考研考博-英語-寧波城市職業(yè)技術學院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-寧波城市職業(yè)技術學院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Trynottosayanythinghurtfultoher.Sheisavery（

）person.

問題1選項

A.sensible

B.sensitive

C.tough

D.reasonable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項sensible“明智的，合乎情理的”；B選項sensitive“敏感的，易受影響的”；C選項tough“堅強的，強壯的”；D選項reasonable“合理的”。句意：不要說任何傷害她的話。她是非常（）的人。根據前面一句，不要說任何傷害她的話，所以可以推測“她”可能會比較敏感，所以答案選B。

2.單選題

Itisdifficultto（）thisgoalifyouworkhardcontinuously.

問題1選項

A.attributeto

B.audit

C.bare

D.attain

【答案】D

【解析】動詞辨析。句意：即使你一直努力工作，也很難這個目標。attributeto歸因于；audit稽查，審計；bare揭開;脫掉（衣服）；attain獲得，達到。因此，D項符合句意。

3.單選題

HostilitytoGypsieshasexistedalmostfromthetimetheyfirstappearedinEuropeinthe14thcentury.TheoriginsoftheGypsies,withlittlewrittenhistory,wereshroudedinmystery.Whatisknownnowfromcluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthattheycamefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago,workingasminstrels（吟游歌手）andmercenaries（雇傭兵）,metal-smithsandservants.EuropeansmisnamedthemEgyptians,soonshortenedtoGypsies.Aclan（部落）system,basedmostlyontheirtraditionalcraftsandgeography,hasmadethemadeeplyfragmentedandfractiouspeople,onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceofenmityfromnon-Gypsies,whomtheycallgadje.TodaymanyGypsyactivistsprefertobecalledRoma,whichcomesfromtheRomanywordfor"man".ButonmytravelsamongthemmoststillreferredtothemselvesasGypsies.

InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurchseeingheresy（異端）intheirfortune-tellingandthestateseeinganti-socialbehaviorintheirnomadism（流浪）.Atvarioustimestheyhavebeenforbiddentoweartheirdistinctivebrightclothes,tospeaktheirownlanguage,totravel,tomarryoneanother,ortoplytheirtraditionalcrafts.Insomecountriestheywerereducedtoslavery.Itwasn'tuntilthemid-1800sthatGypsyslaveswerefreedinRomania.InmorerecenttimestheGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfamillionperishedintheHolocaust（大屠殺）.Theirhorseshavebeenshotandthewheelsremovedfromtheirwagons,theirnameshavebeenchanged,theirwomenhavebeensterilized（消除）,andtheirchildrenhavebeenforciblygivenforadoptiontonon-Gypsyfamilies.

ButtheGypsieshaveconfoundedpredictionsoftheirdisappearanceasadistinctethnicgroupandtheirnumbershaveburgeoned(迅速成長).Todaythereareanestimated8to12millionGypsiesscatteredacrossEurope,makingthemthecontinent’slargestminority.Theexactnumberishardtopindown.Gypsieshaveregularlybeenundercounted,bothbyregimesanxioustodownplay(不予重視)theirprofileandbyGypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoidbureaucracies.Attemptingtoremedypastinequities,activistgroupsmayovercount.HundredsofthousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheAmericasandelsewhere.WithveryfewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountrytocalltheirown—unliketheJews,towhomtheGypsyexperienceisoftencompared.“Romanestan”saidRonaldLee,theCanadianGypsywriter,"iswheremytwofeetstand.”

1.Gypsiesareunitedonlywhenthey（

）.

2.InhistoryhostilitytoGypsiesinEuroperesultedintheirpersecutionbyallthefollowingEXCEPT

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweentheGypsiesandtheJewsliesintheirconceptsof

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthehistoryoftheGypsies?

問題1選項

A.areengagedintraditionalcrafts

B.callthemselvesRoma

C.liveunderaclansystem

D.faceexternalthreats

問題2選項

A.theEgyptians

B.thestate

C.thechurch

D.theNazis

問題3選項

A.language

B.culture

C.identity

D.custom

問題4選項

A.TheoriginoftheGypsiescanonlybeguessedfromtheirlanguage.

B.EuropeanshadthoughtthattheGypsiesoriginatedfromEgypt.

C.SomepeoplehadthoughtthattheGypsiesmightdisappearasadistinctnationality.

