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書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-呼和浩特職業(yè)學院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Hedoesn’t()muchinterestinhisstudieswiththeresultthathefailsinexamstimeandagain.

問題1選項

A.indicate

B.exert

C.manifest

D.express

【答案】D

【解析】expressaninterestin...為固定搭配,意為“對...表現出興趣”。所以選項D正確。

2.單選題

Webeginbyconsideringthreepolicies—whatwemightcallidealtypesinreversethatnearlyallAmericanswouldrightfullyfindunacceptablefordifferentreasons:understandingwhythesepoliciesareunacceptablecanperhapsguideusasweseektodiscernthemostresponsibleand(

)policy.

問題1選項

A.negligent

B.middle-of-the-road

C.give-and-take

D.prudent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項negligent“疏忽的;粗心大意的”;B選項middle-of-the-road“中庸的;走中間線路的”;C選項give-and-take“妥協的;互讓的”;D選項prudent“謹慎的;精明的;明智的”。句意:我們首先考慮三種我們可以稱之為理想類型的政策。反過來,幾乎所有的美國人都會因為不同的原因正當地認為這些政策是不可接受的:理解為什么這些政策是不可接受的,或許可以指導我們尋找最負責任和最……的政策。D選項“謹慎的”更符合題意。

3.單選題

Thisisthemilitary______.Nobodyisallowedtogetinwithoutpermission.

問題1選項

A.bond

B.zone

C.butter

D.zoo

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項bond“紐帶”;B選項zone“(有某特色或作用的)地區(qū)”;C選項butter“黃油”;D選項zoo“動物園”。句意:這是軍事______。未經允許,任何人不得入內。根據語境,這里指的是不得進入一個區(qū)域,B選項zone“有某特色或作用的)地區(qū)”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

4.單選題

Adecisionofthis(

)hadtohavenationalsupport.

問題1選項

A.extent

B.amount

C.degree

D.magnitude

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。extent“程度,范圍”;amount“數量;總額”;degree“程度,等級”;magnitude“大小,量級,重要”。句意:這類重大的決定需要全國人民的支持才行。選項D符合題意。

5.單選題

Thepolicemandeclaredthattheblowonthevictim'shead(

)frombehind.

問題1選項

A.shouldhavebeenmade

B.musthavebeenmade

C.wouldhavebeenmade

D.oughttohavebeenmade

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法中情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法。A項shouldhavedone表示“本該做某事(其實沒做)”;B項musthavedone表示“—定做了某事”;C項wouldhavedone表示“將會做某事”,常用于表達虛擬語氣;D項oughttohavedone表示“本該做某事”,比shouldhavedone語氣強,意思為根據責任或者義務應該做。句意:警察宣稱受害者頭上的傷一定是從后面猛擊造成的。故本題正確答案為B項。

6.單選題

Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.

RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviationindustry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesbansuchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.

Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.

Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerabletointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.

1.Thepassageismainlyabout(

).

2.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?

3.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause(

4.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane’scomputers?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor(

).

問題1選項

A.anewregulationforallairlines

B.thedefectsofelectronicdevices

C.apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes

D.effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight

問題2選項

A.Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems

B.Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding

C.Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers’portablecomputers

D.Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference

問題3選項

A.theydon’tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference

B.theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved

C.mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers

D.theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon

問題4選項

A.Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane

B.Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith

C.Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethatsameeffectsinlabs

D.Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch

問題5選項

A.isinfavorofprohibitingpassenger’useofelectronicdevicescompletely

B.hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference

C.hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem

D.regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章開篇第一句話點明主旨:Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass(如今航空公司面臨的最大的安全威脅可能不是持槍的恐怖分子,而是商務艙里帶著便攜式電腦的乘客)。故選C。

2.細節(jié)事實。根據題干定位至第一段:Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference(在過去的15年中,飛行員報告說100多起事故可能由電磁干擾引起的)。

3.細節(jié)事實。根據題干定位至第二段:mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights(由于許多乘客想在飛行期間工作,多數航空公司不愿意執(zhí)行全面禁令)。

4.細節(jié)事實。第三段給出了原因:But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.(由于他們無法在實驗室中重現這些效應,他們無法知道干擾是否有危險)。

5.觀點態(tài)度。根據文章大意,可以看出作者的態(tài)度。

7.單選題

Thatbecamesomewhatmoregentleascarebecamemoresophisticated.Weenteredwhatmightbecalledthe(

)Period,wherethephysicianwaslikeafatherwhoknewwhatwasbestforhispatient.

