英語寫作課件

英語寫作課件提要：本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異，明白自己在寫英文時受到漢語哪些干擾，從提高單句的寫作能力著手，消滅各種類型的基本錯誤，從而提高整體的寫作能力。1.標(biāo)點錯誤2.用詞混淆3.搭配問題4.漏詞5.累贅6.不一致7.不平衡8.錯位9.垂懸10. 應(yīng)用定語從句時易犯的錯誤英語寫作課件1雖然通過中學(xué)或大學(xué)的英語訓(xùn)練，但是許多人寫出的文章錯誤百出，其中包括基本的拼寫、用詞、時態(tài)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的錯誤。這些錯誤的產(chǎn)生主要是因為受到母語的干擾。許多學(xué)生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差別，所以寫出來的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異，明白自己在寫英文時受到漢語哪些干擾，從而消滅各種類型的基本錯誤。實踐表明，多數(shù)學(xué)生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，而是最基本的單句寫作能力。文章無論長短，都是由句子組成的，句子是表達思想的最基本的單位。因此，句子是否能寫得正確、達意和清楚，將直接影響整篇文章的寫作質(zhì)量。要提高寫作的能力，必須從提高單句的寫作能力著手。雖然通過中學(xué)或大學(xué)的英語訓(xùn)練，但是許多人寫出的文章錯誤百出26.1標(biāo)點錯誤英語屬印歐語系，漢語屬漢藏語系英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，漢語結(jié)構(gòu)松散。語言學(xué)家以“竹節(jié)句法”來比喻英語句子，即英語句子是由必不可少的各種連接詞銜接而成，宛如節(jié)節(jié)相連的竹子；而漢語句子則被比喻為“流水句法”，所謂的流水指少用乃至不用連接詞仍行文流暢。英語是形合的，而漢語是意合的，這是中文和英文的最大區(qū)別。英語句子中如果少了連接詞，如or，but，if，so，because，when，although，inorderthat，sothat等等，所要表達的意思就會支離破碎，而漢語有時即便沒有連接詞，只從句子本身的意思也可以把概念或關(guān)系表達清楚。6.1標(biāo)點錯誤3例如，中文可以說“一個英國人，不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行”。而英文要說“AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina．”又比如：“他笑了，我哭了”。英文不能說“Helaughed,Icried.”而要說“Helaughed,butIcried.”這個例子是典型的標(biāo)點錯誤，英語語法家稱之為commasplices(接合)，翻譯成中文就是“串句”。下面我們通過一些練習(xí)來提高英文標(biāo)點符號的使用能力。例如，中文可以說“一個英國人，不會說中國話，有一次在中國旅行4（1）

采用多種方法，例如增加and或but，使用主從句、分詞短語、不定式等改正下面的串句。a.

考試推遲了，上課取消了。誤：Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.正：Theexamwaspostponed,andtheclasswascancelled.

Astheexamwaspostponed,theclasswascancelled.b.

雨下了整整一夜，天花板開始漏水。誤：Itrainedallnight,theceilingbegantoleak.正：Itrainedallnight,andtheceilingbegantoleak.Theceilingbegantoleakbecauseithadrainedallnight.Thenight-longraincausedtheceilingtoleak.（1） 采用多種方法，例如增加and或but，使用主從句、分5c.

他舉起一塊石頭，石頭砸在他的腳上。誤：Heliftedarock,itfellonhisfeet.正：Heliftedarock,butitfellonhisfeet.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisfeet.d.

售票處排起了長隊，所有票子都已售完。誤：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,alltheticketshadbeensoldout.正：Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,butalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,thoughalltheticketshadbeensoldout.Manypeoplelinedupattheticketbooth,despitethefactthatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.c.

他舉起一塊石頭，石頭砸在他的腳上。6（2）同樣一句話，用了逗號，或者多用了一個逗號，或者逗號的位置不同，意思會完全改變。a.

作者原來的意思是：Thereweretenchairsintheroom.Threeofthemwerebroken.Theotherswerefine.下面哪一句最符合原意：(i)

Thechairs,whichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.(ii)

Thechairswhichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iii)

Thechairs,whichwereinbadconditionweresentouttoberepaired.(iv)

Thechairswhichwereinbadcondition,weresentouttoberepaired.正確選擇應(yīng)為(ii)。如果選(i)，則意味著所有椅子都壞了。(iii)和(iv)在語法上都不成立。（2）同樣一句話，用了逗號，或者多用了一個逗號，或者逗號的位7b.

