考研考博-英語-惠州工程職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-惠州工程職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Nowordswill（）toconveymygrief.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.serve

B.supply

C.suffice

D.support

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)serve“招待，供應(yīng)，為……服務(wù)”；B選項(xiàng)supply“供給，提供，補(bǔ)充”；C選項(xiàng)suffice“使?jié)M足，足夠，有能力”，sufficeto“足以”，例如：Oneexamplewillsufficetoillustratethepoint.舉一個(gè)例子就足以說明這一點(diǎn)，D選項(xiàng)support“支持，幫助，支撐”，句意：沒有言語能夠表達(dá)我的悲傷。由選項(xiàng)意思，固定搭配和句意可知，C選項(xiàng)符合句意。

2.單選題

Areundergraduategradesimportant?Everyoneknowsthathighmarksearnedatdifferentschoolsorunderdifferentinstructorscanindicateverydifferentlevelsofachievement.Oneprofessormaybeahardgrader,whileanotherisverygenerousoronewhotakesthewholebusinessasabitofjoke.Someschoolshavenighstandards,whereasothersaregroupsofintellectualpeople.Andatalluniversities,thereisaconstanttendencytowardsgradeinflation（thegrantingofevermorehighmarks）.Thatisfoughtvigorouslyatsomeinstitutionsandallowedtogouncheckedforlongperiodsatothers.

Anotherpointraisedagainstgradesishowpoorlytheypredicthowmuchgraduateswillbeearning15or20yearsaftergettingtheirdegrees.Asmanystudieshaveshown,thereisonlyaverypoorcorrelationbetweenundergraduate’sgradesandsubsequentwealth.Peoplewhogetgoodmarkstendtogointotheprofessions,notallofwhicharehighlyremunerative（有利的）.Thecorrelationbetweenundergraduategradesandsuccessinbusiness,themostcommonroadtowealth,isvirtuallynothing.Manymediocre（平庸）studentsbecomesuccessfulbusinessman,whilesomebrilliantandcapablegraduates（creativeyoungsters,notstudentswithspecialskillsinpassingexams）takeuprelativelylow-payingbutinterestingorsatisfyingcareers.Thegeneralpopulation,examiningthisquestionthroughastatisticallens,seesonethingveryclearlythatgoodgradesdon’ttranslateinanydirectwayintobigbucks,andforbetterorforworse,thegauge（標(biāo)尺）of“success”forcountlessAmericansistheacquisitionofwealth.

TheresultisacertainmodestyaboutgoodgradesinAmericaamongthosewhogetthem.Astudent’sparentsmaybragabouthismarks,butseldomwillthestudenthimselfriskbeingbrandeda“grade-grubber”bydrawingtoomuchattentiontohisacademicsuccess.Highmarksarenotsomethingtobeadvertisedtotheworldexceptonresumes,andanybodywhoboastsaboutthemislikelytobeviewedwithcontempt,notleastbyintelligentpeople.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutundergraduategrades?

2.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweengradesandbusinessperformance?

3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheAmericanattitudetowardsgoodgrades?

4.Thephrase“grade-grubber”,underlinedinparagraph3probablymeans（

）.

5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthispassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Differentgradesinschoolsindicatedifferentlevelsofachievement.

B.Professorsaregivingincreasinglyhighmarks.

C.Professorssometimesgivegradeswithoutcheckingstudent’swork.

D.Professorsarelikelytogivehighgradesiftheyarehumorous.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Goodgradesnormallyleadtobusinesssuccess.

B.Thereisadirectlinkbetweengradesandbusinesssuccess.

C.Goodgradesdon'tnecessarilymeanbusinesssuccess.

D.Poorgradesoftenmeanbusinesssuccess.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Thestudentswithgoodgradeswillsharehishappinesswitheverybodyheknows.

B.Goodgradesaresomethingattachedtogreatimportance.

C.Notmuchimportanceisattachedtogoodgrades.

D.Studentswillriskeverythingtogetgoodgrades.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.astudentwholiketotakerisks

B.astudentwhoisexcellentinacademicstudy

C.astudentwhoisobsessedbygettinggoodgrades

D.astudentwhobragsabouthisgoodgrades

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.AreGradesSoImportant?