問題1選項

A.Parental

B.Maternal

C.Fraternal

D.Paternal

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項Parental“父母的”;B選項Maternal“母親的”;C選項Fraternal“兄弟的”;D選項Paternal“父親的”句意:隨著護理工作變得越來越復雜,這種感覺也變得溫和了一些。我們進入了所謂的“……期”,醫(yī)生就像一位父親,知道什么對他的病人是最好的。根據后面句意可知D選項符合題意。

8.翻譯題

(1)Culturalnormssocompletelysurroundpeople,sopermeatethoughtandactionthatweneverrecognizetheassumptionscmwhichtheirlivesandtheirsanityrest.Asoneobserverputit,ifbirdsweresuddenlyendowedwithscientificcuriositytheymightexaminemanythings,buttheskyitselfwouldbeoverlookedasasuitablesubject:iffishweretobecomecuriousabouttheworld,itwouldneveroccurtothemtobeginbyinvestigatingwater.(2)Forbirdsandfishwouldtaketheskyandseaforgranted,unawareoftheirprofoundinfluencebecausetheycomprisethemediumforeveryfact.Humanbeings,inasimilarlyway,occupyasymbolicuniversegovernedbycodesthatareunconsciouslyacquiredandautomaticallyemployed.Somuchsothattheyrarelynoticethatthewaystheyinterpretandtalkabouteventsaredistinctivelydifferentfromthewayspeopleconducttheiraffairsinothercultures.

Aslongaspeopleremainblindtothesourcesoftheirmeanings,theyareimprisonedwithinthem.Theseculturalframesofreferencearenolessconfiningsimplybecausetheycannotbeseenortouched.(3)Whetheritisanindividualneurosisthatkeepsanindividualoutofcontactwithhisneighbors,oracollectiveneurosisthatseparatesneighborsofdifferentcultures,bothareformsofblindnessthatlimitwhatcanbeexperiencedandwhatcanbelearnedfromothers.

Itwouldseemthateverywherepeoplewoulddesiretobreakoutoftheboundariesoftheirownexperientialworlds.Theirabilitytoreactsensitivelytoawiderspectrumofeventsandpeoplesrequiresanovercomingofsuchculturalparochialism.But,infact,fewattainthisbroadervision.(4)Some,ofcourse,havelittleopportunityforwiderculturalexperience,thoughthisconditionshouldchangeasthemovementofaccelerates.Othersdonottrytowidentheirexperiencebecausetheyprefertheoldandfamiliar,seekfromtheiraffairsonlyfurtherconfirmationofthecorrectnessoftheirownvalues.Stillothersrecoilfromsuchexperiencesbecausetheyfeelitdangeroustoprobetoodeeplyintothepersonalorculturalunconscious.(5)Exposuremayrevealhowtenuousandarbitrarymanyculturalnormsare;suchexposuremightforcepeopletoacquirenewbasesforinterpretingevents.Andevenforthemanywhodoseekactivelytoenlargethevarietyofhumanbeingswithwhomtheyarecapableofcommunicatingtherearestilldifficulties.

Culturalmyopiapersistsnotmerelybecauseofinertiaandhabit,butchieflybecauseitissodifficulttoovercome.Oneacquiresapersonalityandacultureinchildhood,longbeforeheiscapableofcomprehendingeitherofthem.Tosurvive,eachpersonmasterstheperceptualorientations,cognitivebiases,andcommunicativehabitsofhisownculture.Butoncemastered,objectiveassessmentofthesesameprocessesisawkwardsincethesamemechanismsthatarebeingevaluatedmustbeusedinmakingtheevaluations.