請指出下面兩個句子的意思有什么不同。(i)

Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lectures,andspeeches,weresaved.盡管他們的房子被燒毀時，所有的家具都毀壞了，但是彼得大部分的唱片、講稿和演說稿被保存下來。(ii)

Althoughalltheirfurniturewasdestroyedwhentheirhouseburneddown,mostofPeter’srecords,lecturesandspeeches,weresaved.盡管他們的房子被燒毀時，所有的家具都毀壞了，但是彼得大部分的資料，即講稿和演說稿被保存下來。b.

請指出下面兩個句子的意思有什么不同。8（3）去掉多余的逗號。a.誤：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuse,andorganizedrobbery.正：Theriseincrimeisattributedtodrugabuseandorganizedrobbery.b.

誤：Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcar,andtosellhisoldone.正：Hetoldmethathehopedtobuyanewcarandtosellhisoldone.c.誤：Hisstudents,listenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.正：Hisstudentslistenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.d.

誤：Aletter,thatiswritteninpencil,isdifficulttoread.正：Aletterthatiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.（3）去掉多余的逗號。9e.誤：Indeed,overpopulation(人口過剩),aproblem,mostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecological(生態(tài)學(xué))difficulties.

正：Indeed,overpopulation,aproblemmostpeoplehaveonlyrecentlybeguntorecognize,isthemainsourceofthemajorityofourotherecologicaldifficulties.f.誤：Americans,whogotoothercountries,expectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebaths,foundinhotelsintheUnitedStates,areoftenverypoorambassadors.正：Americanswhogotoothercountriesexpectingthesameairconditioning,icewater,andprivatebathsfoundinhotelsintheUnitedStatesareoftenverypoorambassadors.e.誤：Indeed,overpopulation(10（4）增添必要的逗號，使句子變得完整。誤：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbreadsomelocalbuttersomecheesealargeonionandapintofbeer.正：Robertenteredtheinnandorderedhalfaloafofnewbread,somelocalbutter,somecheese,alargeonion,andapintofbeer.b.誤：Heshouldorrathermustattendbettertohisstudies.正：Heshould,orrathermust,attendbettertohisstudies.（4）增添必要的逗號，使句子變得完整。11c.

誤：Theladywasdressedingraythecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.正：Theladywasdressedingray,thecolorofapigeon’sfeathers.d.誤：“Idonotknowwhenhewillcomehowhewillcomewithwhomhewillcomeorwhetherhewillcomeatall.”正：“Idonotknowwhenhewillcome,howhewillcome,withwhomhewillcome,orwhetherhewillcomeatall.”e.誤：Wedonothavetellyouthetrueaverygoodopinionofhim.正：Wedonothave,tellyouthetrue,averygoodopinionofhim.c.誤：Theladywasdresseding12（5）分號常用在兩個或兩個以上關(guān)系比較密切的分句之間。我們常?？梢酝ㄟ^使用分號來代替串句中的逗號，就可以改正串句的錯誤。a.

誤：Onemomenthewasfriendlythenexthewasindifferent(漠不關(guān)心).正：Onemomenthewasfriendly;thenexthewasindifferent.b.

誤：Heknewwhathewantedhoweverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.正：Heknewwhathewanted;howeverhedidnotknowhowtogetit.（5）分號常用在兩個或兩個以上關(guān)系比較密切的分句之間。我們常13c.誤：Youmustworkhardotherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.正：Youmustworkhard;otherwiseyouwillnotpasstheexamination.d.誤：Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreementthereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.正：Thereseemednochanceofcomingtoanagreement;thereforeitwasdecidedtobreakoffnegotiations.c.誤：Youmustworkhardotherw14（6）引號主要用于直接引語，但也可用于書名或用于要引起人們注意的單詞或短語上。引號還分雙引號和單引號，美國英文一般用雙引號。請給序列句子添上引號，同時注意標(biāo)上其他必要的符號，如逗號、句號、冒號、問號、驚嘆號等。a.