B.HowtoGetGoodGrades.

C.DifferentAttitudestowardsGrades.

D.GradesandBusinessSuccess

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘關(guān)于本科成績(jī)，下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是正確的?’。根據(jù)文章第一段中第三句“Oneprofessormaybeahardgrader,whileanotherisverygenerousoronewhotakesthewholebusinessasabitofjoke.一位教授可能是一個(gè)嚴(yán)格的評(píng)分者，而另一位教授可能是一個(gè)非?？犊娜?，或者是一個(gè)把整件事當(dāng)作玩笑的人。”確定C選項(xiàng)‘教授有時(shí)不檢查學(xué)生的作業(yè)就給他們打分。’正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)這篇文章，成績(jī)和企業(yè)績(jī)效之間的關(guān)系是什么?’。根據(jù)文章第二段中第四句“Thecorrelationbetweenundergraduategradesandsuccessinbusiness,themostcommonroadtowealth,isvirtuallynothing.大學(xué)本科成績(jī)與商業(yè)成功(最常見的致富之路)之間的相關(guān)性幾乎為零?！贝_定C選項(xiàng)‘好的成績(jī)并不一定意味著商業(yè)上的成功?！_。

3.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘下列哪一項(xiàng)最能描述美國(guó)人對(duì)待好成績(jī)的態(tài)度?’。根據(jù)文章最后一段中第一句“TheresultisacertainmodestyaboutgoodgradesinAmericaamongthosewhogetthem.結(jié)果是，在美國(guó)取得好成績(jī)的人對(duì)自己的成績(jī)多少有些謙虛?！贝_定C選項(xiàng)‘好成績(jī)不太重要?！_。

4.詞匯題。題干詢問‘第3段下劃線的grade-grubber”一詞可能是指…’。根據(jù)文章最后一段的第二句‘Astudent’sparentsmaybragabouthismarks,butseldomwillthestudenthimselfriskbeingbrandeda“grade-grubber”bydrawingtoomuchattentiontohisacademicsuccess.學(xué)生的父母可能會(huì)吹噓他的成績(jī)，但很少會(huì)因?yàn)檫^分關(guān)注他的學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)而給自己貼上“grade-grubber”的標(biāo)簽?！@句話中的方式狀語“bydrawingtoomuchattentiontohisacademicsuccess通過高度重視自己的學(xué)術(shù)成就”就是該詞的解釋，所以C選項(xiàng)‘一個(gè)癡迷于取得好成績(jī)的學(xué)生’正確。

5.主旨大意題。題干詢問‘這篇文章最好的題目是什么?’。在文章開頭作者提出問題“Areundergraduategradesimportant?"，之后從多個(gè)方面論證了大學(xué)成績(jī)并不是那么重要，高分不能代表財(cái)富和成功。所以用這一句話作為標(biāo)題很恰當(dāng)合適，A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

Theyhavealwaysregardedamanof（）andfairnessasareliablefriend.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.robustness

B.temperament

C.integrity

D.compactness

【答案】C

【解析】robustness健壯性,堅(jiān)固性;temperament氣質(zhì),性格,性情;integrity正直;compactness緊密,堅(jiān)實(shí)。句意：他們一直把正直而公平的人視作可靠的朋友。

4.寫作題

Forthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionofnolessthan200wordsaccordingtothefollowingtopic.PleasewriteyourcompositionclearlyontheAnswerSheetprovided.(20points)

Manypeople,especiallyyoungpeople,makefriendsthroughQQchattingorotherformsofinstantmessagingsystems.SomepeoplesaythatsuchrelationshipsasQQnetworkingfriendsarenottrustworthybecausetragedieshappenoccasionally;otherssaythatrelationshipsofsuchkindarenodifferencefromthetraditionalones,becausetheyencounterbothgoodfriendandbadguysthroughQQchattingastheydointheirtraditionallifestyles;stillothersbelievethatwhethertheyaretrustworthyornotdependsonyourinitialpurposeandhowyoupursuesucharelationship.

