考研考博-英語-廣東工業(yè)大學考試押題卷含答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣東工業(yè)大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Heneverexertshimselftoaidthosetryingto（

）adifficultsituation.

問題1選項

A.rectify

B.modify

C.solidify

D.verify

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。rectify“改正”；modify“修改；更改”;solidify“團結；凝固”；verify“核實；查證”。句意：他從不幫助那些試圖矯正困境的人。選項A符合題意。

2.單選題

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass（theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter）offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%"ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytobebusiness.

1.Thewritermentionstheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalstosuggestthat（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat（）.

3.Dr.Worm’scommentof“thesefiguresareconservative”（Line1,Paragraph3）means（）.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersmaintainthat（）.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’（）.

問題1選項

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

D.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

問題2選項

A.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

B.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly\20%oftheoriginalamount

D.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsago

問題3選項

A.thecatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

B.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

C.thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate

D.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

問題4選項

A.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetothechangingsituation.

B.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan'tworkforalongertime

C.fisheriesshouldkeeptheiryieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

D.theoceanbiomassshouldberestoredtoitsoriginallevel

問題5選項

A.technologicalapplication

B.managementefficiency

C.catch-sizelimits

D.biomasslevel

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息可定位到原文第一段。文章通過講述史前人類到達新地方時，大型動物會突然滅絕，進而引出討論的話題，即海洋生物也會在人類來臨之后面臨滅絕的危險。因此，本題正確答案為C選項。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文第二段“…thebiomassoflargepredators（animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals）inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.”可知，一個新的漁場在被開發(fā)后的15年中大型捕食類魚種的生物量平均減少了80%。在有些長期捕撈的地區(qū)，自那以后，這個數(shù)量又減少了一半（剩余20%的一半），因此一共下降了90%；故B選項表述正確，其余選項均不能由他們的論文得出。故本題正確答案為B選項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干信息定位到原文第三段。沃姆博士承認論文中的數(shù)據(jù)是保守的，因為現(xiàn)在捕魚的技術已經(jīng)提高，已經(jīng)用上了衛(wèi)星和聲納定位，這些設備50年前是無法使用的。這就意味著現(xiàn)在海里有更高比例的海洋生物被捕撈了。以前一些抓不住的海洋生物現(xiàn)在都可以抓住了，以前被鯊魚搶走的，現(xiàn)在由于鯊魚都不見了，自然被捕撈的就更多了。由此可知，之前的那些數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)過時了。故本題正確答案為C選項。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)原文最后一段可知，兩位博士認為，他們的工作給出了正確的基準線，因為人們之所以沒有察覺到海洋中發(fā)生的巨大變化是因為他們只回顧了過去相對較短的一段時間，所以在未來的管理工作中要明確“移動基準線”的意義。因此，本題正確答案為A選項“人們要根據(jù)變化情況調(diào)整基準線”。

5.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段可知，當目標魚種的生物量約為其原始水平的50%時，漁場就可以收獲最大的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)量。而大多數(shù)漁場都遠低于這一水平，這是一種糟糕的經(jīng)營方式。由此可知，作者最關心的是漁場的可持續(xù)產(chǎn)量，也就是關心biomasslevel（生態(tài)量）。故本題正確答案為D選項。

3.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography'sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineart,asdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality;photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves——anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteencentury,photography'sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart;lateinthetwentiethcentury,anambivalentrelationexistsbecauseoftheModernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers'disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisornotart.Forexamplethosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thenineteenth-centurydefendersofphotographymentionedinthepassagestressedthatphotographywas（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph?

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

5.TheauthorintroduceananalogyAbstractExpressionistpaintersinorderto（）.

問題1選項

A.definingtheModernistattitudetowardart

B.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext.

C.defininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury.

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches.

問題2選項

A.atechnologicallyadvancedactivity.

B.anartforobservingtheworldimpartially.

C.anartcomparabletopainting.

D.anartthatwouldeventuallyreplacethetraditionalarts.

問題3選項

A.Objective

B.Mechanical

C.Dramatic

D.Paradoxical

問題4選項

A.Thephotographers'beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrenderoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision.

B.Thephotographers'fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic.

C.ThePhotographers'beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined.

D.Thenotoriousdifficultyofdefiningartinitsrelationtorealisticrepresentation.

問題5選項

A.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters.

B.provideacontrastagainstseriouscontemporaryphotographers.

C.provideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,notandshouldnotpretendtobeanart.

