclassic,"andmanycriticsfavorablycompareditwithsuchworksasWilliamFaulkner's"TheBear"andHermanMelville'sMoby-Dick.AspokesmanfortheLostGenerationTheterm“l(fā)ostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeStein,alostgenerationwriterherself,afterWorldWarI.ItwasbetweenthefirstandsecondWorldWars.SpeakingtoErnestHemingway,shesaid,"youareallalostgeneration."TheLostGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhowererebellingagainstwhatAmericahadbecomebythe1900’s.Seekingthebohemian（波西米亞）lifestyleandrejectingthevaluesofAmericanmaterialism,anumberofintellectuals,poets,artistsandwritersfledtoFranceinthepostWorldWarIyears.Pariswasthecenterofitall.Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.Hemingway’sHeroesHemingway’sfictionusuallyfocusesonpeoplelivingessential,dangerouslives—soldiers,fishermen,athletes,bullfighters—whomeetthepainanddifficultyoftheirexistencewithstoiccourage.