What'syouropinionaboutit?Pleasechooseoneoptionandwriteanessayofatleast200words.Pleaseuseadequatematerialstosupportyourposition.

【答案】ShouldPeopleMakeFriendsonLine?5.單選題

Thereareover6,000differentcomputerandonlinegamesintheworldnow.Asegmentofthemareconsideredtobebotheducationalandharmlesslyentertaining.Onesuchgameteachesgeography,andanothertrainspilots.Otherstraintheplayerinlogicalthinkingandproblemsolving.Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate,whichismoreimportantinthistechnology-drivenera.

Butthedarksideofthecomputergameshasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.“Asegmentofgamesfeaturesanti-socialthemesofviolence,sexandcrudelanguage,”saysDavidWalsh,presidentoftheNationalInstituteonMediaandFamily.“Unfortunately,it’sasegmentthatseemsparticularlypopularwithkidsagedeighttofifteen.”

Onestudyshowedthatalmost80percentofthecomputerandonlinegamesyoungpeoplepreferredcontainedviolence.Theinvestigatorssaid,“Thesearenotjustgamesanymore.Thesearelearningmachines.We’reteachingkidsinthemostincrediblemannerwhatit’sliketopullthetrigger.Whattheyarenotlearningarethereal-lifeconsequences.’’

Theyalsosaid,"Thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesareevenworse,becausetheyhavebettergraphicsandallowtheplayertoparticipateinevenmorerealisticviolentacts.”InthegameCarmageddon,forexample,theplayerwillhavedrivenoverandkilledupto33,000peoplebythetimealllevelsarecompleted.Adescriptionoftheoutcomeofthegamesays:“Yourvictimsnotonlysquishunderyourtiresandsplatterbloodonthewindshield.Theyalsogetontheirkneesandbegformercy,orcommitsuicide.Ifyoulike,youcanalsodismemberthem.”

Isallthissimulatedviolenceharmful?Approximately3,000differentstudieshavebeenconductedonthissubject.Manyhavesuggestedthatthereisaconnectionbetweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressivenessintheplayers.

Somespecialistsdownplaytheinfluenceofthegames,sayingthatotherfactorsmustbetakenintoconsideration,suchasthepossibilitythatkidswhoalreadyhaveviolenttendenciesarechoosingsuchgames.Butcoulditbethatviolentgamesstillplayacontributingrole?Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthatpeoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.Ifthatweretrue,whywouldthecommercialworldspendbillionsofdollarsannuallyfortelevisionadvertising?

1.WhichofthefollowingcomputergamesareNOTmentionedaseducationalandharmlesslyentertaining?（

）

2.Accordingtotheinvestigators,（

）.

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（

）.

4.Theauthoruses“televisionadvertising”asanexampletoshowthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thosethatteachhowtoflyanairplane.

B.Thosethatteachthefeaturesoftheearth.

C.Thosethathelppeopleusecomputerlanguage.

D.Thosethatteachcomputertechnology.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesallowtheplayerstotakepartinrealviolentacts

B.thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesteachtheplayershowtokillotherpeople

C.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaketheplayersforgettherealliferesults

D.mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaycultivateyoungpeoplewithbadmanners

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.moreandmoreyoungpeopleenjoycruelcomputergames

B.itishardtofindevidenceofalinkbetweenviolenceandcomputergames

C.therearenowmoreincidentsofviolenceduetocomputergames

D.simulatedviolenceincomputergamesisdifferentfromrealviolence

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecommercialworldiscontributingtotheincreasedviolenceinreallife

B.computerandonlinegamesarenottheonlycauseofincreasedviolenceinreallife

C.thereisacloselinkbetweencomputergamesandincreasedviolenceinreallife

D.otherfactorsmustbeconsideredaspossiblecausesofviolenceinreallife

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞educationalandharmlesslyentertaining定位到第一段。首段第三句teachesgeography,trainspilots分別對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B和A；首段第五句helpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D，只有C項(xiàng)文中沒有提到。