誤：HowdoyouspellthewordRenaissance(復(fù)興)正：Howdoyouspelltheword“Renaissance”?b.

誤：IknowhesaidbutIcan’twait正：“Iknow,”hesaid,“butIcan’twait.”（6）引號主要用于直接引語，但也可用于書名或用于要引起人們注15c.

誤：AfterthelecturehehadbutonecommentUseless正：Afterthelecturehehadbutonecomment:“Useless.”d.誤：Thenaddressing(招呼)meshesaidwithenforcedcalmnessMysonisill正：Thenaddressingme,shesaid,withenforcedcalmness:“Mysonisill.”c.

誤：Afterthelecturehehad16（7）請給下列句子添上撇號（省字號）。a.

Toomanyandssuggestimmaturityofstyle.Toomanyand’ssuggestimmaturityofstyle.b.

HowmanyAshaveyougotintheterminalexams?HowmanyA’shaveyougotintheterminalexams?c.

DoyouseeMr.Jonescaroverthere?DoyouseeMr.Jones’caroverthere?d.

Congreveseldomcrossedhists,his7slookedlike9s,andhisandswereusually￡s.Congreveseldomcrossedhist’s,his7’slookedlike9’s,andhisand’swereusually￡’s.（7）請給下列句子添上撇號（省字號）。176.2用詞混淆英文一些單詞極易混淆。有的發(fā)音相似，甚至相同，但意義卻完全不同；有的拼寫大同小異，意思卻大相徑庭；有的貌似反義詞，卻是同義詞。（1）英文里有3對詞（只有3對），表面上看絕對是反義詞，意義上卻是同義詞。你能從下面6對詞中找出這3對詞嗎？flammable/inflammable 易燃的(同義詞)hinge/unhinge 裝上鉸鏈/取下鉸鏈(反義詞)valuable/invaluable 寶貴的(同義詞)integrate/disintegrate 集成/分解(反義詞)furl/unfurl 卷起/鋪開(反義詞)ravel/unravel 解開(同義詞)6.2用詞混淆18（2）下面是一些中國學(xué)生經(jīng)?；煜膯卧~。請你指出下列各對單詞在詞義或用法上的差別。thediseased/thedeceased 病人/死人illusion/delusion 幻想/錯覺attribute/contribute (把某結(jié)果)歸因于/是(某結(jié)果的)部分原因complement/compliment 補充/恭維council/counsel 委員會/忠告credible/credulous 可信的/輕信的（2）下面是一些中國學(xué)生經(jīng)常混淆的單詞。請你指出下列各對單詞19human/humane 人的/人道的moral/morale 道德/士氣proceed/precede 著手；繼續(xù)進行/領(lǐng)先于principle/principal 原則；原理/校長；主要的incident/incidence 事件/死亡率；影響范圍capital/capitol 首都；資金/國會大廈model/module 模型；模特兒/模塊；登月艙drive/driver 驅(qū)動(動詞)；驅(qū)動器/驅(qū)動器；驅(qū)動程序assemble/assembly 組裝；匯編(動詞)/組件；匯編(名詞)human/humane 人的/人道的20（3）下面每個句子中都有一個詞用錯了，請加以糾正U.S.lawsconcerningthesell(sale)andconsumptionofalcoholmayseemveryliberalorveryconstrainingtoyou,dependingonyournationality.IntheUnitedStates,itisillegible(illegal)topurchasealcoholicdrinks,includingbeerandwine,untilyoureachtheageof21.Lawsgoverningalcoholcanvariable(vary)fromstatetostate.Forexample,itisillegalinsomestatestowalkalongthestreetwithanopencontain(container)ofbeer.Insomestates,alcoholicbeveragescanbepurchasedonlyinspecial,state-runned(run)stores.Collegesanduniversitiesoftenhavepoliciesthatrefrain(restrict)theconsumptionofalcoholicbeveragesoncampus.（3）下面每個句子中都有一個詞用錯了，請加以糾正216.3搭配問題英文中有許多動詞需要與介詞或副詞搭配使用，例如come，break，give，take，put等等，如果要列出它們所有的搭配情況，那么可以構(gòu)成一本厚厚的字典。這里，我們只是希望通過一些練習(xí)，引起學(xué)生對這種搭配問題的重視。當(dāng)我們強調(diào)注意動詞與介詞或副詞搭配使用的時候，不要錯誤地認(rèn)為所有動詞都必須與介詞或副詞搭配使用。請做下面練習(xí)，每句話里都有4個動詞，指出哪些動詞不需要與介詞或副詞搭配，哪些動詞需要搭配，并把介詞或副詞寫出來。6.3搭配問題22a.

