考研考博-英語-成都工貿職業(yè)技術學院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-成都工貿職業(yè)技術學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.翻譯題

修剪樹木可能是為了確保樹木有一個所要求的形狀或大小。

傳統(tǒng)上，電視一直是一種大眾轉播傳媒。我們對電視最熟悉，因為它以一種相似的形式存在近50年了。

你可以相信，一個作家付出的努力越大，寫作效果就會越好，得到的回報也就越大。

一個婦女當她扮演起多重角色的時候，她會感到更加幸福。

很明顯，在一種體制下，如果每一項決定都只是根據傳統(tǒng)習慣來做，那么，社會就會很難進步。

【答案】Thepurposeofpruningtreesistoensurethatthetreeshaveadesignedshapeorsize.

Traditionally,TVhadbeenakindofpopularbroadcastmedia.Wearemostfamiliarwithtelevision,foritisasimilarformofexistencefornearly50years.

Itisbelievedthatthemoreeffortawritermakesthebettereffecthewouldobtainandthegreaterresultshewillreceive.

Awomanwhoplaysmanyroleswouldfeelhappier.

Obviously,inasystem,ifeverydecisionmakingisbasedontraditionalhabits,thesocietywouldbeverydifficulttodevelop.

2.單選題

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappenedbetween.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnotuntilthe19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic（1）,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe

（2）

oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution

（3）

up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading

（4）

throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin

（5）

.Itisimportanttodoso.

Itisgenerallyrecognized,however,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,followedbytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,althoughitsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately

（6）

.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellasinstitutional,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage

（7）

increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,

（8）generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuchsmaller.

Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedto

describethecontextwithinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas

（9）

bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeencontroversialviewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed

（10）

“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

問題1選項

A.means

B.method

C.medium

D.measure

問題2選項

A.process

B.company

C.light

D.form

問題3選項

A.gathered

B.speeded

C.worked

D.picked

問題4選項

A.on

B.out

C.over

D.off

問題5選項

A.concept

B.dimension

C.effect

D.perspective

問題6選項

A.apparent

B.desirable

C.negative

D.plausible

問題7選項

A.ability

B.capability

C.capacity

D.faculty

問題8選項

A.bymeansof

B.intermsof

C.withregardto

D.inlinewith

問題9選項

A.regarded

B.impressed

C.influenced

D.effected

問題10選項

A.above

B.upon

C.with

D.against

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:B

第9題:C

第10題:D

【解析】（1）考查邏輯關系。mean意為“方法，手段”；method意為“方法”；medium意為“(傳播信息的)媒介，手段”；measure意為“測量，度量”。由句中的newspaper可知它屬于一種媒介，因此選C。

（2）考查固定搭配。intheprocessof意為“在……的過程中”；inthecompanyof意為“伴隨，在……的陪同下，當著……的面”；inthelightof意為“鑒于，由于，按照”；intheformof意為“用……的形式”?？崭裉幣c“inthewakeof（緊緊跟隨，隨著……而來）”相對應，因此選B，表示“繼小冊子和圖書之后，與期刊一起……”

（3）考查詞組辨析。gatherup意為“概括，收集起”；speedup意為“（使）加速”；workup意為“激發(fā)(熱情），鼓起（勇氣)”；pickup意為“拿起，撿起”。由“thecommunicationsrevolution（通訊革命）______up,beginningwithtransport,therailway（從運輸開始，鐵路）...hthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures（電報、電話、收音機和電影）”可推測是對通訊革命發(fā)展的介紹，B選項最符合邏輯，表示“通訊革命的發(fā)展也加快了步伐”。

（4）考查詞組辨析。leadon意為“代領……繼續(xù)前進，繼續(xù)引領，勸誘，哄騙”；leadout意為“出發(fā)，開始”；leadover意為“領先”；leadoff意為“起始于（某處），開始”。由句中的狀語“beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading______throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane（從運輸、鐵路開始，……到電報、電話、收音機和電影，知道20世紀的汽車和飛機時代）”可知A選項最符合邏輯。