2.細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第三段和第四段分別陳述了電子游戲和網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲所帶來的負(fù)面影響。A、B、C項(xiàng)都是其表現(xiàn)，D項(xiàng)是前面選項(xiàng)的總結(jié)，即使青少年養(yǎng)成不良習(xí)慣。

3.邏輯推理。文章通篇都在講電子游戲和網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲?qū)η嗌倌暌约吧鐣?huì)的負(fù)面影響。

4.細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“televisionadvertising”定位至最后一段。舉例是為了論證

peopleareinfluencedbywhattheysee（人們會(huì)受到所見內(nèi)容的影響），也就是說，游戲會(huì)影響到人們的行為，暴力游戲可能讓人有暴力傾向，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

6.單選題

Financialstatementisafinancialreportorrecord（）usuallyonaquarterlyandannuallybasiswhichprovidesanindividual’s,anorganization’s,orbussiness’sfinancialstates.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.completed

B.compiled

C.collated

D.contested

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。complete完成compiled編譯的collate核對(duì)，校對(duì)contest競(jìng)賽，爭(zhēng)奪。句意：財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是一種編譯好的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告或記錄。通常以季度或年度為單位，給個(gè)人，企業(yè)單位或商戶提供財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告?？崭裉幩顔卧~為形容詞做后置定語修飾reportorrecord。答案B。

7.單選題

Itmakesmesicktothinkofhishighly______manners.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.artistic

B.artful

C.artless

D.artificial

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)artistic“藝術(shù)的、有美感的”；B項(xiàng)artful“巧妙的、狡猾的”；C項(xiàng)artless“天真的、樸實(shí)的”；D項(xiàng)artificial“人造的、仿造的、虛偽的”；句意：我一想到他那矯揉造作的舉止就覺得惡心。因此該題D項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Heisverytired.Heneeds（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.agoodnightrest

B.goodrestofanight

C.agoodrestnight

D.agoodnight’srest

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞所有格。表示有生命的東西的名詞及某些表示時(shí)間、距離、星球、世界、國(guó)家等無生命的東西的名詞后加“’s”來表示所有關(guān)系，此處表示他需要一個(gè)晚上的休息，night為名詞，后面加“’s”表示與rest的所有關(guān)系，因此選D。句意：他非常累，他需要一個(gè)晚上的休息。

9.單選題

If（）toheavypressure,castironwillcrack.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.subjecting

B.beingsubjected

C.subjected

D.havingsubjected

【答案】C

【解析】考查條件句的主語省略。當(dāng)條件句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí)，可省略主語。主句里面的主語是castiron“鑄鐵”，條件句省略了主語castiron，壓力是由鑄鐵來承受的，因此應(yīng)該使用subject的過去分詞。句意：如果承受重大壓力，鑄鐵也會(huì)斷裂。完整版本應(yīng)是Ifit’ssubjectedtoheavypressure,castironwillcrack.因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.單選題

Theleadersofthetwocountriesfeelitdesirableto（）fundsfromarmamentstohealthandeducation.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.divert

B.change

C.convert

D.derive

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。divert“轉(zhuǎn)移”；change“改變”；convert“使轉(zhuǎn)變”；derive“源于”。根據(jù)空格處后面的“from…to…”可知是將資金從一個(gè)地方轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)地方，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

11.單選題

Everyoneknowsthatthespeedofanairplane___thatofaship.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.transplants

B.transfers

C.transcends

D.transforms

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.transplants移植B.transfers轉(zhuǎn)移

C.transcends勝過，超越D.transforms轉(zhuǎn)換

【考查點(diǎn)】形近詞辨析。

【解題思路】空格處的that指代的是speed，也就是說比較飛機(jī)與船的速度。C選項(xiàng)transcends“勝過，超越”符合句子邏輯。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D選項(xiàng)均無法與空格前后構(gòu)成相應(yīng)邏輯關(guān)系。

【句意】大家都知道飛機(jī)的速度快于輪船的速度。

12.填空題

Psychologiststakecontrastiveviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetocoldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists（1）researchtherelationbetweenactionsandtheirconsequencesarguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Cognitiveresearchers,whostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintain（2）rewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependence（3）approvalandgiftsfromothers.

Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparks（4）ingrade-schoolchildren,suggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,（5）toastudyintheJuneJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.

“Ifkidsknowthey’reworkingfora（6）andcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity’’，saysRobertEisenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit’seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsfor（7）performanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”

Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithdiscouragedstudents,Eisenbergerholds（8）anexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefailing（9）.

Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomies,in（10）studentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstoward,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.

【答案】（1）who

（2）that

（3）on

（4）creativity

（5）according

（6）reward

（7）poor

（8）As

（9）grades

（10）which

【解析】（1）語法題。考查定語從句。此空后的句子為定語從句，先行詞為“Behaviorists”，所以應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞who，引導(dǎo)修飾人的定語從句。

（2）語法題。考查賓語從句?？蘸蟮膬?nèi)容為maintain的賓語，應(yīng)填一個(gè)可引導(dǎo)賓語從句的詞。而且上文的賓語從句“arguethat...”也可以推斷出本空填"that。

（3）固定搭配。固定短語dependon意為“依賴，依靠”，其名詞形式dependence也需要跟介詞on。

（4）語義連接。本文是在講述獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)、表揚(yáng)與創(chuàng)造性的關(guān)系，此句意為“但是小心地使用小量的金錢報(bào)酬能激起分級(jí)學(xué)校孩子們的”第一段中提到“destroycreativity”,因此該空格處應(yīng)填“creativity”。

（5）固定搭配。According填在空格處,句意為：根據(jù)一項(xiàng)個(gè)性與社會(huì)心理學(xué)的六月雜志的研究。

（6）語義連接。本文講獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)與創(chuàng)造性的關(guān)系，此句意為“如果孩子們知道他們?cè)跒楣ぷ?。”顯然，此空處應(yīng)填“reward”(獎(jiǎng)勵(lì))。

（7）語義連接。推測(cè)此句意為“但是如果獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)表現(xiàn)不好的,或者制造過高的對(duì)創(chuàng)造力的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)期望值,這很容易扼殺創(chuàng)造性。因此此處填poor比較合適。

（8）語義連接。此句意為作為后一種觀點(diǎn)的例子”。

（9）語義連接。前句句意:給平常成績(jī)的學(xué)生打高分的老師，最終會(huì)使學(xué)生泄氣。此句句意:他指出，各大學(xué)在嚴(yán)格控制評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和恢復(fù)不及格成績(jī)方面做出越來越多的努力。此處應(yīng)填grade的復(fù)數(shù)形式。

（10）語法題。考查定語從句。此空后的句子應(yīng)為定語從句，先行詞為“tokeneconomies”，故此空應(yīng)填一個(gè)可引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞，而且空格前面有介詞in,故只能填“which”。

13.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeheldtoone-fifththetotal（

）forlivingexpenses.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.acceptable

B.available

C.advisable

D.applicable

【答案】B

【解析】句意:通常，一個(gè)學(xué)生花在住房上的費(fèi)用應(yīng)控制在可支配生活費(fèi)總額的五分之一以內(nèi)。

考查形容詞辨析。acceptable可接受的，令人滿意的；available可獲得的，可購得的，有空的；advisable明智的，可取的；applicable適用的，可實(shí)施的。故B符合句意。

14.單選題

Mathematicsaswellasothersubjects（

）ascience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.was

B.is

C.are

D.belongto

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如其它學(xué)科一樣，數(shù)學(xué)是一門科學(xué)。

語法題?？疾橹髦^一致。名詞+aswellas/nolessthan/but/except/with/like+其他名詞做主語吋，謂語與第一個(gè)名詞一致。Mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))為單數(shù)，故謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用三單形式。此處是陳述事實(shí),所以時(shí)態(tài)選用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。故選B。

15.單選題

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.

Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsub-millimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.

Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”

Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.

Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofaforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.

1.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin______.

2.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans______.

3.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan______.

4.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso______.