D.TherewasonceacountryoftheGypsiesinnorthernIndia.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceofenmityfromnon-Gypsies（只有在非吉普賽人的威脅面前才能真正團結起來）可知D選項“面對外部威脅”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurchseeingheresyintheirfortune-tellingandthestateseeinganti-socialbehaviorintheirnomadism.InmorerecenttimestheGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfamillionperishedintheHolocaust.（在歐洲，非吉普賽人對他們的迫害開始得很快，教會認為他們的算命行為是異端邪說，而政府認為他們的游牧生活是反社會行動。在更近的歷史中，吉普賽人被陷入納粹黨歇斯底里的種族迫害中，大約50萬人死于大屠殺）可知吉普賽人受到了教堂、政府以及納粹的迫害，因此選A。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的WithveryfewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountrytocalltheirown—unlikeJews（除了極少數例外，吉普賽人并沒有表達出對一個國家的強烈愿望—不像猶太人那樣）可知吉普賽人與猶太人的主要區(qū)別在于對身份的認同，因此選C。

4.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Whatisknownnowfromcluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthattheycamefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago（從他們的語言羅曼語的各種方言中的線索可知，一千年前他們從印度北部來到中東）可知D選項“印度北部曾經有一個吉普賽人國家”表示不正確，只能推測吉普賽人從印度北部而來。

4.單選題

Japanisa（）societyofonenationalityandafewunderrepresentedminoritygroups，suchastheethnicChineseandKoreans.

問題1選項

A.spontaneous

B.simultaneous

C.homogenous

D.instantaneous

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意：日本是一個（）單民族社會，由一個民族和一些代表性不足的像中國人和韓國人這樣的少數群體組成。spontaneous自發(fā)的；simultaneous同時存在的；homogenous同源的，純系的；instantaneous瞬間的。C選項homogenous符合句意。

5.單選題

Forshortageoffoodandwater,theillegalimmigrants（）downfrom112to58.

問題1選項

A.seized

B.starved

C.calculated

D.split

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項seized“逮住，抓住”；B選項starved“使挨餓，餓死”；C選項calculated“計算”；D選項split“劈開”。句意：由于食物和水的短缺，非法移民數量從112人下降到了58人。根據前半句表述的因為缺少食物和水，可知后半句中非法移民數量減少的原因是挨餓。所以空格處填B選項starved“使挨餓，餓死”合適。因此B選項符合題意。

6.單選題

Ifthesalinityofoceanwatersisanalyzed,itisfoundtovaryonlyslightlyfromplacetoplace.Nevertheless,someofthesesmallchangesareimportant.Therearethreebasicprocessesthatcauseachangeinoceanicsalinity.Oneoftheseisthesubtractionofwaterfromtheoceanbymeansofevaporation-conversionofliquidwatertowatervapor.Inthismanner,thesalinityisincreased,sincethesaltsstaybehind.Ifthisiscarriedtotheextreme,ofcourse,whitecrystalsofsaltwouldbeleftbehind.

Theoppositeofevaporationisprecipitation,suchasrain,bywhichwaterisaddedtotheocean.Heretheoceanisbeingdilutedsothatthesalinityisdecreased.Thismayoccurinareasofhighrainfallorincoastalregionswhereriversflowintotheocean.Thussalinitymaybeincreasedbythesubtractionofwaterbyevaporation,ordecreasedbytheadditionoffreshwaterbyprecipitationorrunoff.

Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation.Similarly,incoastalregionswhereriversdilutethesea,salinityissomewhatlowerthaninotheroceanicareas.

Athirdprocessbywhichsalinitymaybealteredisassociatedwiththeformationandmeltingofseaice.Whenseawaterisfrozen,thedissolvedmaterialsareleftbehind.Inthismanner,seawaterdirectlybeneathfreshlyformedseaicehasahighersalinitythanitdidbeforetheiceappeared.Ofcourse,whenthisicemelts,itwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater.

IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater.Thisheavywatersinksandisfoundinthedeeperportionsoftheoceansoftheworld.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theoceangenerallyhasmoresaltin（

）.

2.Theworld“it”inline4(paragraph4)refersto（

）.

3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheWeddellSea?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaresultoftheformationofoceanice?

5.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthewaternearthebottomofoceans?

問題1選項

A.coastalareas

B.tropicalareas

C.rainyareas

D.turbulentareas

問題2選項

A.seaice

B.salinity

C.seawater

D.manner

問題3選項

A.Toshowthatthisbodyofwaterhassalinityvariations

B.TocompareAntarcticwaterswithArcticwaters

C.Togiveanexampleofincreasedsalinityduetofreezing.