（5）考查固定搭配。inperspective為固定搭配，意為“正確地”。此句意為“并不是每一個人都能正確地看待這個過程”。

（6）考查形容詞辨析。apparent意為“顯而易見，顯然的，表明的”；desirable意為“令人滿意的”；negative意為“消極的，否認的”；plausible意為“(借口或解釋)有道理的，可信的，花言巧語的”。although引導的是讓步狀語從句，由前面的“radicallychangedtheprocess（從根本上改變了這個過程）”可推測“對媒體的影響并不是很明顯”，因此選A。

（7）考查名詞辨析。ability意為“能力，資格”；capability意為“才能，能力”；capacity意為“容量”；faculty意為“能力，全體教員”。由“storage（儲存，貯存）”可知C選項最符合邏輯。

（8）考查詞組辨析。bymeansof意為“用，依靠，借助于”；intermsof意為“根據，按照，在……方面”；withregardto意為“關于”；inlinewith意為“跟……一致，符合”。由“withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuchsmaller（代與代之間的差距逐近變小）”可知此處是將計算機按照“人”的“代”來劃分的，因此選B。

（9）考查動詞辨析。regard意為“認為，當作”；impress意為“給……留下深刻印象”；influence意為“影響”；effect作動詞時，意為“使發(fā)生，引起”，作名詞時，意為“影響，結果”。由后面的“implications（可能的影響，暗指）”可推測此處指對工作等方面的影響，因此選C。

（10）考查詞義辨析。此處是將““benefits”與“harmful”是對立關系，weigh表示“認真考慮，權衡”，四個選項中只有“against”含有“反對，與……相反”，因此選D。

3.單選題

Hespokeso（

）thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.

問題1選項

A.bluntly

B.convincingly

C.emphatically

D.determinedly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。bluntly“率直地，遲鈍地”；convincingly“令人信服的，有說服力的”；emphatically“強調地，明顯地”；determinedly“堅定地，決然地”。句意：他說的是如此有說服力，以至于他的對手都被他的論述所說服。選項B符合題意。

4.單選題

Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding-Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Whatismore,becausepeptidehormonescannotcrosstheblood-brainbarrier;researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.

Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.Furthermorethismethodcannotbeusedtodeterminethelocationinthebodywherethedetectedsubstancesareactuallyproduced.

Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.Ifbraincellsaremakingthehormones,thecellswillcontainthesemRNA’s.Iftheproductsthebraincellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecDNA’sshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.ThecellscontainingthesemRNA’scanthenbeisolatedandtheirmRNA’sdecodedtodeterminejustwhattheirproteinproductsareandhowcloselytheproductsresemblethetruepeptidehormones.

ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.Roberts,expressingthesentimentofmanyresearchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyinput.Theprocessofgrindingoutproteinpurificationsisjusttooslow.”

If,astheinitialtestswithcDNAprobessuggest,peptidehormonesreallyaremadeinthebraininareasotherthanthehypothalamus,atheorymustbedevelopedthatexplainstheirfunctioninthebrain.Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.Anumberofotherresearchersproposethattheymightbeusedforintercellularcommunicationinthebrain.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatasubstancedetectedinbrainbyuseofantiserumstopeptidehormonesmay（

）.

3.Thepassageimpliesthat,indoingresearchonratbrains,Rosendiscoveredthat

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisawayinwhichtheimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesdiffersfromthemolecularmethod?

問題1選項

A.IsMolecularBiologytheKeytoUnderstandingIntercellularCommunicationintheBrain?

B.MolecularBiology:CanResearchersExploitItsTechniquestoSynthesizePeptideHormones?

C.TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheImmunologicalApproachtoDetectingPeptideHormones.

D.PeptideHormones:HowScientistsAreAttemptingtoSolveProblemsofTheirDetection.

