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summarysummary1Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefstatementthatgivesonlythemainpointsofsomthething,notthedetails.Howtowriteasummary?ReadingWritingWhatisasummary?Asummaryis2Howtoread?1.Readforthestyle.NarrationExpositionArgumentation1.GeneralreadingTip1:Thewritingstylehelpstounderstandthestructureofthepassage,whichaffectstheorganizationofoursummary.Howtoread?1.Readforthest3ArgumentationExpositionTopic↓Arguments↓ConclusionPhenomenon/situation↓Causes/effects↓Solutions/suggestions2.Readforthestructure.Phenomenon
→effects→measures/suggestionsPara____Para___Para_______123/4/5ArgumentationExpositionTopicP42.DetailedreadingforkeysentencesParasstructurekeysentencesPart1phenomenon
Para1Part2effects
Para2Part3solutionsPara3
Para4Para5Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）
totheirproducts.That'swhytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)isinvestigatingthehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeopleTheInstituteofMedicineisalsoworkingoncaffeine-safetymeasuresSotheFDAneedstosetlimitsoncaffeine,especiallyinenergydrinks.DoctorssaykidsshouldavoidcaffeineTip2:Thekeysentence,ifany,usuallyliesinthefirstsentenceorthelastsentence,andsometimesinthemiddle.Sometimes,weneedtopaymoreattentiontothewords:however,but,so,therefore,inconclusion.Ifno,summarizeinyourownwordsbyidentifyingkeywords.2.Detailedreadingforkeyse5Para1.Youmayhaveheardadultssaytheycan'tgetgoinginthemorningwithoutacupofcoffee.Onereasonwhytheyfeelthatwayisthatcoffeecontainscaffeine,asubstanceknowntogiveanenergyboost.Caffeineoccursnaturallyincoffee,tea,andcocoabeans,whichareusedtomakechocolate.Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）totheirproducts.3.DetailedreadingforsupportingsentencesTip3:Ifthesupportingsentencesplayan“introduction”roleforthetopicormodifythekeysentence,justdeletetheminthesummary.
introductionPara1.Youmayhavehearda6TheUSgovernmentisespeciallyconcernedabouttheproblem.That'swhytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)isinvestigatingthehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople.MichaelTaylor,aspokespersonfortheFDA,says,"Weneedtolookattheissueandmakesomedecisionsabouthowtoprotectpeople."Studiesshowthattoomuchcaffeinecanmakepeoplenervousandunabletosleep.What'smore,caffeineishabit-forming.Thosewhoconsumeitregularlyandstopsuddenlymayexperienceheadachesandfeeltired.3.DetailedreadingforsupportingsentencesPara2.….Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）totheirproducts.
Transionalsentence
Tip4:Ifthesupportingsentencesfurtherexplainthegeneralkeysentencetomakeitspecificandunderstandable,keeptheminthesummary.Tip5:Ifthesupportingsentencesareverylong,focusonthekeywordsanddeleteunnecessaryandsimilarinformation.TheUSgovernmentisespeciall7TheInstituteofMedicineisalsoworkingoncaffeine-safetymeasures“Teenagersshouldnotdrinkbeverages(飲料)thatcontaincaffeine.Theyshouldbeawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.Take,forexample,teenagerswhoconsumecaffeinetostayawakeandstudyforatest.Theywillrememberlessofwhattheyjuststudied,"saysBillBrown,amemberoftheinstitute.Para3.
Tip4:Ifthesupportingsentencesfurtherexplainsomeverygeneralkeysentencestomakeitspecificandunderstandable,keeptheminthesummary.TheInstituteofMedicineisa8Para4.Companiesthatmakeproductswithaddedcaffeineclaimtheydonotadvertisethemtokids.Howeverthereisnolawtostopchildrenfrombuyingthem.SotheFDAneedstosetlimitsoncaffeine,especiallyinenergydrinks.Asforaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks,thegovernmentshouldintroducelaws.Attheveryleast,theamountofcaffeineshouldbeprintedonfoodlabelstowarnconsumers.Butfirstthegovernmentneedstojudgethesafetyofaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks.Afteritdoesthat,itwilldecidetheappropriatelevelsofthecaffeinefordifferentagegroups.Para4.Companiesthatmakepro9Para5.Doctorssaykidsshouldavoidcaffeine.Ifyoureallyneedextraenergy,trythesenaturalboostersinstead:eatright,exercise,andgetplentyofsleep.Para5.Doctorssaykidsshould104.MakeanoutlineofthekeypointsPara
keypoints1Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）
totheirproducts.2thehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople:nervous/unabletosleep/habit-forming3caffeine-safetymeasures:Teenagers
beawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.4introducelaws:tosetlimitsoncaffeine:amount\safety\levels5kidsshouldavoidcaffeine:natural
boosters:eat\exercise\sleep4.Makeanoutlineofthekey11Nowadays,caffeine,______________,__________ourfoodproductsNowcaffeine–astimulantisusedasafood_________.whichhasarousedgreatconcern.3)Nowadaysthe___________ofcaffeinetofoodproductshasdrawnseriousconcern.4)Nowadayscaffeineasafoodadditivehas_______theUSgovernment’sconcern.5.Restatethepointsinyourwords/paraphrasepara1Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant
totheirproducts.?anenergyboosterisaddedto語態(tài)轉換同位語說明TheUSgovernmentisespeciallyconcernedabouttheproblem.additive詞性轉換additionfueledTip5:Emphasizethetopicorsubjectbyputtingitataprominent
position
詞性轉換信息合并近義詞替換Nowadays,caffeine,___________12para2thehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople:toomuch---
nervous;unabletosleep;habit-formingToomuchcaffeinecancause__________,___________andeven__________.
Toomuchcaffeinenotonlybringsabout____________butalsomakespeople_____________it.
_______________caffeineleadstophysical____________andpsychological______________onit.Thehighintakeofcaffeineresultsin…nervousnesssleeplessnessaddiction詞性轉換近義詞替換physicaldiscomfortaddictedto詞義概括Excessivedependencesufferingpara2thehealtheffectsofcaf13para3caffeine-safetymeasures:Teenagersbeawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.Caffeine-safetymeasuresshouldbetaken_______________________ofcaffeine’s_______effects.
Caffeine-safetymeasuresareurgentlyneededtoraisepeople’sconcernovercaffeine’sharm.toarousepeople’sawarenessside/harmful/negativepara3caffeine-safetymeasures14para4introducelaws:tosetlimitsoncaffeine:amount\safety\levelsLawsshouldbeintroducedto__________________________tectpeoplefromthecaffeine-relatedharm/detrimentpara4introducelaws:tosetli15para5kidsshouldavoidcaffeine:naturalboosters:eat\exercise\sleepChildrenshould__________caffeineandtheycanturntohealthywaysinstead.Kidscan_______________________tostayenergetic______________takingcaffeine.Childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasa_____________oftakingcaffeine.nottakein反義轉換insteadofadoptahealthylifestylesubstitutepara5kidsshouldavoidcaffein16Nowadays,caffeine,anenergyboost,isaddedtoourfoodproducts,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.
Excessivecaffeineintakeresultsinphysicaldiscomfortandaddiction.
Caffeine-safetymeasuresshouldbetakentoarousepeople’sawarenessofcaffeine’sharmfuleffects.
Lawsshouldbeintroducedtoensurethesafeuseofcaffeine.
Childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasasubstituteoftakingcaffeine.Caffeine-safetymeasuresandlawsshouldbeintroducedtowarnpeopleofcaffeine’sharmfuleffectsandregulateitsappropriateuse.Authoritiesshouldtakemeasurestoarousepeople’sawarenessofcaffeine’sharmandintroducerelevantregulationstoguaranteeitssafeuse.Nowadays,caffeine,anenergy17Nowadays,caffeine,anenergybooster,isaddedtoourfoodproducts,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.Excessivecaffeineintakeresultsinphysicaldiscomfortandaddiction._____________,caffeine-safetymeasuresandlawsshouldbeintroducedtowarnpeopleofcaffeine’sharmfuleffectsandregulateitsappropriateuse.___________,childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasasubstituteoftakingcaffeine.Therefore/thusFurthermoreNowadays,caffeine,anenergy18
1.Usesynonyms(近義詞)
2.Changethesentencestructure(subject/it…)3.Changethevoice（語態(tài)轉換）
4.Changethepartofspeech（詞性轉化）5..
Useoppositeexpressions(正話反說、反話正說)6Useconjunction
Tipsonparaphrasing:1.Usesynonyms(近義詞)19一部分、一要點、一句話要點→用句子主干體現(xiàn)次要點→
用修飾成分補充（定語，同位語，狀語，補語等）[多用非謂語形式替代從句形式，做到言簡意賅]話題中心→直現(xiàn)篇首，做到重點鮮明一部分、一要點、一句話20高考英語SummaryWriting概要caffeine課件21Youmayhaveheardadultssaytheycan'tgetgoinginthemorningwithoutacupofcoffee.Onereasonwhytheyfeelthatwayisthatcoffeecontainscaffeine,asubstanceknowntogiveanenergyboost.Caffeineoccursnaturallyincoffee,tea,andcocoabeans,whichareusedtomakechocolate.Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）totheirproducts.TheUSgovernmentisespeciallyconcernedabouttheproblem.That'swhytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)isinvestigatingthehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople.MichaelTaylor,aspokespersonfortheFDA,says,"Weneedtolookattheissueandmakesomedecisionsabouthowtoprotectpeople."Studiesshowthattoomuchcaffeinecanmakepeoplenervousandunabletosleep.What'smore,caffeineishabit-forming.Thosewhoconsumeitregularlyandstopsuddenlymayexperienceheadachesandfeeltired.TheInstituteofMedicineisalsoworkingoncaffeine-safetymeasures“Teenagersshouldnotdrinkbeverages(飲料)thatcontaincaffeine.Theyshouldbeawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.Take,forexample,teenagerswhoconsumecaffeinetostayawakeandstudyforatest.Theywillrememberlessofwhattheyjuststudied,"saysBillBrown,amemberoftheinstitute.Companiesthatmakeproductswithaddedcaffeineclaimtheydonotadvertisethemtokids.Howeverthereisnolawtostopchildrenfrombuyingthem.SotheFDAneedstosetlimitsoncaffeine,especiallyinenergydrinks.Asforaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks,thegovernmentshouldintroducelaws.Attheveryleast,theamountofcaffeineshouldbeprintedonfoodlabelstowarnconsumers.Butfirstthegovernmentneedstojudgethesafetyofaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks.Afteritdoesthat,itwilldecidetheappropriatelevelsofthecaffeinefordifferentagegroups.Doctorssaykidsshouldavoidcaffeine.Ifyoureallyneedextraenergy,trythesenaturalboostersinstead:eatright,exercise,andgetplentyofsleep.Youmayhaveheardadultssay22summarysummary23Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefstatementthatgivesonlythemainpointsofsomthething,notthedetails.Howtowriteasummary?ReadingWritingWhatisasummary?Asummaryis24Howtoread?1.Readforthestyle.NarrationExpositionArgumentation1.GeneralreadingTip1:Thewritingstylehelpstounderstandthestructureofthepassage,whichaffectstheorganizationofoursummary.Howtoread?1.Readforthest25ArgumentationExpositionTopic↓Arguments↓ConclusionPhenomenon/situation↓Causes/effects↓Solutions/suggestions2.Readforthestructure.Phenomenon
→effects→measures/suggestionsPara____Para___Para_______123/4/5ArgumentationExpositionTopicP262.DetailedreadingforkeysentencesParasstructurekeysentencesPart1phenomenon
Para1Part2effects
Para2Part3solutionsPara3
Para4Para5Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）
totheirproducts.That'swhytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)isinvestigatingthehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeopleTheInstituteofMedicineisalsoworkingoncaffeine-safetymeasuresSotheFDAneedstosetlimitsoncaffeine,especiallyinenergydrinks.DoctorssaykidsshouldavoidcaffeineTip2:Thekeysentence,ifany,usuallyliesinthefirstsentenceorthelastsentence,andsometimesinthemiddle.Sometimes,weneedtopaymoreattentiontothewords:however,but,so,therefore,inconclusion.Ifno,summarizeinyourownwordsbyidentifyingkeywords.2.Detailedreadingforkeyse27Para1.Youmayhaveheardadultssaytheycan'tgetgoinginthemorningwithoutacupofcoffee.Onereasonwhytheyfeelthatwayisthatcoffeecontainscaffeine,asubstanceknowntogiveanenergyboost.Caffeineoccursnaturallyincoffee,tea,andcocoabeans,whichareusedtomakechocolate.Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）totheirproducts.3.DetailedreadingforsupportingsentencesTip3:Ifthesupportingsentencesplayan“introduction”roleforthetopicormodifythekeysentence,justdeletetheminthesummary.
introductionPara1.Youmayhavehearda28TheUSgovernmentisespeciallyconcernedabouttheproblem.That'swhytheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)isinvestigatingthehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople.MichaelTaylor,aspokespersonfortheFDA,says,"Weneedtolookattheissueandmakesomedecisionsabouthowtoprotectpeople."Studiesshowthattoomuchcaffeinecanmakepeoplenervousandunabletosleep.What'smore,caffeineishabit-forming.Thosewhoconsumeitregularlyandstopsuddenlymayexperienceheadachesandfeeltired.3.DetailedreadingforsupportingsentencesPara2.….Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）totheirproducts.
Transionalsentence
Tip4:Ifthesupportingsentencesfurtherexplainthegeneralkeysentencetomakeitspecificandunderstandable,keeptheminthesummary.Tip5:Ifthesupportingsentencesareverylong,focusonthekeywordsanddeleteunnecessaryandsimilarinformation.TheUSgovernmentisespeciall29TheInstituteofMedicineisalsoworkingoncaffeine-safetymeasures“Teenagersshouldnotdrinkbeverages(飲料)thatcontaincaffeine.Theyshouldbeawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.Take,forexample,teenagerswhoconsumecaffeinetostayawakeandstudyforatest.Theywillrememberlessofwhattheyjuststudied,"saysBillBrown,amemberoftheinstitute.Para3.
Tip4:Ifthesupportingsentencesfurtherexplainsomeverygeneralkeysentencestomakeitspecificandunderstandable,keeptheminthesummary.TheInstituteofMedicineisa30Para4.Companiesthatmakeproductswithaddedcaffeineclaimtheydonotadvertisethemtokids.Howeverthereisnolawtostopchildrenfrombuyingthem.SotheFDAneedstosetlimitsoncaffeine,especiallyinenergydrinks.Asforaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks,thegovernmentshouldintroducelaws.Attheveryleast,theamountofcaffeineshouldbeprintedonfoodlabelstowarnconsumers.Butfirstthegovernmentneedstojudgethesafetyofaddedcaffeineinfoodanddrinks.Afteritdoesthat,itwilldecidetheappropriatelevelsofthecaffeinefordifferentagegroups.Para4.Companiesthatmakepro31Para5.Doctorssaykidsshouldavoidcaffeine.Ifyoureallyneedextraenergy,trythesenaturalboostersinstead:eatright,exercise,andgetplentyofsleep.Para5.Doctorssaykidsshould324.MakeanoutlineofthekeypointsPara
keypoints1Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant（刺激物）
totheirproducts.2thehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople:nervous/unabletosleep/habit-forming3caffeine-safetymeasures:Teenagers
beawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.4introducelaws:tosetlimitsoncaffeine:amount\safety\levels5kidsshouldavoidcaffeine:natural
boosters:eat\exercise\sleep4.Makeanoutlineofthekey33Nowadays,caffeine,______________,__________ourfoodproductsNowcaffeine–astimulantisusedasafood_________.whichhasarousedgreatconcern.3)Nowadaysthe___________ofcaffeinetofoodproductshasdrawnseriousconcern.4)Nowadayscaffeineasafoodadditivehas_______theUSgovernment’sconcern.5.Restatethepointsinyourwords/paraphrasepara1Butnowfoodmakersareaddingthestimulant
totheirproducts.?anenergyboosterisaddedto語態(tài)轉換同位語說明TheUSgovernmentisespeciallyconcernedabouttheproblem.additive詞性轉換additionfueledTip5:Emphasizethetopicorsubjectbyputtingitataprominent
position
詞性轉換信息合并近義詞替換Nowadays,caffeine,___________34para2thehealtheffectsofcaffeineonyoungpeople:toomuch---
nervous;unabletosleep;habit-formingToomuchcaffeinecancause__________,___________andeven__________.
Toomuchcaffeinenotonlybringsabout____________butalsomakespeople_____________it.
_______________caffeineleadstophysical____________andpsychological______________onit.Thehighintakeofcaffeineresultsin…nervousnesssleeplessnessaddiction詞性轉換近義詞替換physicaldiscomfortaddictedto詞義概括Excessivedependencesufferingpara2thehealtheffectsofcaf35para3caffeine-safetymeasures:Teenagersbeawareofcaffeine’seffectsonhealthandonhowthebrainworks.Caffeine-safetymeasuresshouldbetaken_______________________ofcaffeine’s_______effects.
Caffeine-safetymeasuresareurgentlyneededtoraisepeople’sconcernovercaffeine’sharm.toarousepeople’sawarenessside/harmful/negativepara3caffeine-safetymeasures36para4introducelaws:tosetlimitsoncaffeine:amount\safety\levelsLawsshouldbeintroducedto__________________________tectpeoplefromthecaffeine-relatedharm/detrimentpara4introducelaws:tosetli37para5kidsshouldavoidcaffeine:naturalboosters:eat\exercise\sleepChildrenshould__________caffeineandtheycanturntohealthywaysinstead.Kidscan_______________________tostayenergetic______________takingcaffeine.Childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasa_____________oftakingcaffeine.nottakein反義轉換insteadofadoptahealthylifestylesubstitutepara5kidsshouldavoidcaffein38Nowadays,caffeine,anenergyboost,isaddedtoourfoodproducts,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.
Excessivecaffeineintakeresultsinphysicaldiscomfortandaddiction.
Caffeine-safetymeasuresshouldbetakentoarousepeople’sawarenessofcaffeine’sharmfuleffects.
Lawsshouldbeintroducedtoensurethesafeuseofcaffeine.
Childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasasubstituteoftakingcaffeine.Caffeine-safetymeasuresandlawsshouldbeintroducedtowarnpeopleofcaffeine’sharmfuleffectsandregulateitsappropriateuse.Authoritiesshouldtakemeasurestoarousepeople’sawarenessofcaffeine’sharmandintroducerelevantregulationstoguaranteeitssafeuse.Nowadays,caffeine,anenergy39Nowadays,caffeine,anenergybooster,isaddedtoourfoodproducts,whichhasarousedgreatconcern.Excessivecaffeineintakeresultsinphysicaldiscomfortandaddiction._____________,caffeine-safetymeasuresandlawsshouldbeintroducedtowarnpeopleofcaffeine’sharmfuleffectsandregulateitsappropriateuse.___________,childrenareadvisedtodevelopahealthylifestyleasasubstituteoftakingcaffeine.Therefore/thusFurthermoreNowadays,caffeine,anenergy40
1.Usesynonyms(近義詞)
2.Changethesentencestructure(subject/it…)3.Changethevoice（語態(tài)轉換）
4.Changethepartofspeech（詞性轉化）5..
Useoppositeexpressions(正話反說、反話正說)6Useconjunction
Tipsonparaphrasing:
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