D.Topointoutthelocationofdeepwaters

問題4選項

A.Thesaltremainsinthewater.

B.Thesurroundingwatersinks.

C.Watersalinitydecreases.

D.Thewaterbecomesdenser.

問題5選項

A.Itisrelativelywarm.

B.Itssalinityisrelativelyhigh.

C.Itdoesnotmove.

D.Itevaporatesquickly.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)題。第三段指出:Normally,intropicalregionswherethesunisverystrong,theoceansalinityissomewhathigherthanitisinotherpartsoftheworldwherethereisnotasmuchevaporation(通常，在光照很強的熱帶地區(qū)，海水鹽度比世界上其他蒸發(fā)量不大的地區(qū)要高一些)。

2.詞義題?！癷t”所在句子為:Ofcourse,whenthisicemelts,itwilltendtodecreasethesalinityofthesurroundingwater,此處“it”是指代前面說的ice。

3.推斷題。根據題干定位至第五段:IntheWeddellSea,offAntarctica,thedensestwaterintheoceansisformedasaresultofthisfreezingprocess,whichincreasesthesalinityofcoldwater(在南極洲外的威德爾海，海洋中密度最大的水是由于這種凍結過程而形成的，這會增加冷水的鹽度)。由此可知，提及WeddellSea,是為了證明前面提到的海水結冰對海水鹽度的影響。

4.推斷題。文章指出,海冰的形成會引起海水鹽度增加。

5.推斷題。文章指出，密度大的海水會下沉，可在海洋的深水域可以發(fā)現。也就是相對來說，海水的含鹽度會高些。

7.單選題

Themoreskilfulyouare,themoreyontendtocutcornerswhich,ifuncheckedforlongperiods,will______intobadhabits.

問題1選項

A.split

B.sneak

C.delude

D.degenerate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項split“分離，使分離，劈開”，B項sneak“溜，鬼鬼祟祟做事，向老師打小報告”，C項delude“欺騙，哄騙，誘惑”，D項degenerate“使退化，惡化，墮落”。由Themoreskilfulyouare,themoreyontendtocutcorners“你的技術越熟練，你就越容易走捷徑”可知，空格處填入“養(yǎng)成、變成”符合語境，而degenerateinto表示“退化為”，意思與之相近。句意：你的技術越熟練，你就越容易走捷徑，如果長期不加以控制，就會退化為壞習慣。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

8.單選題

Ifyouplaywithelectricity,youmaygetanelectric______.

問題1選項

A.strike

B.beat

C.shock

D.knock

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項strike“擊，打，踢；打擊”；B選項beat“有規(guī)律的敲擊（聲）；（音樂、詩歌等的）節(jié)拍”；C選項shock“電擊”，electricshock；D選項knock“敲，擊；（常為無意地）碰，撞”。句意：如果你玩弄電，就可能會______。根據語境，這里指被電打到，C選項shock“電擊”符合題意。因此C選項正確。

9.填空題

Directions:CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingthegivenpartsinChineseintoEnglish.

81.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication_______________________.

（因為廣告商要為宣傳的廣告信息付錢）

82._______________________________________onthegroundsthathemightlearnbadhabits.

（禁止他在外面閑逛）

83._________________________________,butbecausetherewassomethingwrongwiththebus.

（我來晚了不是因為交通堵塞）

84.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrol,_________________________________________.

（我們很遺憾地通知顧客商店提前關門）

85.Theboss________________________________trythebestofhisemployeesbythreatening.

（應該知道不應該）

【答案】81.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunicationbecauseadvertisershavetopayfortheadvertisinginformation.

82.Heisforbiddentohangoutonthegroundsthathemightlearnbadhabits.

83.Itwasn’tbecauseofthetrafficjamthatIwaslate,butbecausetherewassomethingwrongwiththebus.

84.Duetocircumstancesbeyondourcontrol,weregrettoinformourcustomersthatthestoreisclosingearly.

85.Thebossshouldhaveknownthatheoughtnottotrythebestofhisemployeesbythreatening.

10.單選題

Agoodeducationisan（

）youcanfallbackonfortherestofyourlife.

問題1選項

A.asset

B.ethic

C.inventory

D.obligation

【答案】A

【解析】句意:好的教育是你余生能依靠的資產。

考查名詞辨析。Asset資產,優(yōu)點,有利條件;ethic道德準則,倫理標準;inventory清單,財產清單,(商店的)存貨;obligation義務,職責,責任。因此A符合句意。

11.單選題

Heisoneofthemostactive（）intheextracurricularactivitiesofthestudents’union.