問題2選項

A.havebeenstoredinthebrainforalongperiodoftimeandtoUnderstandTheirFunction

B.playnoroleinthefunctioningofthebrain

C.havebeenproducedinsomepartofthebodyotherthanthebrain

D.playanimportantroleinthefunctioningofhypothalamus

問題3選項

A.peptidehormonesareusedforintercellularcommunication

B.complementaryDNA’sdonotbindtocellsproducingpeptidehormones

C.productscloselyresemblingpeptidehormonesarenotidenticaltopeptidehormone

D.somepeptidehormonesdonotfunctionasgrowthregulators

問題4選項

A.Theimmunologicalmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithproductsofhormone-producingcells,whereasthemolecularmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithaspecificcomponentofthecellsthemselves.

B.Theimmunologicalmethodhasproducedresultsconsistentwithlong-heldbeliefsaboutpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodhasproducedresultsthatupsetthesebeliefs.

C.Theimmunologicalmethodusesprobesthatcanonlybindwithpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodusesprobesthatbindwithpeptidehormonesandsubstancessimilartothem

D.Theimmunologicalmethodcanonlybeusedtotestforthepresenceofpeptidehormoneswithinthehypothalamus,whereasthemolecularmethodcanbeusedthroughoutthebrain.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。解答此類題必須找到文章主旨，文章第一段說到了之前關于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段開頭就出現了轉折關系詞but，本文的討論點必然是在but之后出現。第一句說到“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，這些關于肽激素的觀點受到了質疑，因為一個又一個的實驗室都發(fā)現，抗血清肽激素被注射進大腦后，會在下丘腦以外的地方結合，這表明要么是激素，要么是與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應的物質。”因此下文不會討論A選項中分子生物學與大腦間通訊，也不會研究B選項技術合成肽激素，也不是討論C選項檢測肽激素的優(yōu)缺點，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎樣去檢測它的位置，因此D選項“肽激素:科學家如何試圖解決他們的檢測問題”符合文意。

2.判斷推理題。由題干關鍵信息定位到文章第二段首句“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，這些關于肽激素的觀點受到了質疑，因為一個又一個的實驗室都發(fā)現，抗血清肽激素被注射進大腦后，會在下丘腦以外的地方結合，這表明要么是激素，要么是與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應的物質?！闭f明這些物質是在下丘腦以外的地方結合形成的，因此C選項“是在身體的其他部位產生的，而不是大腦”符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。由題干關鍵詞“ratbrains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.有些人認為這些激素都是生長調節(jié)劑，但Rosen對老鼠大腦的研究表明這不是真的?！盧osen的研究表明這些激素并不是生長調節(jié)劑，因此D選項“有些肽激素沒有生長調節(jié)劑的功能”符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。題干中提到了兩個檢測肽激素的方式對比，文章第二段詳細說明了第一種方法“Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.然而，用抗血清來測定肽激素的免疫學方法是不精確的，可能產生交叉反應。而且這種方法不能確定抗血清檢測到的物質是否真的是激素，有可能僅僅是近親。”免疫學的方法是用能和產生激素的細胞的產物發(fā)生反應的物質檢測。第二個方法的描述出現在第三段中“Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.然而，分子生物學的新技術為這些問題提供了答案?？茖W家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補DNA’s(CDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecularprobe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。”此處說的“問題”就是第一種方法中說到的“近親”問題，分子生物學的新技術可以用能和細胞本身的某個特定成分發(fā)生反應的物質來檢測。因此A選項“免疫學方法使用與產生激素的細胞產生反應的物質，而分子方法使用與細胞自身特定成分發(fā)生反應的物質”符合文意。

5.單選題

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.

問題1選項

A.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

B.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-rays

C.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

問題2選項

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.offersimmediateprofit

C.drivesoutbasicresearch

D.solvespracticalproblems

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。

1.首尾段核心句

首段第一句提出問題：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（為什么基金會集中支持基礎研究而不是應用研究？），具體介紹基礎研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（應用研究是為了解決具體的實際問題而進行的，它具有吸引力，因為可以直接看到和享受成果。），具體講述應用研究。這篇文章分別介紹了這兩種研究并且進行對比，由此推斷本文的主旨是“基礎研究與應用研究”。因此D選項正確。

2.分析文章的行文結構

本文的行文邏輯是“A—B”，分別講述基礎研究和應用研究，因此D選項正確。

排除干擾項

A選項“基礎研究的重要性”：基礎研究僅僅是第一段的內容，不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