5.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction

B.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry

C.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork

D.theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.programs

B.experts

C.devices

D.creatures

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.fulfildelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery

B.interactwithhumanbeingverbally

C.havealittlecommonsense

D.respondindependentlytoachangingworld

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.makeafewdecisionsforthemselves

B.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention

C.improvefactoryenvironment

D.cultivatehumancreativity

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure

B.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately

C.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation

D.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“人類的聰明才智最初是在……”。第一段第一句Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.（自人類有了聰明才智以來，人們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)出了越來越精巧的工具來應(yīng)付危險(xiǎn)、無聊、繁重或純粹是骯臟的工作）可推斷，人類的聰明才智最初是設(shè)計(jì)工具來解決困難危險(xiǎn)的工作。A項(xiàng)“使用機(jī)器來創(chuàng)作科幻小說”，第一段最后一句Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.（如果科學(xué)家們還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)在機(jī)械上創(chuàng)造科幻小說，那么他們也已經(jīng)很接近這個(gè)目標(biāo)了）可以知道，機(jī)器創(chuàng)造小說還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，所以不選；B項(xiàng)“機(jī)器在制造業(yè)中的廣泛使用”，這屬于人類的聰明才智，但不是最初的，不符合題意所以不選；D項(xiàng)“精英們巧妙地處理危險(xiǎn)而無聊的工作”，“精英”一詞沒有在文中提及，所以不選；C項(xiàng)“發(fā)明用于困難和危險(xiǎn)工作的工具”符合題意，因此C項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題解析】語義推測(cè)題。題干意思是“第二段第一行的詞語gizmos最有可能是什么意思？”A選項(xiàng)“課程、規(guī)劃”，B選項(xiàng)“專家”，C選項(xiàng)“設(shè)備”，D選項(xiàng)“生物”?？吹降诙蔚谝恍衪hemodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.（現(xiàn)代世界越來越多地充斥著智能的裝置，我們幾乎注意不到它們的存在，但它們的普遍存在卻節(jié)省了大量人類勞動(dòng)），推斷gizmos是一種節(jié)省人類勞動(dòng)力的裝置；另外后面描述到了工廠的機(jī)械臂，銀行自助柜臺(tái)，列車上的機(jī)器人司機(jī)等為人類節(jié)省了大量的勞動(dòng)力。因此選項(xiàng)C正確。

3.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)什么機(jī)器人能……現(xiàn)在是超出人類能力范圍？”。第三段最后一句DaveLavery說wecan’tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsensetoreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld（我們現(xiàn)在還沒法設(shè)計(jì)出能有足夠的常識(shí)去應(yīng)付一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)世界的機(jī)器人）可知，D項(xiàng)“獨(dú)立應(yīng)對(duì)變化的世界”正確。A項(xiàng)“完成精細(xì)的任務(wù)，如進(jìn)行腦部手術(shù)”在第二段提到過，人類為了節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力制造出很多智能設(shè)備，因此此項(xiàng)不選；B項(xiàng)“用言語與人類互動(dòng)”這一項(xiàng)在文中沒有提到，因此不選；C項(xiàng)“有一點(diǎn)常識(shí)”干擾項(xiàng)，人類制造具有足夠常識(shí)的機(jī)器人目的是為了應(yīng)對(duì)多變的世界，有一點(diǎn)常識(shí)不是人類制造該機(jī)器人的目的，所以不選。因此該題D項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“除了節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力以外，機(jī)器人還可以……”。第三段第二句DaveLavery說whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror（我們知道如何告訴機(jī)器人去處理一個(gè)特定的錯(cuò)誤），以及第五段第二句提到theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.（他們已經(jīng)制造出在可控的工廠環(huán)境中能以不到一毫米的精確度識(shí)別機(jī)器面板上的誤差的機(jī)器人），由此可知機(jī)器人除了節(jié)省勞動(dòng)力以外還可以處理一些錯(cuò)誤。A項(xiàng)“自己做決定”，第三段第一句提到Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewith…tomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge（但是如果機(jī)器人要達(dá)到節(jié)省人工的下一個(gè)階段，它們將必須在更少的人力監(jiān)督之下工作，而且還要能夠自己做出至少幾個(gè)決定——這些目標(biāo)引發(fā)真正的挑戰(zhàn)）可知，讓機(jī)器人自己做決定還只是一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，并沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，所以此項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“改善工廠環(huán)境”，文中沒有提到機(jī)器人可以改善環(huán)境，所以不選；D項(xiàng)“培養(yǎng)人類創(chuàng)造力”文中也沒提到。因此該題B項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干意思是“作者使用猴子的例子來論證機(jī)器人是……”。最后一段第一句提到thehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated（人類大腦中大約1000億個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞比之前想象的更有天賦，人類的感知也比之前想象的更復(fù)雜）可知，機(jī)器人與人類大腦相比，機(jī)器人的智能和感知能力還相差甚遠(yuǎn)，因?yàn)槿祟惪梢栽谒查g識(shí)別出猴子的面孔而機(jī)器人做不到。A項(xiàng)“有望復(fù)制人類大腦的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)”，最后一句提到ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability（地球上最先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)都無法達(dá)到這種能力）可知機(jī)器人要做到復(fù)制人類大腦還做不到，此項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“能夠立即感知到異常情況”，最后一段作者用猴子的例子是來證明人類大腦的感知能力比機(jī)器人更快，因此此項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“最好在受控環(huán)境中使用”，文中只是提到機(jī)器人可以在可控的環(huán)境中識(shí)別出精確的誤差，沒有建議在受控環(huán)境中使用，所以此項(xiàng)不選。故該題C項(xiàng)正確。