D.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodernart.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.結合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講述攝影師先為攝影是否是藝術而爭辯,后為否定其藝術而努力。作者主要是為了解釋嚴肅的當代攝影師對攝影被認為是藝術的態(tài)度,并把他們這些態(tài)度放在歷史的進程中來觀察。所以選項B正確。

2.根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.”在十九世紀,有人指責攝影是沒有靈魂的、機械地復制現(xiàn)實；攝影師們斷言,這是一種特殊的觀看方式,是對普通視覺的反抗,其實攝影是可與繪畫媲美的藝術。選項C符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第二段最后一句“藝術越好,對藝術傳統(tǒng)目的的破壞越大?！庇纱丝赏茰y,這種概念是矛盾的。所以選項D正確。

4.根據(jù)第二段最后一句“除了表明自己的工作與藝術無關,重要的攝影師不愿再辯論攝影是不是好的藝術。他們認為現(xiàn)代主義勝利強加給藝術的概念是理所當然：即藝術越好,對藝術傳統(tǒng)目的的破壞得越大。”選項C符合原文。

5.根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,那些認為通過拍照可以擺脫繪畫所表現(xiàn)的藝術的攝影家,使我們想起那些抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家,他們通過專注于繪畫的物理行為,想象自己擺脫了古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫的思想禁錮。由此可知,作者舉抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家的例子是為了說明他們像嚴肅的當代攝影師一樣,拒絕承認傳統(tǒng)上被接受的現(xiàn)代藝術目標。選項D符合原文。

4.單選題

Theoryandsciencearenurturedinmaterialenvironments,andapplicationisapowerful（）tothought.Inthisrespecthewasagreatplanterofideas.

問題1選項

A.encouragement

B.spur

C.drive

D.drivingforce

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項encouragement“鼓舞”；B選項spur“鞭策，刺激”；C選項drive“驅(qū)動”，常用表達：adrivetosth，D選項drivingforce“驅(qū)動力，推動力”，常用表達：drivingforceforsth，跟后面的“to”不搭，可排除D選項。句意：理論科學是在物質(zhì)環(huán)境中產(chǎn)生的，而應用則是思想的強力……。在這方面，他是一個偉大的思想傳播者。因此C選項正確。

5.翻譯題

一直以來，哈佛大學要求在校本科生除了自己的主修專業(yè)課程之外，還要修習一系列課程，以確保他們受到的本科教育涵蓋了寬泛的研究課題和研究方法。哈佛大學新的通識教育項目(generaleducationprogram)大膽地致力于將學生在課堂上學到的知識與校園圍墻外的生活，甚至畢業(yè)后的生活聯(lián)系起來。通識教育課程的內(nèi)容和其他的課程內(nèi)容具有相連性，但教學方式并不一樣。通識教育課程的目的不是將學生帶入一門學科，而是將一門學科融入學生的生活。通識教育項目把藝術和科學與學生們面臨的21世紀的世界以及畢業(yè)后的生活聯(lián)系起來，讓學生了解哈佛大學所有的研究課題和研究技巧。

通識教育課程由本科生主修專業(yè)課程之外的一系列課程組成，從而取代了過去30多年來一直實行的核心課程體系(coresystem)。目前，有很多的通識教育課是由經(jīng)過較大修改的核心課程轉(zhuǎn)化而來，其他諸如“生命的定義，從夸克(quark)到意識”這類課程就是全新的了。這些新課程將課堂學習和其更廣泛的含義聯(lián)系起來，不僅是跨學科的，還超越了課堂本身。其中有些課程還是由不同系別的教授聯(lián)合授課的。

在新的課程體系中，學生必須在八大課程類別中各選擇一門課程。這種新的體系鼓勵教授們以校外教學、動手實驗、客座演講和其他新穎模式進行大膽創(chuàng)新，當然也同樣鼓勵學生去大膽創(chuàng)新。

【答案】Traditionally,theundergraduatesofHarvardUniversityarerequiredtostudytheirmajorsubjectsaswellasaseriesofothercoursesinordertoensuretheirundergraduateeducationcoversextensiveresearchthemesandmethods.ThegeneraleducationprogramatHarvardUniversitybravelyaimsatcombiningtheknowledgethestudentslearninclasseswiththelifeoutsidecampusoreventhelifeaftergraduation.Thecontentofthegeneraleducationprogramisofconnectionwithothersubjects,buttheteachingmethodisdifferent.Thetargetofgeneraleducationprogramisnottoimmerseastudentintocertainsubject,buttointroducethatsubjectintothelifeofthatstudent.Thegeneraleducationprogramlinksartandsciencetogetherwiththe21thcenturyfacingthestudentandthelifeafterthegraduation,makingstudentsfamiliarwithalltheresearchthemesandmethods.