B選項“對X射線的不了解”：關鍵詞X-rays對應第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，這個例子用來支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往無法預料基礎研究的實際應用），不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

C選項“應用研究的吸引力”：這里只總結了第二段，也屬于以偏概全。

2.事實細節(jié)題。

精確定位

根據題干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇開用于工業(yè)研究的資金不談——工業(yè)研究自然更關心應用方面，因為這些能迅速帶來利益），可知工業(yè)界因為應用研究帶來的好處而關注它，B選項“立刻帶來利益”正確。

排除干擾項

A選項“幫助更好地理解”：根據第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基礎研究的目標是為了理解而理解。），可知這指的是基礎研究而不是應用研究，屬于張冠李戴。

C選項“排斥基礎研究”：根據第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，應用研究往往會排斥基礎研究。），這里指出的是基礎研究和應用研究的關系，沒有解釋題干的原因，屬于偷換概念。

D選項“解決實際問題”：根據第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（應用研究是為了解決具體的實際問題而進行的，它具有直接的吸引力），這里講的是應用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人員的原因，并不等工業(yè)界喜歡應用研究的原因，屬于偷換概念。

6.單選題

Becauseearlymanviewedillnessasdivinepunishmentandhealingaspurification,medicineandreligionwereinextricably,linkedforcenturies.Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."

By3500B.C.,theSumeriansintheTigris-Euphratesvalleyhaddevelopedvirtuallyallofourmodernmethodsofadministeringdrugs.Theyusedgarglesinhalations,pills,lotions,ointments,andplasters.Thefirstdrugcatalog,orpharmacopoeia,waswrittenatthattimebyanunknownSumerianphysician.Preservedincuneiformscriptonasingleclay'tabletarethenamesofdozensofdrugstotreatailmentsthatstillafflictustoday.

TheEgyptiansaddedtotheancientmedicinechest.TheEbersPapyrus,ascrolldatingfrom1900B.C.andnamedaftertheGermanEgyptologistGeorgeEbers.revealsthetrial-and-errorknow-howacquiredbyearlyEgyptianphysicians.Torelieveindigestion,achewofpeppermintleavesandcarbonates(knowntoday.Asantacids)wasprescribed,andtonumbthepainoftoothextraction,Egyptiandoctorstemporarilystupefiedapatientwithethylalcohol.

Thescrollalsoprovidesarareglimpseintothehierarchyofancientdrugpreparation.The"'chiefofthepreparersofdrugs"wastheequivalentofaheadpharmacist,whosupervisedthe'"collectorsofdrugs."fieldworkers,whogatheredessentialmineralsandherbs.The'"preparers"aides"(technicians)driedandpulverizedingredients,whichwereblendedaccordingtocertainformulasbythe"preparers."

Andthe"conservatorofdrugs"oversawthestorehousewherelocalandimportedmineral,herb,andanimal-organingredientswerekept.BytheseventhcenturyB.C.theGreekshadadoptedasophisticatedmind-bodyviewofmedicine.They-believedthataphysicianmustpursuethediagnosisandtreatmentofthephysicalcausesofdiseasewithinascientificframework,aswellascurethesupernaturalcomponentsinvolved.Thus,theearly,Greekphysicianemphasizedsomethingofaholisticapproachtohealth,evenifthesuspected"mental"causesofdiseasewerenotrecognizedasstressanddepressionbutinterpretedascursesfromdispleaseddeities.

Themoderneraofpharmacologybeganinthesixteenthcentury,usheredinby'thefirstmajordiscoveriesinchemistry.Theunderstandingofhowchemicalsinteracttoproducecertaineffectswithinthebodywouldeventuallyremovemuchoftheguessworkandmagicfrommedicine.

Drugshadbeenlaunchedonascientificcourse,butcenturies"wouldpassbeforesuperstitionwasdisplacedby'scientificfact.Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens,suchasbacteriaandviruses,continuedtodreamupimaginarycausativeevils.Andthoughnewchemicalcompoundsemerged,theireffectivenessintreatingdiseasewasstillbasedlargelyontrialanderror.