16.單選題

Bartendersarerarelyshyaboutofferinganopinion.ButonarecenteveningattheFinboroughWineCafe,inbetweenpoursofBeaujolais,thebartenderVanBadhamwasmemorablyonpointaboutthenewplay“MirrorTeeth”beingperformedinanupstairsroom:AChristopher-Durang-meets-Caryl-Churchillsatireaboutracism,sexandcontrolintheBritishfamily.

Ms.Badham,itwaslaterrevealed,doublesastheliterarymanagerfortheFinboroughTheater,whichhasbeenatenantatthepubsince1980.NeilMcPherson,thetheater’sartisticdirectoranditsonlysalariedemployee,saidseveralcompanymemberstendedbartomakeendsmeet,giventhattheyarepaidbythetheateronlyifaproductionturnsaprofit.Nosuccessistoosmall:Heoncedoledout￡1.18toeachcrewmemberafteroneplayinthe50-seattheaterdidabitbetterthanbreakeven.

“Theactorsdon’tgetpaid,either,notusually，”Mr.McPhersonsaid,sittingonthesnugstageafter“MirrorTeeth”hadconcludedthatnight.“Butifyou’vebeenstuckinPhantom’for10yearsandyou’reaboutreadytoslityourwrists,andyoucravedoingsomeproperacting,youcandothathere.”

LikethestorefronttheatersceneinChicago,ortheoutdoorproductionsinparks,playgroundsandcarlotsacrossNewYorkinthesummer,pubtheatersareabelovedpartoftheplay-makingtraditioninEngland,especiallyLondon.TheirlineageextendstotheRestoration,whenactingtroupestookoveremptydiningroomsabovepubstoperformplaysofvulgarmaterialthatwentwellwithapint.LatertheVictorian-eramusichalls--awildlypopularamusementfortheworkingclasses—gottheirstartinsaloonbars.

Pubtheatersproliferatedinthe1970sand1980swiththeincreaseintheatercompaniesofyoungartistsandin-houseplaywrightswantingtodoseriousworkonshoestringbudgetsincloseproximitytoaudiences.

“Whatworksinourfavoristheintimacyoftheexperience，”saidTimRoseman，whosharesthejobofartisticdirectoratanotherpubspace,Theater503，withPaulRobinson.“Yougenuinelyfeelyouareinthesameroomastheactors,thatyoubreathethecharacters’air,andthismakesforanelectrifyingexperience.

Mr.Robinsonadded:“It’simpossibletocreatethatintensitywhenthereare1,000peoplewatching.

1.AccordingtoParagraph1,VanBadhamwas（）.

2.ManypeoplejoinedtheFinboroughTheaterknowingthat（）.