【答案】(1)文化規(guī)范完全圍繞在人們的周圍,滲透在人們的思想和行為中,以至于我們從來沒有意識到他們生活和精神正常所依賴的那些假設。

(2)因為鳥和魚會認為天空和大海是理所當然的,他們沒有意識到它們的深遠影響,因為它們構成了每一個事實的媒介。

(3)無論是使一個人與他的鄰居失去聯系的個體神經癥,還是將不同文化的鄰居分開的集體神經癥,都是一種限制了人們可以體驗和從他人那里學到什么的失明形式。

(4)當然,有些人幾乎沒有機會獲得更廣泛的文化體驗,不過這種情況應該隨著移民運動的加速而改變。

(5)暴露可能揭示出許多文化規(guī)范是多么脆弱和武斷;這種接觸可能會迫使人們獲得解釋事件的新基礎。

9.翻譯題

Everyonewishestobuildupacharismaticandcharmingpersonality,butitisbynomeansaneasyjob.Firstofall,heoughttoknowoneofthegreatesttruthsthatlifeisdifficult,foroncehetrulyunderstandsandacceptsthetruth,thenlifeisnolongerdifficult.Why?Onceheacceptsthefactthatlifeisdifficult,henolongermoansabout,complainsofandfearshisproblems,burdensanddifficultiesinlife.Secondly,heoughttopaysufficientheedtoself-discipline,forself-disciplineisthebasicsetoftoolstosolvelife'sproblems,whichincludesastrongsenseofresponsibility,dedicationtoreality,opennesstochallenge,balancing,etc.Thirdly,heoughttocherishlove.Heknowsthatself-loveandloveofothersgohandinhand.Heiswillingtogobeyondtheconfinesofself-lovetoembraceloveofothers.Fourthly,heoughttounderstandthattheessenceoflifeischange.Sohedoesnottryhisutmosttoavoidchangeorstaycomfortablewiththesameness.Fifthly,heoughttoattachmuchvaluetohonour.Thewinningofhonourwillrevealaman'svirtueandworth.Towinhonour,hewillimproveandperfecthimselfandscoreremarkableachievements.

【答案】每個人都希望建立有魅力、迷人的人格,但這不是一件容易的事。首先,他需要明白一個偉大的真理:生活是困難的。因為一旦他真正理解并且接受這個真理,就會意識到生活不再困難。為什么?一旦他接受了生活困難這一事實,對于生活中的問題、負擔和困難,他都不再發(fā)牢騷和抱怨,也不再害怕。其次,他應該充分重視自我修養(yǎng),因為自我修養(yǎng)是解決生活問題的基本工具,包括強烈的責任感、致力于現實、敢于挑戰(zhàn)、平衡制約等。第三,他要有愛。他需要知道自愛和愛別人是密不可分的,愿意超越自愛的局限去接納他人的愛。第四,他要懂得生命的本質是變化。所以他不會盡全力去避免改變,也不會舒適的待在一成不變的環(huán)境里。第五,他應該重視榮譽。獲得榮譽能體現一個人的美德和價值。為了贏得榮譽,他將會提高和完善自己,獲得顯著成就。

10.單選題

In1906muchofSanFranciscowasdestroyedbyanearthquakeandthefiresthat()

問題1選項

A.evaded

B.ensued

C.encountered

D.emitted

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:1906,舊金山大部分地區(qū)被地震和隨后發(fā)生的火災摧毀。因此選B。

11.單選題

Becauseadegreefromagooduniversityisthemeanstoabetterjob,educationisoneofthemost(

)areasinJapaneselife.

問題1選項

A.sophisticated

B.competitive

C.considerate

D.superficial

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。sophisticated意為“見多識廣的,老練的”;competitive意為“競爭的,比賽的”;considerate意為“考慮周到的,體貼的”;superficial意為“膚淺的,表面的”。由前面because引導的原因狀語,可知好大學的學位意味著好更好的工作,故此推測教育領域具有競爭性,因此選B。

句意:因為一所好大學的學位是獲得更好工作的手段,所以教育是日本人生活中最具競爭的領域之一。

12.單選題

Thetermnonverbalcommunication()__anumberofcategories:bodylanguage,vocalinto-nations,physicalobjects,andspace,amongothers.