Manypassengers(criticize;condemn;complainabout;findfaultwith)theirregularbusservicesinthecity.b.

Ourteacher(apologizedfor;referredto;regretted;explained)hisabsenceyesterday.c.

Nobodyis(objectingto;opposing;resisting;interferingwith)theschemetoclosedownthefactory.d.

Themannextdooris(payingfor;purchasing;disposingof;savingupfor)asecond-handcar.a.

Manypassengers(criticiz23e.

Myroom-mate(insistson;enjoys;persistsin;hates)gettingupearly.f.

Hiscollectionofrecords(includes;consistsof;comprises;covers)jazz,blues,andraps.g.Theoppositionintendsto(accept;agreeto;dissentfrom;modify)thenewproposal.h.

Mary’sauntwas(warnedabout;punishedfor;advisedagainst;caught)exceedingthespeedlimit.i.

Theman(dependedon;confessedto;considered;specializedin)stealingforaliving.e.

Myroom-mate(insistson;246.4漏詞該搭配使用的動詞沒有使用介詞或副詞，可以看作是一種漏詞現(xiàn)象。除此之外，還表現(xiàn)在許多地方。有的學(xué)生寫的英文句子，甚至連主語都沒有。例如，“講座后開了個討論會”被翻譯成“Afterthelectureheldadiscussion.”正確的說法應(yīng)該是“Afterthelectureadiscussionwasheld.”下面的句子都有漏詞現(xiàn)象，請你加以改正。Itissaidthataperson’schildhoodyearsarethemostimportantyearsinaperson’slife.Idaresaymostpeopleagreewiththeabovestatement.6.4漏詞25Inmyopinionthemostimportantyearsinaperson’slifearethoseofearlyadulthood.Inthisperiod,apersonexperiencesthemostimportantstagesinhislife:highereducation,love,andmarriage.Manythingswilldependonhiseducationbackground---whatoccupationhecantakeup,howmuchmoneyhecanearn,whatkindoflifehewillleadandsoon.Onlywhentheycomeofage(成年)willtheyunderstandthetruemeaningoflife,experiencerealjoysandsorrows,andbegintoassumetheirresponsibilitiesinfamilyandsociety.Modernsciencehasmadeitpossibleforbabiestogrowhealthilyandforpeopletolivelonger.Inmyopinionthemostimport266.5 累贅中文有時為了表達強調(diào)或情感等意思，常常將一些句子或字加以重復(fù)，或者稍作改變。而英文則比較簡潔。請將下面的中英文句子作一個對比：中文：年輕人應(yīng)該向老年人學(xué)習(xí)，老年人也應(yīng)該向年輕人學(xué)習(xí)。英文：Theyoungshouldlearnfromtheoldandviceversa.中文：我們要學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)習(xí)，再學(xué)習(xí)。英文：Wemustkeepstudying.或

Wemuststudypersistently.下面劃線的部分表示用詞重復(fù)，請改進這些句子，使它們變得簡潔明了。6.5 累贅27a.原句：ThespeakerwasthechairmanoftheDepartmentofPhysicsofTulaneUniversity.改為：ThespeakerwasthechairmanofTulaneUniversity’sDepartmentofPhysics.b.

原句：IofferedtheticketstotheconcerttothestudentstouseonSaturday.改為：IofferedthestudentsticketstoSaturday’sconcert.c.原句：Speechissilver,andsilenceisgold.改為：Speechissilverandsilencegold.d.

原句：Herhairislightbrown,andhereyesarebluishgreen.改為：Herhairislightbrownandhereyesbluishgreen.a.原句：Thespeakerwasthechai28e.