3.ThelastpersononecanexpecttoseeperformingintheFinboroughTheaterwouldbesomeonewho（）.

4.LiketheoutdoortheatersceneplayedinsomecitiesintheU.S.,pubtheatersinLondon（）.

5.Sometheatercompaniespreferredpubtheatersbecauseoftheir（）.

6.AccordingtoMr.Robinson,peoplelikehim,whileworkingwithapubtheater,oftenhaveafeelingof（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.unusualaboutremarkingon“MirrorTeeth”

B.lenientwiththeplaysperformedinherbar

C.fondofofferingopinionslikeherworkmates

D.infavourofthethemeofthenewplay

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyshouldservedrinksaswellasact

B.theywouldgetaverylimitedsalary

C.theymightworkwithoutbeingpaid

D.theymustmakethebusinessprofitable

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.hasvastnumbersoffans

B.wishestomakealiving

C.desirestobeagreatactor

D.fearsalargeaudience

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.canbeenjoyedwithadrinkofwine

B.canbetracedbacktothe17thcentury

C.tendtoperformplayswithrealisticthemes

D.appealespeciallytothelowerclasses

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.unfussyviewers

B.moderatecosts

C.greatpopularity

D.casualperformance

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.challenge

B.tension

C.excitement

D.desperation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

第6題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第一段第二句提到調(diào)酒師VanBadham關(guān)于新劇”MirrorTeeth”提出了自己的看法，這個(gè)看法讓人難忘（thebartenderVanBadhamwasmemorablyonpointaboutthenewplay“MirrorTeeth”beingperformedinanupstairsroom），由此可知她的觀點(diǎn)是與眾不同的，因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章第二段提到劇院只有藝術(shù)總監(jiān)一個(gè)人是帶薪員工，其他成員只有演出盈利時(shí)才會(huì)給他們報(bào)酬（NeilMcPherson,thetheater’sartisticdirectoranditsonlysalariedemployee,saidseveralcompanymemberstendedbartomakeendsmeet,giventhattheyarepaidbythetheateronlyifaproductionturnsaprofit），因此可知人們加入劇團(tuán)的時(shí)候知道可能沒有薪酬，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。題目問的是”人們可以期待最后一個(gè)在Finborough劇場(chǎng)表演的人會(huì)是什么樣的人”?？梢杂门懦ń鉀Q此題，選項(xiàng)B”希望能夠養(yǎng)家糊口”，根據(jù)文章可知在劇場(chǎng)工作是沒有固定薪資的，所以可以排除；選項(xiàng)C“期望成為一位偉大的演員”在文章中并沒有提及到相關(guān)內(nèi)容，排除；選項(xiàng)D”害怕觀眾很多”，文章倒數(shù)第二段提到與觀眾密切接觸對(duì)我們我好處（Whatworksinourfavoristheintimacyoftheexperience），由此可知并不會(huì)害怕觀眾，因此該項(xiàng)也可以排除。綜上，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。本題是拿美國(guó)大城市的戶外劇場(chǎng)與倫敦酒吧劇場(chǎng)作對(duì)比。文章第四段講述了酒吧劇場(chǎng)的歷史：酒吧劇場(chǎng)作為一種傳統(tǒng)創(chuàng)作在倫敦特別流行，劇團(tuán)成員在酒吧空蕩蕩的餐廳進(jìn)行表演，表演一些庸俗的戲劇，與一品脫酒相得益彰，是工人階級(jí)的娛樂方式（awildlypopularamusementfortheworkingclasses），由此可知去pubTheatre的人主要是一些下等人，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。酒吧劇場(chǎng)在七十年代和八十年代數(shù)量增加，原因是青年演員和劇作家預(yù)算少，但是又想離觀眾近（youngartistsandin-houseplaywrightswantingtodoseriousworkonshoestringbudgetsincloseproximitytoaudiences.）

6.判斷推理題。文章第六段提到Mr.Robinson的觀點(diǎn)：你會(huì)真正感覺你和演員在同一房間里，呼吸著角色的空氣，這是一種振奮的體驗(yàn)（Yougenuinelyfeelyouareinthesameroomastheactors,thatyoubreat