問題1選項

A.embraces

B.classifies

C.constitutes

D.intervenes

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。embrace“包含”;classify“分類”;constitute“組成”;intervene“干涉”。句意:非語言交際一詞包含很多類:肢體語言、語音語調、物理對象和空間。選項A符合題意。

13.單選題

Recentlythenewspapershavereportedseveral()ontheboundariesofIsraelandJordan.

問題1選項

A.accidents

B.incidents

C.events

D.happenings

【答案】B

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。accidents“意外事故,交通事故”;incidents“事件,事變”;events“大事件,項目”;happenings“意外發(fā)生的事”。句意:最近,報紙報道了幾起發(fā)生在以色列和約旦邊境上的事件。首先可排除選項A和D;選項B含有“事變”的意思,更符合語境,所以正確。

14.單選題

VI.(Jurisprudence)

AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).TheRealistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.

ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture—thedominantoneintheWesternworldfromthemid-19thcenturythroughatleastthemiddleofthelastcentury—wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge,andthoughtallotherdisciplines(fromsocialsciencetolegalstudy)shouldemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.Chiefamongthelatterwasthemethodofempiricaltesting:hypotheseshadtobetestedagainstobservationsoftheworld.ThustheRealistsfrequentlyclaimedthatexistingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot,infact,“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.AlsoinfluentialonsomeRealistswasbehaviorisminpsychology—JohnWatson’sversion,notthelater,andbetter-known,brandassociatedwithB.F.Skinner—whichwasitselfinthegripsofa“positivistic”conceptionofknowledgeandmethod.

BrianLeiter:AmericanLegalRealism

71.AmericanLegalRealismhadaprofoundimpactontheflowingbut___.

72.Fromthe1stparagraphwecanknowthatScandinavianRealists___.

73.TheAmericanRealistsarguedthat___.

74.WhatistheintellectualculturethatAmericanRealismshareswithitsScandinaviancousin?

問題1選項

A.Americanlegaleducation

B.Americanlegalscholarship

C.Americanlawreform

D.Americanlawyers

問題2選項

A.werephilosophers

B.wereprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrines

C.werereachingagainst“mechanicaljurisprudence”

D.heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons

問題3選項

A.courtsdecidecasesnotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbasedontheirsenseof“fairness”

B.legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyasprior-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations

C.philosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviewsarenecessary

D.carefulempiricalconsiderationrevealsthatcourtsdecidecasesprimarilybecauseoflaw

問題4選項

A.Existingarticulationsofthe“l(fā)aw”werenot“confirmed”byactualobservationofwhatthecourtwerereallydoing.

B.Methodofempiricaltesting.

C.Takingnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge.

D.Alldisciplinesshouldalsoemulatethemethodsofnaturalscience.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】71.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據題干定位到第一段AmericanLegalRealismwasthemostimportantindigenousjurisprudentialmovementintheUnitedStatesduringthe20th-century,havingaprofoundimpactnotonlyonAmericanlegaleducationandscholarship,butalsoonlawreformandlawyering.(美國法律現實主義運動是20世紀美國最重要的本土法學運動,不僅對美國的法學教育和學術產生了深遠的影響,而且對美國的法律改革和律師業(yè)也產生了深遠的影響)可知A選項“美國法律教育”,B選項“美國法律學術”,C選項“美國法律改革”符合原文;D選項“美國律師”原文未提及。因此D選項符合題意。