原句：Somelawyersarearrogant(傲慢的),andsomelawyersaresimplyreserved(沉默寡言的).改為：Somelawyersarearrogantandotherssimplyreserved.原句：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeawayoflife,andotherstudentsdrinkbeerinordertoescape.改為：Forsomestudentsbeerdrinkinghasbecomeawayoflife,andforothersameansofescape.g.原句：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddon’tgoaheadifyoudon’tthinkthejobsuitsyou.改為：Goaheadifyouthinkthejobsuitsyouanddon’tifnot.h.原句：Dogsoftenchase(追趕)catsandcatsnotusuallychasedogs.改為：Dogsoftenchasecatsandnotusuallyviceversa.e.

原句：Somelawyersarearrogan29原句：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandthemachineisnotworkingwhentheredlightisoff.

改為：Themachineisworkingwhentheredlightisonandnototherwise.j.原句：Forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed.改為：Thediligentandkindpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed.k.原句：Inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,Ilikehim.改為：Inspiteofhislaziness,Ilikehim.原句：Themachineisworkingwh306.6不一致英文句子的前后呼應(yīng)是一個重要的問題，表現(xiàn)在主語和謂語、主格和賓格、單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)、時態(tài)一致等方面。如果出了差錯，不僅僅是語法問題，而且很容易造成意思上的誤解。例如，people后面跟have是指“人民”，后面跟has，則指的是“民族”?！癊achpeoplehaveitsownculture.”由于不注意這個問題，這個句子就讓人無法理解。下面的句子都是用詞前后不一致的病句，請加以改正。a.

Onceonehave(has)money,hecandowhathewant(wants)(todo).b.

Ridingthehorsewas(were)thetwogirls,ValerieandTherese.6.6不一致31c.

Shetookadvantageofanyoneoranythingwhoorwhich(that)couldfurtherhercareer.d.

Decidingthattheycouldreachnodecisionthatnight,thejuryretiredtoits(their)roomstogetsomesleep.e.

Theforeman(工頭)shoutedatbothofus,PeterandI(me),beforewehadachancetoexplain.f.

Ittookthemoneandahalfday(days)tocompletethework.g.

Hehurriedbecauseheknewhisfamilywas(were)waitingforhimanxiously.c.

Shetookadvantageofanyon32h.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculturesupervise(supervises)thequality,cleanness,andpurityofmeat.i.

Theterm“technology”referstothediscoveriesandinventionsthathelppeopleimproveits(their)wayoflife.j.

Theabilitytoretainamentalrecordofearlierexperiencesare(is)referredtoasmemory.k.

EveryyearColoradoisvisitedbymillionsoftouristswhocomeforavarietyofreason(reasons).h.TheUnitedStatesDepartmen33l.

Countriestendtospecializeintheproductionandexportofthosegoodsandservicesthatit(they)canproducerelativelycheaply.m.

Turkeyanddressingare(is)apopulardishatThanks-giving.n.

Inthenewbuildingthereare(is)alibrary,whichhasnobooks,andamusicpracticeroom,whichhasnomusicalinstruments.o.

Royistheonlyoneofourathleteswhohave(has)wonagoldmedal.p.

Thishabit,whichinitselfare(is)harmless,are(is)likelytoleadtoothersthatis(are)decidedlyharmful.l.