Thegeneraleducationprogramconsistsofawiderangeofcoursesbesidesthemajorsubjectsfortheundergraduates,andsupercedesthecoresystemthathasbeenpracticedforthepastthreedecades.Atpresent,manycoursesunderthegeneraleducationprogramderivefrommajorcorecourses,andsomeothersubjectssuchasTheDefinitionofLife,FromQuarktoConsciousnessarecompletelynew.Thesecoursescombinetheclasslearningwithwideimplication,whicharenotonlyinter-discipline,butalsobeyondclasslearningitself,andsomeofwhicharetaughtbydifferentprofessorsfromdifferentdisciplines.

Underthenewcurriculumsystem,studentswillhavetochooseonecoursefromeachoftheeightcoursecategories.Thenewsystemencouragesprofessorstobeboldwithout-of-schoolteaching,hands-onexperiments,guestspeakersandotherinnovativemodels,aswellasstudents.

6.翻譯題

Onemightaskwhyspeculationispermittedwhenthereissorealadangerofloss.Thebasicreasonisthatspeculationcanperformusefulfunctionsintheeconomy.Buyingacommodityorthestockinthebeliefthatpriceswillrisespeedsmarketequilibriumandencouragesfasterentryofmoresuppliers.Ifthepricechangelaggeduntilafteranactualcommodityshortagehadoccurred,thefluctuationwouldprobablybesharperandmoresudden.Remedialsupplyactioncouldnotbefurtherdelayed.Similarly,ifspeculatorsforeseeasurplusinsomecommodity,theirsellingoffutureswillhelpdrivethepricedowntosomeextentbeforethesurplusactuallyoccurs.Whenspeculatorsforeseeashortageandbiduptheprice,theyarealsohelpingtoconservethepresentsupply.Asthepricegoesup,lessofthecommodityispurchased;ariseinpriceencouragesuserstoeconomize.Similarly,aloweringofpriceencouragesuserstobuymore,thushelpingtosellthesurpluswhichisdeveloping.

【答案】當確實存在遭受損失的風險時，人們不禁要問為什么允許進行投機活動。這其中根本的原因是投機能對經(jīng)濟活動產(chǎn)生有益作用。當人們預期商品價格的上漲速度要超過市場平衡點時，就會買入商品或股票并鼓勵更多的供應商入市。如果價格的變化滯后，甚至在切實的商品短缺發(fā)生后，價格還沒有變化，價格波動可能會更劇烈和更突然。調(diào)節(jié)性的供應行為此時絲毫不能耽擱。同樣，如果投機商預測到某些商品會供應過量，這時他們?nèi)绻u出期貨將有助于在切實的商品供應過量發(fā)生前將價格下調(diào)到一定水平。當投機商預測到商品會短缺并通過競標抬高價格時，他們也在幫助囤積當前的商品供應。隨著價格的上漲，人們購買的商品量就會減少；價格的上漲鼓勵人們節(jié)約。同樣，降低價格將會鼓勵使用者購買更多的商品，進而有助于將正在形成供應過量的商品銷售出去。

7.單選題

Thegovernmentrecentlypresentedanambitiousplantotackletheviolenceand_______thatfollowwhentoomanypeopledrinktoomuchtooquicklyintoosmallanarea.

問題1選項

A.alienation

B.delimitation

C.bareness

D.mayhem

【答案】D

【解析】alienation疏遠,轉(zhuǎn)讓;delimitation定界;bareness赤裸,裸露;mayhem蓄意的破壞,故意的傷害罪。句意：政府最近提出了一項雄心勃勃的計劃，以解決在一個面積太小的地區(qū)，如果有太多的人飲酒太多太快而制造的暴力和混亂。選項D符合句意。

8.單選題

Self-esteemiswhatpeoplethinkaboutthemselves—whetherornottheyfeelvaluedandwhenfamilymembershaveself-respect,pride,andbeliefinthemselves,thishighself-esteemmakesitpossibletocopewiththeeverydayproblemsofgrowingup.

Successfulparentbeginsbycommunicatingtochildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyexist.Throughtouchandtoneofvoiceparentstelltheirinfantswhetherornottheyarevalued,special,andloved,anditisthesemessagesthatformthebasisofthechild’sself-esteem.Whenchildrengrowupwithloveandaremadetofeellovabledespitetheirmistakesandfailures,theyareabletointeractwithothersinaresponsible,honest,andlovingway.Ahealthyself-esteemisaresourceforcopingwhendifficultiesarise,makingiteasiertoseeaproblemastemporary,manageable,andsomethingfromwhichtheindividualcanemerge.

If,however,childrengrowupwithoutloveandwithoutfeelingsofself-worth,theyfeelunlovableandworthlessandexpecttobecheated,takenadvantageof,andlookeddownuponbyothers.Ultimatelytheiractionsinvitethistreatment,andtheirself-defeatingbehaviorturnsexpectationsintoreality.Theydonothavethepersonalresourcestohandleeverydayproblemsinahealthyway,andlifemaybeviewedasjustonecrisisafteranother.Withoutahealthyself-esteemtheymaycopebyactingoutproblemsratherthantalkingthemoutorbywithdrawingandremainingindifferenttowardsthemselvesandothers.Theseindividualsgrowuptoliveisolated,lonelylives,lackingtheabilitytogivethelovethattheyhaveneverreceived.

Self-esteemisakindofenergy,andwhenitishigh,peoplefeelliketheycanhandleanything.Itiswhatonefeelswhenspecialthingsarehappeningoreverythingisgoinggreat.Awordofpraise,asmile,agoodgradeonareportcard,ordoingsomethingthatcreatespridewithinoneselfcancreatetheenergy.Whenfeelingsabouttheselfhavebeenthreatenedandself-esteemislow,everythingbecomesmoreofaneffort.Itisdifficulttohear,see,orthinkclearly,andothersseemrude,inconsiderate,andrough.Theproblemisnotwithothers,itiswiththeself?butoftenitisnotuntilenergiesarebacktonormalthattherealproblemisrecognized.

Childrenneedhelpunderstandingthattheirself-esteemandtheself-esteemofthosetheyinteractwithhaveadirecteffectoneachother.Forexample,alittlegirlcomeshomefromschoolandsays,“Ineedlivings,‘causemyfeelingsgothurttoday.’”Themotherrespondstothechild’sneedtobeheldandloved.Ifinsteadthemothersaidshewastoobusytoholdthelittlegirl,theoutcomewouldhavebeendifferent.

Theinfant’sself-esteemistotallydependentonfamilymembers,anditisnotuntilaboutthetimethechildentersschoolthatoutsideforcescontributetofeelingsabouttheself.Achildmustalsolearnthatamajorresourceforahealthyself-esteemcomesfromwithin.Someparentsraisetheirchildrentodependonexternalratherthaninternalreinforcementthroughpracticessuchaspayingforgoodgradesonreportcardsorexchangingspecialprivilegesforgoodbehavior.Thechildlearnstorelyonotherstomaintainahighself-esteemandisnotpreparedtoliveinaworldinwhichdesirablebehaviordoesnotautomaticallyproduceatangiblerewardsuchasasmile,money,orspecialprivileges.

Maintainingahealthyself-esteemisachallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.Onefamilyfoundthattheycouldhelpeachotheridentifypositiveattitudes.Oneeveningduringanelectricstormthefamilygatheredaroundthekitchentable,andeachpersonwrotedowntwothingsthattheylikedabouteachfamilymember.Thesepiecesofpaperwerefoldedandgiventotheappropriateperson,whoonebyoneopenedtheirspecialmessages.Thefatherlatercommented,“Itwasquiteanexperience,openingeachlittlepieceofpaperandreadingthemessage.Istillhavethosegifts,andwhenI’vehadareallybadday,IreadthroughthemandIalwayscomeawayfeelingbetter.

Thefoundationofahealthyfamilydependsontheabilityoftheparentstocommunicatemessagesoflove,trust,andself-worthtoeachchild.Thisisthebasisonwhichself-esteemisbuilt,andasthechildgrows,self-esteemisreflectedinthewayheorsheinteractswithothers.

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem（）.

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself?esteem?

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis（）.

問題1選項

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesociety

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeople

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimself

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothers

問題2選項

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.

問題3選項

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.