問題1選項

A.inhabitants

B.descendants

C.participants

D.tenants

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項inhabitant“居民；居住者”；B選項descendant“后裔；子孫”；C選項participant“參與者”；D選項tenant“承租人；房客；佃戶”。句意：他是學生會課外活動最積極的參與者之一。結合句意，判斷出選項C正確。

12.單選題

TheartistoftheRenaissancewasanall-roundman.Fromhisstudioonecouldorderapaintingforthechurchaltar,acarvedweddingchest,asilverewer,oracrucifix.ThemasteroftheworkshopmightbesculpturingaVenusfortheduke’sgardenwhilehisapprenticeswereroughingstatuesforthenewchapel.Manyofthewell-knownpaintersofthatgoldenperiodweregoldsmiths,workersinglass,enameloriron.Theengineerwasartistandtheartistwasengineer.ThegreatLeonardo,famoustodayasthepainterofTheLastSupperandMonaLisa,wasperhapsequallywellknowninthe16thcenturyforhisengineeringprojectsandhisscientificexperiments.OurownThomasA.Edisonpronouncedhimthegreatestinventivegeniusofhistime.

1.AnimportantcenturyintheRenaissancewas（

）.

2.Whenwewanttosaythatamancoulddomanythings,wesayheis

（

）.

3.Thewordforhelperinthispassageis

（

）.

4.ThepainteroftheLastSupperwas

（

）.

5.Awordforinventiveis（

）.

問題1選項

A.thetwelfth

B.theeighteenth

C.thefourteenth

D.thesixteenth

問題2選項

A.anartist-engineer

B.apainter

C.equallywell-known

D.anall-roundman

問題3選項

A.master

B.worker

C.apprentice

D.goldsmith

問題4選項

A.MonaLisa

B.aduke

C.Leonardo

D.ThomasEdison

問題5選項

A.creative

B.scientific

C.engineer

D.genius

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。文章中提到達芬奇生活在16世紀，本段說的就是文藝復興時期的藝術家。因此可推斷16世紀就是文藝復興時期的一個重要世紀。D選項正確。

2.語義推斷題。文章第一句就稱文藝復興時期的藝術家為“all-roundman全才”從第二句開始就描寫了一個藝術家的多重身份，由此可知，具備多方面的才能的人就是“全才”，D選項正確。

3.語義推斷題。A選項master“主人；大師”；B選項worker“工人；勞動者”；C選項apprentice“學徒；生手”；D選項goldsmith“金匠”。這四個身份中，唯一與helper“助手”相關的詞應是C選項學徒，第三句說到“ThemasteroftheworkshopmightbesculpturingaVenusfortheduke’sgardenwhilehisapprenticeswereroughingstatuesforthenewchapel.作坊的大師可能正在為公爵的花園雕刻維納斯雕像，而他的學徒們則在為新教堂雕刻雕像的毛坯?！闭f明學徒們只是助手角色，因此C選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。在倒數第二句中提到“thegreatLeonardo,famoustodayasthepainterofTheLastSupperandMonaLisa”可知Leonardo是TheLastSupper的畫家。C選項正確。

5.語義推斷題。Incentive在文中是愛迪生用來形容Leonardo（達芬奇）的，后面的名詞是genius“天才”。A選項creative“創(chuàng)造性的”；B選項scientific“科學的”；C選項engineer“工程師”；D選項genius“天才”。C和D詞性不符合，B選項一般不用來形容天才，因此A選項正確的。incentive本義表示“發(fā)明的”。

13.填空題

Directions:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertion(∧)inthecorrectplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandbesuretoputaslash(/)intheblank.

Example:

Televisionisrapidlybecomingtheliteratureofourperiod.

1.Period→Time

Manyoftheargumentshavingusedforthestudyofliteratureasa

2.Having→/

schoolobjectarevalidforstudyoftelevision.

3.∧study→the

Wefrequentlyhearthatdrinkingasmallamountofcoffeecan

behealthy,Thisalwayscomesbacktotheevidencewheresome

1.______

coffee-drinkingisacommonbehavioramonglong-lived,healthy

peopleacrosspopulations.Newsstoriestendtointerpretthis

evidenceoptimistically,reportedthatcoffeemaybegoodforyou.