Countriestendtospecializ346.7不平衡如果在英文句子中有兩個或兩個以上的平行成分，那么這些成分應(yīng)該保持平衡。例如，你想表達下述意思：“她既漂亮，又溫柔，還勤儉持家?！痹谥形闹小捌痢焙汀皽厝帷笔切稳菰~，而“勤儉持家”卻是動詞短語。寫成英文，最好使用三個平行的形容詞：Sheispretty,tender,andthrifty(節(jié)約的)，而不要像中文那樣寫成：Sheispretty,tender,andmanagesthehouseholdthriftily。6.7不平衡35請修改下面的句子，使它們的結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡。a.原句：Toswiminapoolisnotasmuchfunasswimminginariver.改為：Swimminginapoolisnotasmuchfunas(swimming)inariver.b.原句：Knowinghowtostudyandlearntobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestudents.改為：Knowinghowtostudyandlearninghowtobudgettimeareimportanttocollegestudentsc.原句：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandtoavoidsugarinyourdiet.改為：Dentistsadvisebrushingyourteethaftereverymealandavoidingsugarinyourdiet.請修改下面的句子，使它們的結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡。36d.原句：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.改為：MyorderssaidthatIwasassignedtoAlaskaandthatIshouldleavewithintwoweeks.e.原句：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazil,butheknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.改為：WemetaFrenchmanwhohadlivedinBrazilbutwhoknewverylittleabouthisowncountry.f.原句：Ourinstructorsuggestedseveralbooksforsupplementaryreadingandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.改為：Ourinstructorsuggestedthatwereadseveralsupplementarybooksandthatweshoulddoresearchonthesubject.d.原句：MyorderssaidthatIwa376.8錯位英文句子的每個成分，如主語、謂語、賓語、定語合狀語，應(yīng)在句子中占有正確的位置。如果放錯了位置，那么這個句子不僅是個病句，而且很可能造成意思上的誤解。中文則不同，詞序有較大的靈活性。例如，我不吃羊肉/羊肉我不吃/我羊肉不吃，在中文里面都是正確的，大家都能理解。但是，用英文表達，恐怕只能說Idon’teatmutton，絕對不能說Imuttondon’teat。a.誤：RalphNaderhasthroughoutourcountrybecomeawellknownname.正：RalphNaderhasbecomeawellknownnamethroughoutourcountry.6.8錯位38b.誤：Heisprone(傾向于)towheneverhesensesadangertothepublicspeakout(大膽地說)