問題4選項

A.toteachhowtolovethechildren

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteem

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteem

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachother

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:1.【選項釋義】

1.Accordingtothispassage,apersonwithaself-esteem______.1.根據(jù)這篇文章，一個有自尊的人______。

A.oftenwithdrawsfromthesocietyA.經(jīng)常遠離社會

B.alwaysremainsindifferenttowardshimselfandotherpeopleB.總是對自己和別人保持冷漠

C.hasprideandbeliefinhimselfC.對自己有自豪感和信心

D.tendstotakeadvantageofothersD.傾向于利用別人

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章第一段“自尊是人們對自己的看法，不管他們是否受到重視，當家庭成員有自尊、自豪和自信時，這種高度的自尊（thishighself-esteem）使人們有可能處理成長過程中的日常問題”，從中可知，thishighself-esteem（這種高度的自尊）指的就是自尊、自豪和自信，所以一個有自尊的人對自己有自豪感和自信心，C項“對自己有自豪感和信心”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“經(jīng)常遠離社會”和B項“總是對自己和別人保持冷漠”，根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知，缺乏自尊的人會對自己和他人保持冷漠，變得孤立，從而反推，擁有自尊的人會積極與人交往，這兩項屬于反向干擾；

D項“傾向于利用別人”沒有提到，屬于無中生有。

第2題:2.【選項釋義】

2.Whichisoneoftheeffectivemeansthatparentsshouldemployforfosteringachild’sself-esteem?2.父母應該采用哪一種有效的方法來培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊？

A.Payingforgoodgradesonreportcards.A.為成績單上的好成績付錢。

B.Buyingthechildapresentforhisgoodbehaviors.B.為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物。

C.Praisingandsmilingtothechildnomatterwhatishappeningtohim.C.不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚和微笑。

D.Lovingthechildinspiteofhismistakesandfailures.D.即使孩子犯了錯誤和失敗，也要愛他。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第二和第三句“通過觸摸和聲音的語調(diào)，父母告訴嬰兒，他們是否受到重視，是否特別，是否被愛，正是這些信息形成了孩子自尊的基礎。當孩子們在愛中成長，盡管他們犯過錯誤和失敗，但他們覺得自己是可愛的，他們就能以負責任、誠實和愛的方式與他人交往?！?，從中可知，如果孩子們在愛的氛圍中成長，即使出錯和失敗的情況下仍然被父母愛護和關心，他們與人相處就更有責任心，更誠實和更具有愛心；綜合推斷，D項“即使孩子犯了錯誤和失敗，也要愛他”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A項“為成績單上的好成績付錢”和B項“為孩子的良好表現(xiàn)買一份禮物”根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，健康自尊的主要來源是內(nèi)在的，而為表現(xiàn)好的孩子買禮物或付錢都是一種外部影響，并不是一種培養(yǎng)健康自尊的有效的方法，這兩項屬于反向干擾；

C項“不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚和微笑”，原文沒有提到不管孩子發(fā)生了什么事，都要對他表揚，該項無中生有。

第3題:3.【選項釋義】

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?3.下列哪一項是正確的？

A.Goodparentstelltheirchildrenthattheyarelovedfornootherreasonsthanjustbecausetheyarethereastheirchildren.A.好的父母告訴孩子，他們被愛沒有其他原因，只是因為他們是自己的孩子。

B.Ifachildisnotlovedorfeltvalued,hemaynotdealwithdailyproblemsinagoodwayinthefuture.B.如果一個孩子沒有被愛或被重視，他將來可能不能很好地處理日常問題。

C.Externalratherthaninternalreinforcementplaysamoreimportantroleinformingachild’sself-esteem.C.外在強化比內(nèi)在強化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用。

D.One’sself-esteemhasnothingtodowiththeself-esteemofotherpeoplehehastointeractwith.D.一個人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無關。

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“成功的父母首先要告訴孩子，他們被愛不是因為別的原因，而只是因為他們的存在”可知，A項“好的父母告訴的孩子，他們被愛沒有其他原因，只是因為他們是自己的孩子”與原文相符。故該題選擇A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B項“如果一個孩子沒有被愛或被重視，他將來可能不能很好地處理日常問題”，根據(jù)原文第三段內(nèi)容可知，如果一個孩子在沒有愛和自我價值感的環(huán)境中長大，他們會缺乏健康的自尊，對日常問題的處理方式也不一樣，并不是不能很好處理，所以該項中的“不能很好地處理日常問題”并不符合原文，屬于曲解原文；