72.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據題干關鍵字“Scandinavian”定位到原文第一段UnlikeitsScandinaviancousin,AmericanLegalRealismwasnotprimarilyanextensiontolawofsubstantivephilosophicaldoctrinesfromsemanticsandepistemology.TheRealistswerelawyers(plusafewsocialscientists),notphilosophers,andtheirmotivationswere,accordingly,different.(與它的斯堪的那維亞表親不同,美國法律現實主義主要不是從語義學和認識論的實質哲學學說的法律的延伸?,F實主義者是律師(加上一些社會科學家),而不是哲學家,因此,他們的動機是不同的)可以推測出斯堪的那維亞的法律現實主義者們是哲學家,選A選項“是哲學家”,同時可知B選項“主要是實質性哲學理論對法律的延伸”錯誤,原文只是說美國法律現實主義主要不是從語義學和認識論的實質哲學學說的法律的延伸,沒有說斯堪的那維亞的法律現實主義是否是實質性哲學理論對法律的延伸,B選項偷換概念;第一段Aslawyers,theywerereachingagainstthedominant“mechanicaljurisprudence”or“formalism”oftheirday.“Formalism”inthesensepertinenthere,heldthatjudgesdecidecasesonthebasisofdistinctivelylegalrulesandreasons,whichjustifyauniqueresultinmostcases(perhapseverycase).(作為律師,他們(指的是美國的現實主義者)與當時占主導地位的“機械法學”或“形式主義”相抗衡。這里所指的“形式主義”認為,法官根據不同的法律規(guī)則和理由來判決案件,這些規(guī)則和理由在大多數案件(也許是每一個案件)中證明一個獨特的結果是正當的)可知C選項“與‘機械法學’相抵觸”和D選項“認為法官根據不同的法律規(guī)則和理由判決案件”也屬于偷換概念。因此A選項正確。

73.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據題干定位到原文第一段最后一句BecausetheRealistsnevermadeexplicittheirphilosophicalpresuppositionsaboutthenatureoflawortheirconceptionoflegaltheory,oneoftheimportantjurisprudentialtasksforRealiststodayisaphilosophicalreconstructionanddefenseoftheseviews,especiallyagainstthecriticismsoflegalphilosophers,notablyH.L.A.Hart.(由于現實主義者從未對法律的性質或法律理論的概念作出明確的哲學預設,因此,現實主義者今天的重要法理學任務之一就是對這些觀點進行哲學重構和辯護,尤其是反對法律哲學家的批評,尤其是H.L.A.Hart)可知C選項“這些觀點的哲學重建和辯護是必要的”符合原文;第一段Realistsargued,instead,thatcarefulempiricalconsiderationofhowcourtsreallydecidecasesrevealsthattheydecidenotprimarilybecauseoflaw,butbased(roughlyspeaking)ontheirsenseofwhatwouldbeonthefactsofthecase.(相反,現實主義者認為,對法院如何真正判決案件進行仔細的實證研究表明,法院的判決主要不是因為法律,而是基于(粗略地說)他們對案件事實的判斷)可知A選項“法院判決案件主要不是基于法律,而是基于他們的‘公平感’”以及D選項“仔細的實證研究表明,法院決定案件主要是因為法律”錯誤;第一段Legalrulesandreasonsfiguresimplyaspost-hocrationalizationsfordecisionsreachedonthebasisofnon-legalconsiderations.(法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據非法律考慮做出的決定的事后合理化)可知B選項“法律規(guī)則和理由僅僅是根據非法律考慮做出的決定的臨時合理化”錯誤。因此C選項正確。

74.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據題干定位到第二段開頭ButRealismalsoborethemarksofanintellectualculturewhichitdidsharewithitsScandinaviancousin.Thisculture…wasdeeply“positivistic”,inthesensethatitviewsnaturalscienceastheparadigmofallgenuineknowledge…(但現實主義也帶有知識文化的印記,它確實與它的斯堪的納維亞表親有共同之處。這種文化……是非?!皩嵶C主義”的,因為它把自然科學視為所有真知的范式……)可知選C選項“以自然科學為所有真知的范式”;A選項“‘法律’的現有條文并沒有通過對法院實際行動的實際觀察而得到‘確認’”,B選項“實證檢驗方法”以及D選項“所有學科都應該仿效自然科學的方法”并不符合題意,排除。因此C選項正確。

15.單選題

TheclimateofEarthischanging.Climatologistsareconfidentthatoverthepastcentury,theglobalaveragesurfacetemperaturehasincreasedbyabouthalfadegreeCelsius.Thiswarmingisthoughttobeatleastpartlytheresultofhumanactivities,suchastheburningoffossilfuelsandtheclearingofforestsforagriculture.Astheglobalpopulationgrowsandnationaleconomiesexpand,theglobalaveragetemperatureisexpectedtocontinueincreasingbyanadditional1.0to3.5℃bytheyear2100.

Climatechangeisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalissuesfacinghumankind.Understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsisessentialifwearegoingtomanageourenvironmenttominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeandmaximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer.Becausenaturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems,itfollowsthattheirresponsestoclimatechangearelikelytobecomplex.Climatechangemayaffectnaturalecosystemsinavarietyofways.Intheshortterm,climatechangecanalterthemixofplantspeciesinlandecosystemssuchasgrasslands.Inthelongterm,climatechangehasthepotentialtodramaticallyalterthegeographicdistributionofmajorvegetationtypes—savannas,forests,andtundra.Climatechangecanalsopotentiallyalterglobalecosystemprocesses,includingthecyclingofcarbon,nitrogen,phosphorus,andsulfur.Moreover,changesintheseecosystemprocessescanaffectandbeaffectedbychangesintheplantspeciesoftheecosystemandvegetationtype.Alloftheclimate—changeinducedalterationsofnaturalecosystemservicesthattheseecosystemsprovidetohumans.

TheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseofhalfadegreeCelsiusobservedoverthepastcenturyhasbeeninpartduetodifferentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures,resultinginanarrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange.DecreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerangewerefirstidentifiedintheUnitedStates,wherelarge-areatrendsshowedthatmaximumtemperatureshaveremainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly,whereasminimumtemperatureshaveincreasedatafasterrate.Inthisissue,Alwardetal.reportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases.

11.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?

12.Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.

13.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?

14.Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.

15.Theword“diurnal”(Paragraph3)isclosestinmeaningto“____”.

問題1選項

A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.

B.Theclearingofforests.

C.Thecultivationoffarmland.

D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.

問題2選項

A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems

B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange

C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayoffer

D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystems

問題3選項

A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.

B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.

C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.

D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.

問題4選項

A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreases

B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraph

C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreases

D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincrease

問題5選項

A.day-and-night’s

B.everyday

C.twodays’

D.yearly

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】11.【選項釋義】

WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasareasonfortheglobalwarming?下列哪一項沒有被作為全球變暖的原因提到?

A.Theburningoffuelssuchascoaloroil.A.煤或石油等燃料的燃燒。

B.Theclearingofforests.B.砍伐森林。

C.Thecultivationoffarmland.C.耕地的耕種。

D.Thenegativeconsequencesofhumanactivities.D.人類活動的負面后果。

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞areasonfortheglobalwarming可定位到原文第1段。本段第2句提到“這種變暖被認為至少部分原因是人類活動的結果(theresultofhumanactivities),例如燃燒化石燃料(theburningoffossilfuels)和為農業(yè)砍伐森林(theclearingofforestsforagriculture)?!北绢}要求選擇的是沒有被提到的原因,C選項“耕地的耕種”沒有被提到,符合題意。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D選項原文有提到,不符合題意,屬于反向干擾。

12.【選項釋義】

Thesecondparagraphisprimarilyconcernedwith____.第2段主要是關于____。

A.thepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystemsA.氣候變化對自然生態(tài)系統的潛在影響

B.howtominimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechangeB.如何將氣候變化的負面影響降到最低

C.howtomaximizetheopportunitiesthatclimatechangemayofferC.如何最大限度地利用氣候變化帶來的機遇

D.thecomplex,nonlinearnatureofnaturalecosystemsD.自然生態(tài)系統的復雜、非線性性質

【考查點】主旨大意題

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞Thesecondparagraph定位到原文第2段,本題要求選擇的是原文第2段的主旨大意。本段第2句說到“如果我們要治理環(huán)境,以最大限度地減少氣候變化的負面后果(minimizethenegativeconsequencesofclimatechange),并最大限度地利用它可能提供的機遇(maximizetheopportunitiesthatitmayoffer)的話,了解氣候變化對自然生態(tài)系統的潛在影響(understandingthepotentialimpactsofclimatechangefornaturalecosystems)是至關重要的?!庇纱丝芍?,這句話的重點是“了解氣候變化對自然生態(tài)系統的潛在影響”。另外,本段第4句提到“氣候變化可能會在很多方面影響自然生態(tài)系統(affectnaturalecosystems)”,并且之后具體介紹了這些影響。綜上所述,A選項“氣候變化對自然生態(tài)系統的潛在影響”更符合本段主旨。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“如何將氣候變化的負面影響降到最低”,是引入本段主旨的輔助信息,并不是本段主旨,該選項屬于本末倒置;

C選項“如何最大限度地利用氣候變化帶來的機遇”,也是引入本段主旨的輔助信息,并不是本段主旨,該選項屬于本末倒置;

D選項“自然生態(tài)系統的復雜、非線性性質”,可定位到原文第2段第3句,該句提到“由于自然生態(tài)系統是復雜的非線性系統(naturalecosystemsarecomplex,nonlinearsystems),因此它們對氣候變化的反應很可能是復雜的?!庇纱丝芍撨x項只是生態(tài)系統對氣候變化的反應是復雜的,并不是本段主旨,該選項屬于本末倒置。

13.【選項釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthetemperatureincreasesobservedoverthepastcentury?根據作者的觀點,在過去的一個世紀中觀察到的溫度上升的主要原因可能是什么?

A.Increasesofdailymaximumtemperatures.A.每日最高氣溫升高。

B.Decreasesofdailyminimumtemperatures.B.日最低氣溫下降。

C.Increasesofdiurnaltemperaturerange.C.日溫差增大。

D.Decreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange.D.日溫差減小。

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞temperatureincreases和thepastcentury定位到原文第3段。該段第1句提到“過去一個世紀觀測到的全球平均地表溫度上升了0.5攝氏度,部分原因是由于日最高和最低溫度的差異變化(differentialchangesindailymaximumandminimumtemperatures),導致日溫度范圍縮?。╝narrowingofthediurnaltemperaturerange)?!北径蔚?句提到“日溫差的減?。―ecreasesinthediurnaltemperaturerange)首先是在美國發(fā)現的,那里的大面積趨勢表明,最高溫度(maximumtemperatures)保持不變或僅略有上升(remainedconstantorincreasedonlyslightly),而最低溫度(minimumtemperatures)上升的速度更快(increasedatafasterrate)?!庇纱丝芍?,日最高氣溫保持不變或略有上升,而日最低氣溫大幅上升,導致日溫差減小,且日平均溫度上升。因此,D選項“日溫差減小”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“每日最高氣溫升高”,表述錯誤,每日最高氣溫只是略有上升或基本保持不變,并且這并不是上個世紀氣溫升高的全部原因,沒有指出每日最低氣溫的上升,該選項屬于以偏概全;

B選項“日最低氣溫下降”,表述錯誤,日最低氣溫上升,而非下降,該選項屬于反向干擾;

C選項“日溫差增大”,表述錯誤,日溫差減小,而非增大,該選項屬于反向干擾。

14.【選項釋義】

Insubsequentparagraphs,wemayexpectthewriterofthispassageto____.在接下來的段落中,我們可以期待這篇文章的作者____。

A.discusstheglobalimpactsoftemperaturesincreasesA.討論氣溫上升對全球的影響

B.presentapointofviewwhichsupportstheideaofthesecondparagraphB.提出一個支持第二段觀點的觀點

C.introduceAlward’sreportonthedifferentsensitivitiesofrangelandplantstominimumtemperaturesincreasesC.介紹阿爾沃德關于牧場植物對最低氣溫上升的不同敏感性的報告

D.furtherillustratethecausesoftheglobalaveragesurfacetemperatureincreaseD.進一步說明全球平均地表溫度上升的原因

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據題干關鍵詞Insubsequentparagraphs可知,本題要求猜測選段接下來的段落的內容,因此,定位到原文最后一段。本段最后一句提

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