Manystandard,commondrugsinthemedicinechestdevelopedinthistrial-and-errorenvironment.Suchisthecomplexityofdiseaseandhumanbiochemistrythateventoday,despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.

1.TheauthorcitestheliteraldefinitionoftheGreekwordphannakoninthefirstparagraphinorderto（）

.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theseventh-centuryGreeks'viewofmedicinedifferedfromthatoftheSumeriansinthattheGreeks（）.

3.InParagraph5,theword"holistic"mostnearlymeans（）

.

4.Thepassageindicatesthatadvancesinmedicalscienceduringthemoderneraofpharmacologymayhavebeendelayedby（）

.

5.Inthefinalparagraph,theauthormakeswhichofthefollowingobservationsaboutscientificdiscovery?

問題1選項

A.showthatancientcivilizationhadanadvancedformofmedicalscience

B.pointoutthatmanofthebeliefsofancientcivilizationsarestillheldtoday

C.illustratethatearlymanthoughtrecoveryfromillnesswaslinkedtointernalcleansing

D.emphasizetheprimitivenatureofGreekmedicalscience

問題2選項

A.discoveredmoreadvancedchemicalapplicationsofdrugs

B.acknowledgedboththementalandphysicalrootsofillness

C.establishedarigidhierarchyforthepreparationofdrugs

D.attributeddiseasetopsychological,ratherthanphysical,causes

問題3選項

A.integrated

B.religious

C.modern

D.physiological

問題4選項

A.alackofunderstandingofheoriginsofdisease

B.ashortageofchemicaltreatmentsfordisease

C.aninaccuracyinpharmaceuticalpreparation

D.anoveremphasisonthepsychologicalcausesofdisease

問題5選項

A.Humanbiochemistryissuchacomplexsciencethatimportantdiscoveriesareuncommon.

B.Manycuresforcommondiseaseshaveyettobediscovered.

C.Trialanderroristhebestavenuetoscientificdiscovery.

D.Chanceeventshaveledtothediscoveryofmanymoderndrugs.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:根據第一段“Thisnotionisapparentintheoriginofourword“pharmacy”,whichcomesfromtheGreekphannakon,meaning"purificationthroughpurging."可知，作者引用希臘詞phannakon的字面意思是為了強調希臘醫(yī)學的原始性質。選項D符合原文。

第2題:根據關鍵詞“seventhcentury”定位到第六段的第一、二句“Bytheseventhponentsinvolved.”選項B符合原文。

第3題:試題分析：第五段中說到公元前七世紀的希臘人認為，醫(yī)生對于疾病必須要從科學框架內的身體病因與超自然因素等方面去考慮，也就是比較全面的方法。所以A選項正確。

第4題:根據第七段“Onemajorreasonwasthatphysicians,unawareoftheexistenceofdisease-causingpathogens”可知，選項A符合原文。

第5題:根據最后一段的最后一句“...despiteenormousstridesinmedicalscience,manyofthelatestsophisticateadditionstoourmedicinechestshelveswereaccidentalfinds.”，盡管醫(yī)學取得了巨大的進步，許多最新添加到藥柜貨架上的現代藥物都是偶然發(fā)現的。選項D符合原文。

7.單選題

Iwouldpreferthatwe（

）itsomeotherway.

問題1選項

A.do

B.did

C.willdo

D.havedone

【答案】B

【解析】句意:我寧愿我們用其它方式。

語法題。考查虛擬語氣。Wouldprefer+that從句時,從句應用虛擬語氣,即謂語動詞do用一般過去式did。

8.單選題

Behindthe[A]aluminum’sversatility[B]liespropertiessodiversethat[C]theyalmostseemtobelongtoseveraldifferent[D]metals.