C項“外在強化比內(nèi)在強化在孩子自尊的形成中起著更重要的作用”，根據(jù)第六段的內(nèi)容，該段提到健康自尊的主要來源是內(nèi)在的，有些家長把孩子培養(yǎng)成依賴外部強化而不是內(nèi)部強化的人，會讓孩子們沒有準備好生活在一個理想的行為不能自動產(chǎn)生有形回報的世界里，所以內(nèi)部強化比外部強化對培養(yǎng)孩子的自尊更重要，該項與原文相反，屬于反向干擾；

D項“一個人的自尊與他交往的其他人的自尊無關”，根據(jù)第五段第一句“孩子們需要幫助理解，他們的自尊和與他們交往的人的自尊對彼此有直接影響”可知，該項與原文相反，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:4.【選項釋義】

4.Theauthor’smainpointinwritingthisarticleis______.4.作者寫這篇文章的主要觀點是______。

A.toteachhowtolovethechildrenA.教孩子如何去愛

B.toemphasizethefamily’sroleinthedevelopmentofachild’sself-esteemB.強調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用

C.toillustratetheprofitsofself-esteemC.來說明自尊的好處

D.tohelpfamilymemberstounderstandeachotherD.幫助家庭成員互相理解

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)文章最后一段的內(nèi)容：健康家庭的基礎取決于父母是否有能力向每個孩子傳達愛、信任和自我價值的信息。這是自尊建立的基礎，隨著孩子的成長，自尊反映在他或她與他人互動的方式上。結合全文對于父母如何培養(yǎng)孩子自尊以及擁有健康自尊的作用的描述，綜合推斷作者的目的在于強調(diào)家庭在孩子自尊發(fā)展中的作用。B項符合題意。

【干擾項排除】A項“教孩子如何去愛”、C項“來說明自尊的好處”和D項“幫助家庭成員互相理解”只是段落內(nèi)提及，屬于以偏概全。

9.單選題

Hewasalwaysdecliningtheirinvitationsonthe（）ofillhealth.

問題1選項

A.grounds

B.reason

C.excuse

D.cause

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。根據(jù)題干可知考查onthegroundof“以……為理由，根據(jù)”。句意：他總是以身體不好為由拒絕他們的邀請。因此A選項正確。

10.單選題

Priorto1975,unioneffortstoorganizepublic-sectorclericalworker,mostofwhomarewomen,weresomewhatlimited.Thefactorsfavoringunionizationdrivesseemtohavebeeneitherthepresenceoflargenumbersofworkers,asinNewYorkCity,tomakeitworththeeffort,ortheconcentrationofsmallnumbersinoneortwolocations,suchasahospital,tomakeitrelativelyeasy.Receptivitytounionizationontheworkers,partwasalsoaconsideration,butwhentherewerelargenumbersinvolvedortheclericalworkersweretheonlyunorganizedgroupinajurisdiction,themulti-occupationalunionswouldoftentrytoorganizethemregardlessoftheworkers’initialreceptivity.Thestrategicreasoningwasbased,first,ontheconcernthatpoliticiansandadministratorsmightplayoffunionizedagainstnonunionizedworkers,and,second,ontheconvictionthatafullyunionizedpublicworkforcemeantpower,bothatthebargainingtableandinthelegislature.Inlocalitieswhereclericalworkerswerefewinnumber,werescatteredinseveralworkplaces,andexpressednointerestinbeingorganized,unionsmoreoftenthannotignoredtheminthepre-1975period.

Butsincethemid-1970’s,adifferentstrategyhasemerged.In1977,34percentofgovernmentclericalworkerswererepresentedbyalabororganization,comparedwith46percentofgovernmentprofessionals,44percentofgovernmentblue-collarworkers,and41percentofgovernmentserviceworkers.Sincethen,however,thebiggestincreasesinpublic-sectorunionizationhavebeenamongclericalworkers.Between1977and1980,thenumberofunionizedgovernmentworkersinblue-collarandserviceoccupationsincreasedonlyabout1.5percent,whileinthewhite-collaroccupationstheincreasewas20percentandamongclericalworkersinparticular,theincreasewas22percent.

Whataccountsforthisupsurgeinunionizationamongclericalworkers?First,morewomenhaveenteredtheworkforceinthepastfewyears,andmoreofthemplantoremainworkinguntilretirementage.Consequently,theyareprobablymoreconcernedthantheirpredecessorswereaboutjobsecurityandeconomicbenefits.Also,thewomen’smovementhassucceededinlegitimizingtheeconomicandpoliticalactivismofwomenoftheirownbehalf,therebyproducingamorepositiveattitudetowardunions.Theabsenceofanycomparableincreaseinunion