2.______

Inreality,itmightjustbeaninterestingcorrelation.Randomized,

controlledtrialsonnutritionareextremedifficulttoconduct,asthe

3.______

effectsofdietarychangesarecomplexandoftentakesyears,ifnot

4.______

alifetime,torevealthemselves.

Thosewhoclaimthatcoffeeishealthfultendtopointtothose

5.______

highlevelofantioxidants.Butantioxidantsupplementshavenot

beenprovedtocorrelatewithhealthandlongevity.Antioxidants

representavastspectrumofsubstances.VitaminEisan

6.______

antioxidant,andtakingVitamin-Esupplementshasbeenshownto

increasemen’sriskofprostatecancer.

Ifcoffeedoeshaveanaffectonlongevity,itislikelyaresult

7.______

ofsomethingmoreglobalthanthepotentialeffectofantioxidants

—suchthefactthatconstantexposuretocaffeine,evenatlow

8.______

levels,suppressesappetite(inaworldwheremostpeopleeatmore

thanisideal).Orthatitencouragessocialinteraction-itinclines

ustogooutanddothingswithpeople-whichitselfisgenerally

beneficialwithhealth.Thesearelegitimatelypositiveresults.But

9.______

aswithallchemicals,thecomprehensiveeffectofcaffeineonour

healthdependsonhow,andhowmany,weuseit.

10.______

【答案】1.where→that

2.reported→reporting

3.extreme→extremely

4.takes→take

5.to→out

6.vast→broad

7.affect→effect

8.∧the→as

9.with→to

10.many→much

【解析】1.考查同位語從句。evidence后面的從句是用來補充說明evidence，所以應該是一個同位語從句；而where是用來修飾地點的定語從句，故將where改為that。

2.考查非謂語動詞。report的邏輯主語是newstories，它們之間是主動的關系，所以report應該用現在分詞形式表示伴隨。

3.考查副詞使用。根據句子“controlledtrialsonnutritionareextremedifficulttoconduct”可知，extreme和difficult都是形容詞，形容詞無法修飾另外一個形容詞，故應將extreme改為extremely。

4.考查主謂一致。根據句子“astheeffectsofdietarychangesarecomplexandoftentakesyears”可知，take的主語是theeffectsofdietarychanges，是復數形式，因此take應該和主語保持一致，故把takes改為take。

5.考查詞組。pointto多用來表示指向離說話人較遠的事物，意為“指向”，to是介詞，著重于指的方向；而后面的thosehighlevelofantioxidants表示“高度抗氧化劑”，這個句子的意思是“那些聲稱咖啡有益健康的人往往指出咖啡中含有大量的抗氧化劑”，所以把pointto改為pointout合適。

6.考查形容詞使用。vast表示“廣闊的，巨大的”；avastspectrumof表示“廣泛的光譜”這與句子意思不符合；應該將vast改為broad，abroadspectrumof固定搭配，表示“廣泛的”。

7.考查動詞詞性辨析。根據句子可知affect在句中是作名詞，而affect是動詞，表示“影響”；如果要用名詞應該改為effect“影響”；haveaneffecton表示“對……有影響”。

8.考查固定搭配。根據句子可知破折號后面是舉例，而suchas為固定搭配，表示“例如，比如”；所以應該在such后面加入as。

9.考查固定搭配。Bebeneficialto固定搭配，表示“對……有益”，所以應該把with改為to。

10.考查副詞用法。本句中的howmany是修飾it，即前面的caffeine“咖啡因”，這是一個不可數名詞，不能用many來修飾，故應該將many改為much。

14.單選題

I（）thejusticeandfoughtagainstcorruptionatmybest.

問題1選項

A.confirmed

B.upheld

C.overwhelmed

D.established

【答案】B

【解析】confirmed確認,堅定;uphold支持,維護;overwhelmed壓倒,淹沒;established制定,建立。句意：我維護正義,盡我最大的努力與腐敗作斗爭。選項B符合句意。

15.問答題

Itdemonstrateswhyitisessentialthatwefocuseffortsonmeasurestohelppreventolder

A

peoplefrombecomingillinthefirstplaceandonhavingexcellenthealthandsocialcare

B

C

servicesforthemsincetheydo.

D

【答案】試題答案：D;if

【解析】考查連詞。此處表示假設，用連詞if（假如）。

16.單選題

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.

1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat______.

2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat______.

3.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(line1,inparagraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat______.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearcherholdthat______.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’______.