問題1選項

A.aluminum’s

B.lies

C.they

D.metals

【答案】B

【解析】【答案】B

【考查點】主謂一致。

【解題思路】該句是介詞短語做狀語置于句首引起句子倒裝。主語為properties，謂語動詞要用復數，因此，應將B選項改為lie。

【句意】在鋁的多功能性背后，是各種各樣的特性，它們幾乎像是屬于幾種不同的金屬。

9.單選題

Thebookshiftedheroutlookfromsocialtospiritual,foritsthemewasthatbeforeyouchangeotherpeopleyouhavetochangeyourself.

問題1選項

A.viewpoint

B.vocation

C.prospect

D.preference

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這本書將她的……從社會轉向精神方面，因為它的主題是在改變他人之前，你必須先改變自己。viewpoint“觀點，視角”；vocation“職業(yè)”；prospect“前景，期望”；preference“偏愛，傾向”。根據“fromsocialtospiritual”可推測劃線單詞的意思是“觀點”，因此選項A符合題意。

10.單選題

Aresomepeoplebornclever,andothersbornstupid?Orisintelligencedevelopedbyourenvironmentandourexperience?Strangelyenough,theanswertothesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountofeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thusthelimitsofperson'sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,nowheldbymostexperts,canbesupportedinanumberofways.

Itiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeople,theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.Thusifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfrompopulation,itislikelythattheirdegreeofintelligencewillbecompletelydifferent.If,ontheotherhand,wetaketwoidenticaltwins,theywillverylikelybeasintelligentaseachother.Relationslikebrothersandsisters,parentsandchildren,usuallyhavesimilarintelligence,andthisclearlysuggeststhatintelligencedependsonbirth.

Imaginenowthatwetaketwoidenticaltwinsandputthemindifferentenvironments.Wemightsendone,forexample,toauniversityandtheothertoafactorywheretheworkisboring.Weshouldsoonfinddifferenceinintelligencedeveloping,andthisindicatesthatenvironmentaswellasbirthplaysapart.Thisconclusionisalsosuggestedbythefactthatpeoplewholiveinclosecontactwitheachother,butwhoarenotrelatedatallarelikelytohavesimilardegreeofintelligence.

1.Thewriterisinfavoroftheviewthataman'sintelligenceisgiventohim（

）.

2.Ifachildisbornwithlowintelligence,hecan

（

）.

3.Inthesecondparagraph“ifwetaketwounrelatedpeopleatrandomfrompopulation”meansifwe

（

）.

4.Theexampleofthetwinsgoingtoauniversityandtoafactoryseparatelyshows

（

）.

5.Thebesttitleofthispassagecouldbe（

）.

問題1選項

A.atbirth

B.througheducation

C.bothatbirthandthrougheducation

D.neitheratbirthnorthrougheducation

問題2選項

A.becomeagenius

B.stillbecomeageniusifheisgivenspecialeducation

C.reachhisintellectuallimitsinrichsurroundings

D.notbecomeintelligentinhislife

問題3選項

A.pickanytwopeople

B.takeouttwodifferentpeople

C.choosetwopeoplewhoarerelatives

D.choosetwopeoplewithdifferentintelligence

問題4選項

A.theimportanceoftheirintelligence

B.theroleofenvironmentonintelligence

C.theimportanceoftheirpositions

D.thepartthatbirthplays

問題5選項

A.surroundings

B.intelligence

C.thedependenceonenvironment

D.theeffectofeducation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。第一段指出:Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth…(在一定程度上，我們的智力水平是先天決定的…),Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings(另一方面，一個生活在單調乏味環(huán)境中的孩子比一個生活在豐富多彩的環(huán)境中的孩子有更少的智力發(fā)展),由此可知C項“先天條件和后天教育共同決定了一個人的智力水平”符合作者觀點。

2.細節(jié)事實題。A:成為天才,B:如果接受特殊教育，還是能夠成為天才的,由第一段中的“Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgiventousatbirth,andnoamountofeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence(在一定程度上,我們的智力水平是先天決定的。沒有什么樣的教育能夠讓一個天生智力水平低下的孩子變成一個天才)”可知A和B錯誤。C:可以在豐富多彩的環(huán)境中達到其智力的上限,D:在他的一生中都不能變聰明,由第一段中的“Thusthelimitsofperson'sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment(因此，每個人的智力的上限是先天決定的