onconsumergoods.正：Heispronetospeakoutonconsumergoodswheneverhesensesadangertothepublic.c.誤：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisbothunsafetotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegeneralpublic.正：Naderthinksthattheautomobileisunsafebothtotheoccupantsofthecarandtothegeneralpublic.d.誤：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydeviceswareinstalledincarssuchasseatbelts.正：Partlythroughhiseffortssafetydevicessuchasseatbeltswareinstalledincars.b.誤：Heisprone(傾向于)towhene39e.誤：Nader’sconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluterlately.正：Nader’sconcernhaslatelybeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.或者Nader’srecentconcernhasbeentheautomobileasamajorairpolluter.f.誤：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablefortheproductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-freenow.正：AccordingtoNader,thetechnologyisavailablenowfortheproductionofautomobilesthatarebothefficientandpollution-free.e.誤：Nader’sconcernhasbeen40g.誤：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingautomobilesbytheindustryandbythegovernment.正：Naderclaimsthatfactsarebeingsuppressedbytheindustryandbythegovernmentaboutthetechnologyavailableforimprovingautomobiles.h.誤：Nadersaysthattoday’sgasolineproducefivemajorpollutantswhicharelabeled“clean”.正：Nadersaysthattoday’sgasolineswhicharelabeled“clean”producefivemajorpollutants.i.誤：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus.正：IbelieveIcandoitwellandIwillknowtheworldoutsidethecampusbetter.g.誤：Naderclaimsthatfactsa416.9垂懸中國人可以這樣說：“打了一小時籃球，胳膊都酸了?！庇⑽膮s不能說：Havingplayedbasketballforanhour,myarmsbegantoache，因為按照英文語法，這個句子會被誤解為打籃球的是胳膊，而不是你這個人。這種錯誤稱為懸垂，它是指句首的分詞短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清，找不到行為者，只好“晃來晃去”。請改正下列句子的垂懸錯誤。a.誤：Attheageofsixmonths,herfathertaughthertoswim.正：Whenshewassixmonthsold,herfathertaughthertoswim.b.誤：Goingthroughtheredlight,thetrafficpoliceondutystoppedhim.正：Goingthroughtheredlight,hewasstoppedbythetrafficpoliceonduty.6.9垂懸42c.誤：Afterthreehoursofpractice,adrinkwaswhatthethirstydancerswanted.正：Havingpracticedforthreehours,thethirstydancerswantedadrink.d.誤：Onceoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.正：Oncehegotoutofthepracticeroom,thepipingmusicnolongergavehimaheadache.e.誤：Afterfourweeksatsea,mywifewashappytoseemeback.正：Afterfourweeksatsea,Iwasaffectionately(親切地)receivedbymywife.f.誤：Examiningtheshoppingreceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.正：AfterIexaminedtheshoppingreceipts,itbecameobviousthatIwasoverchargedatthestore.c.誤：Afterthreehoursofprac43g.誤：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thebusdroveonwithoutstopping.正：Findingnobodywaitingatthestop,thedriverdrovethebusonwithoutstopping.h.誤：Approachingthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.正：Asweapproachedthelake,anamazingsightcameintoview.i.誤：Todowellinthecollege,goodgradesareessential.正：Todowellinthecollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.g.誤：Findingnobodywaitingat446.10 應(yīng)用定語從句時易犯的錯誤由于定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，初學(xué)者在使用時往往容易犯一些錯誤，最常見的有如下七種：（1）在定語從句中加了多余的賓語。如：a.誤：SomeoftheboysIinvitedthemdidn’tcome.正：SomeoftheboysIinviteddidn’tcome.b.誤：Thebookthatyouneeditisinthelibrary.正：Thebookthatyouneedisinthelibrary.6.10 應(yīng)用定語從句時易犯的錯誤45（2）把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯。如：a.誤：Anyonewhobreakthelawwillbepunished.正：Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.b.誤：Thosewhohasfinishedmaygohome.正：Thosewhohavefinishedmaygohome.c.誤：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowFrenchinourschool.正：HeistheonlyoneoftheteacherswhoknowsFrenchinourschool.d.誤：Thisisoneoftheroomsthatisfreenow.正：Thisisoneoftheroomsthatarefreenow.（2）把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)弄錯。如：46（3）誤省略了定語從句中做主語的關(guān)系代詞。如：a.誤：Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.正：Childrenwho/thateatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.b.誤：Thekeyopensthebikeismissing.正：Thekeythat/whichopensthebikeismissing.（4）定語從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或介詞。如：a.誤：Thehousewherehelivesinneedsrepairing.正：Thehousewherehelivesneedsrepairing.或者Thehousehelivesinneedsrepairing.b.誤：IstillrememberthedayonwhenIfirstcametoBeijing.正：IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.或者IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstcametoBeijing.（3）誤省略了定語從句中做主語的關(guān)系代詞。如：47（5）錯用了關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，使得從句中的及物動詞缺少賓語或介詞缺少對象。a.誤：Istillrememberthedaywhenwespenttogether.正：Istillrememberthedaythat/whichwespenttogether.b.誤：Thisisthehousewherewelivedinlastyear.正：Thisisthehousewhich/thatwelivedinlastyear.（6）在先行詞reason后錯用關(guān)系副詞why。如：a.誤：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonwhymayexplainherabsence?正：Haveyouaskedherforthereasonthat/whichmayexplainherabsence?b.誤：Idon’tbelievethereasonwhyhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.正：Idon’tbelievethereasonthat/whichhehasgivenforhisbeinglate.（5）錯用了關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，使得從句中的及物動詞缺少賓語48（7）誤將強調(diào)句型當(dāng)定語從句。如：a.誤：Itwasinthekitchenwherethefirebrokeout.正：Itwasinthekitchenthatthefirebrokeout.b.誤：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightwhenyoudidn’tcome?正：Wasitbecauseitsnowedlastnightthatyoudidn’tcome?（7）誤將強調(diào)句型當(dāng)定語從句。如：49練習(xí)六一、下面的句子都有意思模糊的錯誤。作者本人可能并沒有意識到犯了錯誤，可是讀者卻看不明白他究竟要表達什么。請你把每句話的多種意思寫出來。a.Thelambwastoohottoeat.1.Thelambwastoohot.Wecouldn’teatit.2.Thelambfeltsohot.Itcouldn’teatanything.練習(xí)六50b.Thepolicewereorderedtostopdrinkinginthepark.1.Thepolicedrankinthepark.Theywereorderedtostopdrinking.2.Visitorsdrankinthepark.Thepolicewereorderedtostopthemfromdrinking.c.Flyingplanescanbeverydangerous.1.Someplanesareflying(飛翔).Theycanbeverydangerous.2.Somepeopleareflying(駕駛)planes.Itcanbeverydangerous.b.Thepolicewereorderedto51d.Ihavealwaysenjoyedentertaininggirls.1.Ihavealwayslikedtoentertain(款待)otherpeople.Thesepeoplearegirls.2.Ihavealwayslikedgirls.Thesegirlsentertain(接待客人).e.Hetoldhisfatherhehadbeentalkingtoomuch.1.Hecriticizedhisfatherfortalkingtoomuch.2.Headmittedtohisfatherthathehadbeentalkingtoomuch.d.Ihavealwaysenjoyedenter52f.Hesaidhewouldn’ttakeitifhegaveittohim.1.Hesaid,“Iwon’ttakeitifhegivesittome.”2.Hesaid,“Hewon’ttakeitifIgiveittohim.”g.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbetabled.1.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionbeplacedontheagendaforconsideration.(英式英文:table把…列入議程)2.Thedelegationproposedthatthemotionberemovedfromconsideration.(美式英文:table擱置)f.Hesaidhewouldn’ttakeit53二、將下列術(shù)語或短語翻譯成中文。1.fixedpartitionmemorymanagement2.bitstransmittedinparallel 3.asetofconsecutivesectors4.carriersignal 5.dataflowdiagram 6.multiprogrammingOS 7.remotedatacommunication8.transactionprocessing9.Mnemonic(memory-aiding)instruction 10.object-orienteddatabase 二、將下列術(shù)語或短語翻譯成中文。5411.accumulatorregister 12.concurrentoperating13.agridofpixels14.redundantdata15.wide-bandchannels16.randomordirectaccess17.1000revolutionsperminute18.virtualmemoryaddress 19.cylindersofafixeddisk20.transmissioncontrolunit 11.accumulatorregister 5521.addressingmemory22.ASCII(theAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange)23.capitalletter(uppercase)24.smallletter(lowercase) 25.casesensitive 26.binarynumber 27.randomaccessmemory 28.read-onlymemory 29.aROM-basedprogram 30.aprogrambasedonROM21.addressingmemory5631.instructiontime32.executiontime33.seektime 34.punchedcards 35.multimediatechnology 36.channelsandcontrolunits37.atouchscreen 38.computeroutputmicrofilm(COM)39.magneticstripecard40.aperipheraldevice 31.instructiontime5741.device-dependent42.magneticcassette 43.secondarystoragemedia 44.nonvolatilememory 45.drivemechanism 46.concentriccircles 47.rotationaldelay48.vacuumencapsulation49.adiskpack 50.alaserbeam41.device-dependent58英語寫作課件提要：本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異，明白自己在寫英文時受到漢語哪些干擾，從提高單句的寫作能力著手，消滅各種類型的基本錯誤，從而提高整體的寫作能力。1.標(biāo)點錯誤2.用詞混淆3.搭配問題4.漏詞5.累贅6.不一致7.不平衡8.錯位9.垂懸10. 應(yīng)用定語從句時易犯的錯誤英語寫作課件59雖然通過中學(xué)或大學(xué)的英語訓(xùn)練，但是許多人寫出的文章錯誤百出，其中包括基本的拼寫、用詞、時態(tài)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等方面的錯誤。這些錯誤的產(chǎn)生主要是因為受到母語的干擾。許多學(xué)生不知道英文和中文究竟有什么差別，所以寫出來的英文往往是中文式的。本章主要是幫助學(xué)生了解英漢的差異，明白自己在寫英文時受到漢語哪些干擾，從而消滅各種類型的基本錯誤。實踐表明，多數(shù)學(xué)生在寫作上的主要欠缺不是系統(tǒng)的寫作理論和方法，而是最基本的單句寫作能力。文章無論長短，都是由句子組成的，句子是表達思想的最基本的單位。因此，句子是否能寫得正確、達意和清楚，將直接影響整篇文章的寫作質(zhì)量。要提高寫作的能力，必須從提高單句的寫作能力著手。雖然通過中學(xué)或大學(xué)的英語訓(xùn)練，但是許多人寫出的文章錯誤百出606.1標(biāo)點錯誤英語屬印歐語系，漢語屬漢藏語系英語結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，漢語結(jié)構(gòu)松散。語言學(xué)家以“竹節(jié)句法”來比喻英語句子，即英語句子是由必不可少的各種連接詞銜接而成，宛如節(jié)節(jié)相連的竹子；而漢語句子則被比喻為“流水句法”，所謂的流水指少用乃至不用連接詞仍行文流暢。英語是形合的，而漢語是意合的，這是中文和英文的最大區(qū)別。英語句子中如果少了連接