問題1選項

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

D.slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

問題2選項

A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

B.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago

C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount

D.thenumberoflargepredatordroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

問題3選項

A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

D.thedatecollectedsofarareoutofdate

問題4選項

A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertime

B.fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

C.theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreitsoriginallevel

D.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation

問題5選項

A.managementefficiency

B.biomasslevel

C.catch-sizelimits

D.technologicalapplication

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“大型史前動物的滅絕暗示什么？”。第一段最后一句Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans（現在類似的事情可能正在海洋中發(fā)生），由此推斷，文中提到史前動物的滅絕是暗示海洋生物也會面臨同樣的問題。A項“大型動物很容易受到環(huán)境的影響”，B項“小物種幸存下來而大物種消失了”和D項“生長緩慢的魚比生長迅速的魚更長壽”都不是大型動物滅絕暗示的現象，所以該題C項正確。

2.【試題解析】細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“我們從Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’s的論文中可以推測出什么？”。根據本題關鍵詞“Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaper”定位到本文第二段最后一句AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen（根據他們在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表的最新論文，在新漁場開始捕撈的15年內，大型捕食動物（殺死并吃掉其他動物的動物）的生物量平均減少了80%。在一些長期捕魚的地區(qū)，從那時起，它又減少了一半），由此推斷，文中提到大型捕食動物平均減少80%，所以可以推測出在一些老的漁場，已經減少了90%。B項“這里的漁場數量只有15年前的一半”說法錯誤，文中沒有漁場數量15年之間的對比；C項“新漁場的漁獲量只有原來的20%”說法錯誤，是指平均下降80%，沒有說就只有20%，該說法過于絕對；D項“新漁場的大型捕食者的數量比舊漁場下降得更快”說法錯誤，根據第二段最后一句可知，應該是舊漁場下降得更快。所以該題A項正確。

3.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“通過說這些數字是保守的（第三段第一行），Worm博士的意思是？”。根據本題直接定位到本文第三段第四句Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes（這意味著更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕撈，所以現在和過去之間的真正差異可能比捕撈規(guī)模變化所記錄的更糟糕），由此可知因為科技的進步給捕魚帶來的巨大的方便，但是這些數字是保守估計是因為海洋生物遭受了更大的破壞。A項“捕魚技術進步很快”是給捕魚帶來了方便，但不符合本題題意；B項“捕魚量實際上比記錄的要小”該說法沒有原文依據，原文只提到海洋生物遭受了更大的破壞；D項“到目前為止收集到的日期已經過時了”與本題無關。所以該題C項正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“邁爾斯博士和其他研究人員認為？”。根據本題關鍵詞“Dr.Myers”定位到本文最后一段第一句Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount（邁爾斯和沃姆博士認為，他們的工作給出了一個正確的基線，未來的管理工作必須加以考慮），由此可知應該要調整捕魚的基線來改變當前的狀態(tài)。A項“人們應該尋找一個長期不起作用的基準”說法錯誤，是要尋找一個有效的基線；B項“漁業(yè)應將產量保持在生物量的50%以下”，該說法錯誤，根據倒數第二句可知應當是保持在50%，而不是50%之下；C項“海洋生物量應該恢復到原來的水平”說法不全面，是要恢復到原始水平的50%。所以該題D項正確。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者似乎主要關注大多數漁業(yè)的什么？”。A項“管理效率”；B項“生物量水平”；C項“捕獲的大小限制”；D項“技術應用”。整篇文章都是圍繞海洋生物的量展開的，而且文章中反復出現了“biomass”，所以可知，作者大多關注海洋生物總量的變化。所以該題B項正確。

17.單選題

The（）dancerwhowas70wasjusttooexhaustedtoproducegooddancemoves.

問題1選項

A.morass

B.hierarchical

C.effete

D.proselyte

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項morass“沼澤；困境；亂糟糟的一堆”；B選項hierarchical“分層的；等級體系的”；C選項effete“衰老的；疲憊的；（土地）貧瘠的”；D選項proselyte“使改宗教信仰”。句意：年齡為70歲的這位衰老的跳舞者，實在是太疲憊而無法拿出好的舞蹈動作。結合句意判斷出選項C正確。

18.單選題

Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewantandliveacompletelysedentarylifestylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursocietyalthoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.

Amultitudeoffactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealthrelatedbehaviorsanditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealthrelatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.IndiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoiceFriesandGrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thusforthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity．

1.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause____.

2.To“l(fā)iveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Para.1)inthepassagemeans____.

3.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause____