考研考博-英語-云南司法警官職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南司法警官職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thisbookshouldbewell-recommendedwithinthe（

）ofanyonewhohasstudiedEnglishforfouryears.

問題1選項

A.possession

B.competence

C.confidence

D.qualification

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意:應向?qū)W過四年英語的人力薦這本書。

possession:擁有，所有,個人財產(chǎn)。competence:能力，勝任,本領。confidence:信心。qualification:資格，條件。

2.單選題

Weobjecttotheideathatitismilitaryforcethatshouldbe（）insettlinginternationaldisputes.

問題1選項

A.appliedto

B.resortedto

C.fallenbackon

D.restrainedfrom

【答案】B

【解析】resortto依靠、求助于；applyto向……申請（或要求）；fallbackon沒有其他辦法時救助；restrain...from...克制。

3.單選題

Oldbeliefsdiehard;evenwhenjobsbecame（）,thelong-standingfearthatunemploymentcouldreturnatamoment’snoticepersisted.

問題1選項

A.precious

B.pervasive

C.plentiful

D.persuasive

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。Precious“寶貴的，珍貴的”；pervasive“無處不在的，普遍的”；plentiful“富足的，大量的”；persuasive“有說服力的”。句意：舊觀念難改。即使就業(yè)機會充足時，人們還是長期害怕失業(yè)會來臨。選項C符合題意。

4.單選題

Trynottosayanythinghurtfultoher.Sheisavery（

）person.

問題1選項

A.sensible

B.sensitive

C.tough

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項sensible“明智的，合乎情理的”；B選項sensitive“敏感的，易受影響的”；C選項tough“堅強的，強壯的”；D選項reasonable“合理的”。句意：不要說任何傷害她的話。她是非常（）的人。根據(jù)前面一句，不要說任何傷害她的話，所以可以推測“她”可能會比較敏感，所以答案選B。

5.單選題

ThisyearmarksexactlytwocountriessincethepublicationofFrankenstein;or,TheModernPrometheus,byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:“Whatisintelligence,identify,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld”and“Humans”.

“Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,”saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.“Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnesssactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”

Butthatdoesn’tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren'tathand.Thecominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,andwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision”todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions,”notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.IndiareleaseditsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause“overallharm,”ortodevelopAI-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwouldviolateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?OnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

1.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit（

）.

2.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness（

）.

3.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles（

）.

4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgeisoneof（

）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

問題1選項

A.fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld

B.hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years

C.involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday

D.hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies

問題2選項

A.helpsexplainartificialintelligence

B.canbemisleadingtorobotmaking

C.inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries

D.istoolimitedforustoreproduceit

問題3選項

A.canhardlyeverbefound

B.isstillbeyondourcapacity

C.causeslittlepublicconcern

D.hasarousedmuchcuriosity

問題4選項

A.affirmation

B.skepticism

C.contempt

D.respect

問題5選項

A.AI'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

B.Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

C.TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

D.AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.通過題干MaryShelly'snovelFrankenstein及題文同序原則可定位至文章第一段，在該段尾句，fictionthatwouldforeshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.此句中ethicalquestions可同義替換題干中的concern。故選C。

2.觀點細節(jié)題?？赏ㄟ^關(guān)鍵詞consciousness回文定位至原文第四段尾句部分：wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.可知我們將意識注入機器的能力是有限的，因為沒有好的理論可以解釋。

3.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位至文章第三段：當下，人工智能的思維還不能達到人類的精密程度，讓機器去預設每一種駕駛情形是一個困難的編程問題。由此說明，去解決人工智能所帶來的道德問題，是在人類的能力范圍之外的。

4.態(tài)度題，根據(jù)題干中的theauthor'sattitude,Google'spledges回文定位到第八段，開頭while轉(zhuǎn)折，whilethestatementisvague，與vague相反的即是觀點，所以表示正向情感的詞即是正解。affirmation表示確定。

5.主旨題。本文首段通過引用MaryShelley的書引出本文要探討的話題：新技術(shù)所引發(fā)的道德問題。特別是在最后一段指出AI所涉及的道德問題已經(jīng)觸手可及。全篇復現(xiàn)了AI和conscience這兩個關(guān)鍵詞，所以答案選C。

6.單選題

Don'ttrustthespeakeranymore,sincetheremarkshemadeinhislecturesarenever（）withthefacts.

問題1選項

A.symmetrical

B.comparative

C.compatible

D.harmonious

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。symmetrical“勻稱的，對稱的”；comparative“比較的，相當?shù)摹?；compatible“可兼容的”；harmonious“和諧的”。句意：不要再相信演講者了，因為他在演講中所講的永遠與事實不符。選項C符合題意。

7.單選題

Thereiswidespreadbeliefthattheemergenceofgiantindustrieshasbeenaccompaniedbyanequivalentsurgeinindustrialresearch.Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.Whileindustriallaboratoriescontributedsuchimportantproductsasnylonandtransistors,independentinventorsdevelopedairconditioning,theautomatictransmission,thejetengine,thehelicopter,insulin,andstreptomycin.Stillotherinventions,suchasstainlesssteel,television,silicones,andplexiglassweredevelopedthroughthecombinedeffortsofindividualsandlaboratoryteams.

Despitethesefinding,weareurgedtosupportmonopolisticpoweronthegroundsthatsuchpowercreatesanenvironmentsupportiveofinnovation.Wearetoldthattheindependentinventor,alongwiththesmallfirm,cannotaffordtoundertaketheimportantresearchneededtoimproveourstandardoflivingwhileprotectingourdiminishingresources,thatonlythegiantcorporationorconglomerate,withitsprodigiousassets,canaffordthekindofexpendituresthatcanproducethetechnologicaladvancesvitaltoeconomicprogress.Butwhenweexamineexpendituresforresearch,wefindthatofthemorethan$35billionspenteachyearinthiscountry,almosttwo-thirdsisspentbythefederalgovernment.Morethanhalfofthisgovernmentexpenditureisfunneledintomilitaryresearchandproductdevelopment,accountingfortheenormousincreaseinspendinginsuchindustriesasnuclearenergy,aircraft,missiles,andelectronics.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefense-linkedresearchprojectswilleitherimproveourstandardoflivingordomuchtoprotectourdiminishingresources.

Recenthistoryhasdemonstratedthatwemayhavetoalterourlongstandingconceptionoftheprocessactuatedbycompetition.Thepricevariable,onceperceivedasthedominantaspectoftheprocess,isnowsubordinatetothecompetitionofthenewproduct,thenewbusinessstructureandthenewtechnology.Whileitcanbeassumedthatinahighlycompetitiveindustrynotdominatedbyasinglecorporation,investmentininnovation—ariskyandexpensivebudgetitem—mightmeetresistancefrommanagementandstockholdersconcernedaboutcost-cutting,efficientorganization,andlargeadvertisingbudgets,itwouldbeanegregiouserrortoequatethemonopolisticproducerwithbountifulexpendituresonresearch.Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.

Theconglomeratesarenot,however,completelyexemptfromstrongcompetitivepressures.ThereareinstancesinwhichtheytoomustcompetewithanotherindustrialGoliath,andthentheirweaponsmayincludelargeexpendituresforinnovation.

1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,importantinventionsofthetwentiethcentury（）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor（）.

4.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthepassagebemostlikelytoagree?

5.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor?

問題1選項

A.advocateanincreaseingovernmentsupportoforganizedindustrialresearch

B.showthatAmerica’sstrengthdependsuponindividualingenuityandresourcefulness

C.describetheinadequaciesofsmallfirmsindealingwiththeimportantmatterofresearchandinnovation

D.pointoutacommonmisconceptionabouttherelationshipbetweentheextentofindustrialresearchandthegrowthofmonopolisticpowerinindustry

問題2選項

A.sometimesadverselyaffectourstandardoflivinganddiminishournaturalresources

B.cameprimarilyfromthehugelaboratoriesofmonopolisticindustries

C.wereproducedatleastasfrequentlybyindependentinventorsasbyresearchteams

D.havegreaterimpactonsmallerfirmsthanonconglomerates

問題3選項

A.haslittleconfidenceintheabilityofmonopolisticindustrytoproducetheimportantinventionsofthefuture

B.wouldratherseethefederalgovernmentspendmoneyonsocialservicesthanonthedefenseestablishment

C.favorsaconservativeapproachtoinnovationandplacestrustinconglomeratestoprovideefficientproduction

D.feelsthatpriceshouldstillbethedominantvariableinthecompetitiveprocess

問題4選項

A.Theindependentinventorcannotaffordtoundertaketheresearchneededtoimproveourstandardofliving.

B.Governmentalexpenditureformilitaryresearchwilldomuchtoprotectourdwindlingresources.

C.Industrialgiants,withtheirmanagerialbureaucracies,respondmorequicklytotechnologicalchangethansmallerfirmsdo.

D.Firmswithasmall-shareofthemarketaggressivelypursueinnovationsbecausetheyarenotlockedintooldcapitalequipment.

問題5選項

A.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbelifted,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletolargecorporationswishingtoengageinresearch.

B.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andgovernmentfundingshouldbemadeavailabletosmallcorporationsandindependentindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

C.Governmentalrestraintsonmonopoliesshouldbetightened,andnogovernmentfundingshouldbeprovidedtoanycorporationsorindividualswishingtoengageinresearch.

D.Theamountthegovernmentspendsonmilitaryresearchshouldbedecreased,andtheamountitspendstoimprovethestandardoflivingshouldbeincreased.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。縱觀全文，文章第一段主要提到了人們普遍認為，伴隨著巨型工業(yè)的出現(xiàn)，工業(yè)研究也開始激增。第二段用實例對觀點進行了否定。第三段主要提到相比大型工業(yè)，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴大其市場份額。第四段主要提到一些大型企業(yè)在面臨競爭的時候，也會大量投入進行創(chuàng)新。由此可知，本篇文章的主要目的在于指出了一個普遍存在的錯誤觀點：工業(yè)研究的范圍與工業(yè)壟斷勢力的增長之間的關(guān)系，即大型壟斷企業(yè)的增長會帶來工業(yè)研究和創(chuàng)新的激增。選項D符合題意。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Arecentstudyofimportantinventionsmadesincetheturnofthecenturyrevealsthatmorethanhalfweretheproductofindividualinventorsworkingalone,independentoforganizedindustrialresearch.”，最近一項關(guān)于世紀初以來重要發(fā)明的研究顯示，超過一半的發(fā)明是來自于獨立發(fā)明家，這些發(fā)明家獨立于有組織的工業(yè)研究團隊?？膳袛喑龆兰o的重要發(fā)明一半來自獨立發(fā)明家，一半來自研究團隊。選項C符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Large-scaleenterprisestendtooperatemorecomfortablyinstableandsecurecircumstances,andtheirmanagerialbureaucraciestendtopromotethestatusquoandresistthethreatimplicitinchange.Moreover,insomecases,industrialgiantsfacedwithlittleornocompetitionseektoavoidthecapitallossresultingfromobsolescencebydeliberatelyobstructingtechnologicalprogress.”，大型企業(yè)往往在穩(wěn)定和安全的環(huán)境中獲得更舒適的經(jīng)營環(huán)境，他們的管理機構(gòu)傾向于維持現(xiàn)狀，抵制變革中隱含的威脅。此外，在某些情況下，一些工業(yè)巨頭面臨很少的工業(yè)競爭，所以他們試圖通過故意阻礙技術(shù)進步來避免因過時而造成的資本損失。可判斷作者對壟斷行業(yè)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)明和創(chuàng)新能力沒有信心。選項A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段最后一句，“Bycontrast,smallfirmsundeterredbylargeinvestmentsinplantandcapitalequipmentoftenaggressivelypursuenewtechniquesandnewproducts,investingininnovationinordertoexpandtheirmarketshares.”，相比大型企業(yè)，小公司不受大型工廠和資本設備投資的阻礙，往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴大其市場份額?？膳袛喑鍪袌龇蓊~較小的公司積極追求創(chuàng)新，因為他們沒有被固定在資本設備投資上。選項D符合題意。

5.判斷推理題，文章第三段提到大型企業(yè)往往在穩(wěn)定和安全的環(huán)境中獲得更舒適的經(jīng)營環(huán)境，他們的管理機構(gòu)傾向于維持現(xiàn)狀，抵制變革中隱含的威脅。相比大型企業(yè)，小型企業(yè)往往積極追求新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品，投資于創(chuàng)新，以擴大其市場份額?？膳袛喑鲎髡叩膽B(tài)度可能是積極支持小型企業(yè)的創(chuàng)新，多投資于更有需求的小型企業(yè)。選項B符合題意。

8.單選題

Inthedecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingboll-weevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakofthefirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrant’ssubsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.

ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.

Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmiths,masons,carpenters一whichhadamonopolyofcertaintrades?buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlackworkerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Aftertheboll-weevilinfestation,urbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thus,amovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.

1.TheauthorindicatestheGreatMigrationexplicitlybyusingashersourceofinformation（

）.

2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheunderlinedphrase“theeasyconclusion”isbasedontheassumptionthat（

）.

4.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

5.Thematerialinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics?

問題1選項

A.immigrationServicereportsin1930

B.theFirstWorldWarin1918

C.thefederalcensusin1910

D.southernnewspapersin1898

問題2選項

A.Theywerebeingpushedlowerasaresultofincreasedcompetition.

B.Theybegantorisesothatsouthernindustrycouldattractruralworkers.

C.Theyhadincreasedforskilledworkersbutdecreasedforunskilledworkers.

D.Theyhadincreasedinlargesoutherncitiesbutdecreasedinsmallsouthernones.

問題3選項

A.peoplewhomigratefromruralareastolargecitiesusuallydosoforeconomicreasons

B.mostpeoplewholeaveruralareastoworkincitiesreturntoruralareasassoonasitisfinanciallypossibleforthemtodoso

C.peoplewithruralbackgroundsarelesslikelytosucceedeconomicallyincitiesthanthosewithurbanbackgrounds

D.mostpeoplewhowereonceskilledworkersarenotwillingtoworkasunskilledworkers

問題4選項

A.introducearecentlydiscoveredsourceofinformation

B.supportanalternativetoanacceptedmethodology

C.presentevidencethatresolvesacontradiction

D.challengeawidelyacceptedexplanation

問題5選項

A.TheEffectofMigrationontheRegionalEconomiesoftheUnitedStatesFollowingtheFirstWorldWar.

B.TheReasonsfortheSubsequentEconomicDifficultiesofThoseWhoParticipatedintheGreatMigration.

C.TheTransitionfortheSubsequentEconomicDifficultiesofThoseWhoParticipatedintheGreatMigration.

D.TheTransitionoftheAgriculturalSouthFollowingtheBoll-weevilInfestation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第二段的三四句，1910年，60多萬黑人工人,即黑人勞動力的10%，聲稱自己從事“制造業(yè)和機械制造業(yè)”，這一聯(lián)邦人口普查類別基本上包括了整個工業(yè)部門。大遷移很可能完全由這個群體和他們的家庭組成。由此可知，作者以1910年聯(lián)邦人口普查為資料來源，明確指出了大遷移。選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Aftertheboll-weevilinfestation,...formerlypaidforindustrialjobs.”在棉鈴蟲泛濫之后，由于農(nóng)村的黑人工人和白人工人不斷涌入，城里的黑人工人面臨著競爭，他們被迫降低了工資。選項A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第三段最后一句，向北遷移將被認為對一個已經(jīng)城市化并穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的群體有利，而將他們隨后在北方遇到的經(jīng)濟問題與他們的農(nóng)村背景聯(lián)系起來的簡單結(jié)論將受到質(zhì)疑。再根據(jù)第一段最后一句，這一假設導致的結(jié)論是，北方移民隨后缺乏經(jīng)濟流動性與其農(nóng)村背景有關(guān)，農(nóng)村背景意味著不熟悉城市生活和缺乏工業(yè)技能。選項C符合原文。

4.結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知，作者在第一段提出一個假設“大多數(shù)移民來自于農(nóng)村”以及一個結(jié)論“北方移民隨后缺乏經(jīng)濟流動性與其農(nóng)村背景有關(guān)”；但在第二段，作者指出就業(yè)人口可能也會受到遷移的誘惑，原因在于當時盛行于南方的惡劣的勞動環(huán)境，這是在質(zhì)疑第一段提出的假設。第三段也對第一段提出的結(jié)論進行了質(zhì)疑，所以本文的目的是挑戰(zhàn)一種被人們廣泛接受的解釋。選項D正確。

5.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知，原文之所以提出大多數(shù)移民來自于農(nóng)村的假設是因為人們向北方移民之后經(jīng)濟變得困難，所以本文其實是在探討人們向北方移民之后經(jīng)濟困難的原因，選項B與原文相關(guān)。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

9.單選題

Americansarepeopleobsessedwithchild-rearing.Intheirbooks,magazines,talkshows,parenttrainingcourses,WhiteHouseconferences,andchatsoverthebackfence,theyendlesslydebatethebestwaystoraisechildren.Moreover,Americansdomorethandebatetheirtheories;theytranslatethemintoaction.Theyerectplaygroundsfortheyoungster’spleasure,equiplargeschoolsfortheireducation,andtrainskilledspecialistsfortheirwelfare.WholeindustriesinAmericaaredevotedtomakingchildrenhappy,healthyandwise.

Butthisinterestinchildhoodisrelativelynew.Infact,untilveryrecentlypeopleconsideredchildhoodjustabrief,unimportantpreludetoadulthoodandtherealbusinessofliving.Byandlarge,theyeitherignoredchildren,beatthem,orfondledthemcarelessly,muchaswewouldamuseourselveswithalotofpuppies.Whentheygaveseriousthoughttochildrenatall,peopleeitherconceivedofthemasminiatureadultsoraspeculiar,unformedanimals.

Downthroughtheagestheexperiencesofchildhoodhavebeenasvariedasitsduration.Actionsthatwouldhaveprovokedabeatinginoneeraelicitextralovingcareinanother.Babieswhohavebeennurturedexclusivelybytheirmothersinoneepochareleftwithday-careworkersinanother.Insomeplaceschildrenhavebeentrainedtostraddleunsteadycanoes,negotiatetreacherousmountainpasses,andcarryheavybundlesontheirheads.Inotherplacestheyhavebeentaughtcomplicatedpianoconcertiandlongmultiplicationtables.

Butdiverseasithasbeen,childhoodhasonecommonexperienceatitscoreandthatisthesocialaspectofnurture.Allchildrenneedadultstobringthemup.Becausehumanyoungtakesolongtobecomeindependent,wethinkthatcivilizationmayhavegrownuparoundtheneedtofeedandprotectthem.Certainly,fromtheearliestdaysofman,adultshavemadeprovisionforthechildrenintheirmidst.

1.ThepresentdayAmericanobsessionwithchild-rearinghas（）.

2.Childreninthepastwereill-treatedorpettedbecausetheywere（）.

3.Howhavechildhoodexperiencesvaried?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,children（）.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetodevelopmentsintheperceptionofchildhood?

問題1選項

A.resultedinineffectualaction

B.initiatedpointlessdiscussions

C.hadwide-rangingresults

D.producedendlesstheories

問題2選項

A.ignorantofadultlife

B.seenasuninteresting

C.consideredofnoimportance

D.conceivedofashavinganimalnatures

問題3選項

A.Childrenhavebeenalternatelybeatenandlovedthroughtheages.

B.Therehavebeendifferencesinchildrearingindifferentepochs.

C.Parentshaveincreasinglytakencontroloftheirchildren’snurturing.

D.Insomeplacesphysicaltraininghasgivenwaytoencouragingcreativity.

問題4選項

A.needintensiveadultnurturing

B.aretheinstigatorsofcivilization

C.remainphysicallydependentuntiladulthood

D.havecommonsocialexperiences

問題5選項

A.Cynical

B.Indifferent

C.Positive

D.Neutral

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.考查細節(jié)事實題。文章第一段介紹了美國人對于幼兒教育的態(tài)度，根據(jù)原文“Moreover,Americansdomorethandebatetheirtheories;theytranslatethemintoaction.”可知，美國人不僅僅辯論他們的理論，而且也采取行動。因此，C項hadwide-rangingresults“有廣泛的結(jié)果”符合題意，故本題選C。

2.考查細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的Infact,untilveryrecentlypeopleconsideredchildhoodjustabrief,unimportantpreludetoadulthoodandtherealbusinessofliving.可知，事實上，不久前人們只把兒童時期看作是一個簡短且不重要的人生階段。直到現(xiàn)在，幼兒教育才開始引起重視。因此，C項為正確答案。

3.考查細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)文章第三段Downthroughtheagestheexperiencesofchildhoodhavebeenasvariedasitsduration.Actionsthatwouldhaveprovokedabeatinginoneeraelicitextralovingcareinanother可知，不同時期的大人們在撫養(yǎng)兒童上的態(tài)度和方法上也會不同。因此，B項為正確答案。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中Becausehumanyoungtakesolongtobecomeindependent,wethinkthatcivilizationmayhavegrownuparoundtheneedtofeedandprotectthem可知，文化的進步源于對孩子的培養(yǎng)和保護，所以，孩子在一定程度上推動了文化的進步。因此，B項為正確答案。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。文章主要講述了美國人對孩子的教育由從以前的不重視轉(zhuǎn)為現(xiàn)在的非常重視，并且采取了一系列的相關(guān)措施。因此，作者對這一轉(zhuǎn)變持有積極的態(tài)度。A項為諷刺的，B項為漠視的，C項為積極的，D項為中立的。因此，C項為正確答案。

10.單選題

Ifthey’relookingfora（

）ofinformationonapageorareengrossedincontent,theywon’tbedistractedbytheadsontheside.

問題1選項

A.stripe

B.sustainment

C.series

D.snippet

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。stripe“條紋”；sustainment“支持物”；series“系列，連續(xù)”；snippet“片斷”。句意：如果他們正在一個網(wǎng)頁上尋找信息片段或者專心地看內(nèi)容，那么他們將不會被旁邊的廣告分心。由informationonapage可知空格處指信息片段，故D項正確。

11.單選題

Thispaperwillexaminerelevanttheoriesandresearchfindingsconcerninglisteningandsecondlanguageacquisitionandidentifyconditionsthatmay（）listening.

問題1選項

A.elevate

B.facilitate

C.stimulate

D.provoke

【答案】B

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。elevate"提升,舉起";facilitate"促進,幫助";stimulate"刺激,鼓舞,激勵";provoke"驅(qū)使,激怒,煽動"。句意：這篇論文將檢驗有關(guān)聽力和第二語言習得的相關(guān)理論和研究成果,并找出有助于聽力的條件。選項B正確。

12.不定項選擇題

ThecountryinwhichIlivehaslawsforbiddingdiscriminationonthegroundsofethnicity,religion,sexualityorsex.We’vecomealongwaysincethedayswhenthereversewastrue—whenhomosexualitywasillegal,forinstance,orwhenwomenwerebarredfromvoting.Butthisdoesn’tmeanthatprejudiceisover,ofcourse.Nowadaysweneedtobeasconcernedaboutsubtlerstrainsofprejudiceasthekindofloud-mouthedracismandsexismthatmakesusashamedofthepast.

Subtleprejudiceisthedomainofunjustifiedassumptions,dog-whistles,andplainfailuretomaketheefforttoincludepeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,orwhodon’tfitourexpectations.Onewordfortheexpressionsofsubtleprejudiceis‘‘microaggression”.Thesearethingssuchasrepeatingathoughtlessstereotype,ortooreadilydismissingsomeone’sviewpoint—actionsthatmayseemunworthyofcomment,butcanneverthelessmarginaliseanindividual.

Thepeopleperpetratingthesemicroaggressionsmaybecompletelyunawarethattheyholdaprejudicedview.Psychologistsdistinguishbetweenourexplicitattitudes—whicharethebeliefsandfeelingswe’lladmitto—andourimplicitattitudes—whichareourbeliefsandfeelingswhicharerevealedbyouractions.So,forexample,youmightsaythatyouarenotasexist,youmightevensaythatyouareanti-sexist,butifyouinterruptwomenmorethanmeninmeetingsyouwouldbedisplayingasexistimplicitattitude—onewhichisverydifferentfromthatnon-sexistexplicitattitudeyouprofess.

Thethingaboutsubtleprejudiceisthatitisbydefinitionsubtle—lotsofsmalldifferencesinhowpeoplearetreated,smallasides,littlejibes,ambiguousdifferencesinhowwetreatonepersoncomparedtoanother.Thismakesithardtomeasure,andhardtoaddress,and—forsomepeople—hardtotakeseriously.

Thisistheskepticallineofthought:whenpeoplecomplainaboutbeingtreateddifferentlyinsmallwaystheyarebeingoverlysensitive,tryingtolayclaimtoacultureofvictimhood.Smalldifferencesarejustthat—small.

Nowyouwillhaveyourownintuitionsaboutthatview,butmyinterestisinhowyoucouldtesttheideathatathousandsmallcutsdoaddup.Aclassicexperimentonthewayraceaffectsourinteractionsshowsnotonlythemyriadwaysinwhichracecanaffecthowwetreatpeople,butshowsinacleverwaythateventhemostprivilegedofuswouldsuff