高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法動(dòng)詞不定式及主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)課件

動(dòng)詞不定式及其---主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)用法Grammar

一動(dòng)詞不定式

動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，可以在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等,但不能作謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.

Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwater

aftertheoperation.

主語(yǔ)

賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)

定語(yǔ)

狀語(yǔ)

賓補(bǔ)作賓語(yǔ)Freddidn’thaveanymoney,sohedecidedtolookforajob.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.1.Fred沒(méi)有錢(qián)，所以他決定找一份工作。2.他答應(yīng)不告述任何人這事。習(xí)慣用法afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,choose,claim,dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine,expect,fail,get,guarantee,hate,help,hope,hurry,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promiserefuse,seem,tend,threaten,want,wish

Thefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive.

Remember!

Thefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbyv-ing.

avoid,consider,delay,deny,dislike,endure,enjoy,escape,forgive,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,pardon,prevent,resist,suggest,understand,can’thelpRememberthem!作表語(yǔ)MyjobistoteachEnglish.Toseeistobelieve.1.我的工作是教英語(yǔ)。2.眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。Itseemsthathehasnopen______.

A.towriteB.towritewith

C.writingD.writingwith注意如果作定語(yǔ)的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)加上必要的介詞Eg.Heisapleasantpersontoworkwith.作狀語(yǔ)Hespokeloudly(soas/inorder)tobeheard.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.I’mtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.目的狀語(yǔ).原因狀語(yǔ).結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)Sheaskedmetostaythere.1.她叫我呆在這兒。2.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我介紹Mr.White給你們。

PleaseallowmetointroduceMr.Whitetoyou.習(xí)慣用法1)帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。很多動(dòng)詞如:allow,

order,

force,

permit,

tell,

want,

wish,

forbid,

advise,

persuade,

warn等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式都帶to。如:Hedidn’tallowustosmokeinhishouse. 他不允許我們?cè)谒募依镂鼰煛?)不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。使役動(dòng)詞make,have,let;感官動(dòng)詞see,watch,observe,hear,listento,notice等后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to。如:Hemadeafaceandmade everybodylaugh.他做了一個(gè)鬼臉,逗得大家都笑了。

如果上述結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不定式就由原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),此時(shí)第2類(lèi)動(dòng)詞(let,have無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))后原來(lái)不帶to的不定式要加to。如:Isawhimgoupstairs.Hewasseentogoupstairs.

有人看見(jiàn)他上樓去了。Becareful!注意:2、不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在被修飾詞后面，與前面被修飾的名詞或代詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，又在句子中與另一名詞或代詞有主謂關(guān)系，不定式要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)含義。

Ihavemuchworktodo.

（與work有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與I有主謂關(guān)系）

Tomislookingforaroomtolivein.

（與room有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與Tom有主謂關(guān)系）

Hehasafamilytosupport.

（與family有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，與he有主謂關(guān)系）動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)㈡.被動(dòng)式(tobedone/tohavebeendone)1.Hedidn’tliketobelaughedat.2.Heclaimed____inthesupermarketwhenhewasdoingshoppingyesterday.beingbadlytreatedB.treatingbadlyC.tobetreatedbadly

D.tohavebeenbadlytreated.當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)（被動(dòng)關(guān)系）.動(dòng)詞不定式有兩種被動(dòng)式,即一般式和完成式,例如do的被動(dòng)式有tobedone,tohavebeendone。只有及物動(dòng)詞和相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)才有不定式的被動(dòng)式。一般說(shuō)來(lái),當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),該不定式要用被動(dòng)式。例如:

Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthatfactory.他要求派他去那個(gè)工廠工作。

Thesebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom.這些書(shū)不許帶出室外。

但在某些情況下,不定式雖然表示被動(dòng)意思,用的卻是主動(dòng)形式。常見(jiàn)的有下列幾種情況:動(dòng)詞不定式被動(dòng)式一、在某些固定句型中,動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ),用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。

1）have（give,show）sth.todo

在這種句型中的不定式與前邊的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系。例如:Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon.todo與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。否則,在表示被動(dòng)意義時(shí),仍需要被動(dòng)式。試比較:

Doyouhaveanything

todothisafternoon?今天下午你有事要做嗎?（todo是由you發(fā)出的）

Iamgoingtoyourhometown.Haveyou

anything

tobetakentoyourparents?你有要帶給你父母的東西嗎?（我替你帶，不是你帶）

再如:Pleasegetmesomethingtoread.

請(qǐng)給我弄點(diǎn)讀的材料。

He'llshowyoutherightpathtotake.他會(huì)給你指出要走的正確的路。3）There＋be＋n.＋todo

在此句型中,用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)的不定式,可用主動(dòng)式,也可用被動(dòng)式,只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同。用主動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在人,用被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ),重點(diǎn)在物。例如:

沒(méi)有時(shí)間可以耽誤?？勺g成:

Thereisnotimetolose（tobelost）.

用tolose可看成forustolose;用tobelost,誰(shuí)losttime不明確。

但下述兩句用主動(dòng)不定式與被動(dòng)不定式意義不同:

a.Thereisnothingtodonow.（＝Wehavenothingtodonow.）現(xiàn)在沒(méi)事干。

b.Thereisnothingtobedone.（＝Wecandonothingnow.）現(xiàn)在沒(méi)辦法了。

a.Thereisnothingtosee.（nothingworthseeing）沒(méi)有東西值得看。

b.Thereisnothingtobeseen.（nothingthereatall）看不見(jiàn)什么東西。

二、在某些“形容詞＋不定式”的結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式有被動(dòng)意義,與句子主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。其句型有:

1）n.＋be＋adj.＋todo

Thequestionwasverydifficulttoanswer.這問(wèn)題很難回答。

Thejobisveryeasytodo.這工作很容易做。

2）n.＋be＋too＋adj.＋todo

Thethingistoosmalltosee.這東西太小看不見(jiàn)。

Iwastooexcitedtosayaword.我激動(dòng)得連一句話也說(shuō)不出。

三、某些動(dòng)詞,如tolet,toblame（責(zé)備）,toseek（尋找）用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。

例如:

Thehouseistolet.這房子要出租。

Whoistoblameforit?這得怪誰(shuí)?

Thereasonisnotfartoseek.這理由不難找到。動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)1.Heseemstoknowthis.2.Ihopetoseeyounextweek.㈠.

一般式(todo).不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）與句子謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)（或幾乎同時(shí)）發(fā)生，或之后發(fā)生。㈡.進(jìn)行式(tobedoing)1.HepretendedtobeworkingwhenIcamein.2.Heseemstobethinkingdeeply,withoutnoticingmepassinghim.表示謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作（情況）發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)㈢.完成式（tohavedone)1.Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingsolong.2.Youseemed

tohavereadthenovelwrittenbyMr.Smith.不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前。動(dòng)詞不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)㈠.主動(dòng)式(todo/tobedoing/tohavedone)1.WewanttolearnEnglishwell.2.Robertissaid____abroad,butIdidn’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.tohavestudiedB.tostudyC.madeD.tomake當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí).注意

A.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式只須在to前加not.Myfatherdecidednottotakeupthejob.Theteachertoldusnottobelateagain.否定副詞not,never,seldom,hardly等要置于to前Mymothertoldmenevertodoitagain.注意B.動(dòng)詞不定式之后可加疑問(wèn)詞，通常做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)。Mr.Linwillteachushowtousethecomputer.Canyoutellmewheretogetthebook?注意C.作簡(jiǎn)短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不定式常常省去to后面的動(dòng)詞，只保留to

。A:Wouldyouliketocometomyparty?Marywantedtousemybike,butIaskedhernotto(usemybike).B:Yes,I’dloveto(cometoyourparty).Mary想用我的自行車(chē)，但我叫她別用。1.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.---Oh,Iforgot

.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.havingturneditoffD.toturnitoff2.Shecan’thelp_____thehousebecauseshe’sbusymakingacake.A.tocleanB.cleaningC.CleanedD.beingcleaned練習(xí)3.Noteverybodyhastheability

inpublic.A.ofspeakB.speakingC.spokenD.tospeak4.Maryisalwaysthefirststudent

toanswertheteacher’squestionsinclass.A.risingB.toriseC.roseD.risen5.—Mum,whydoyoualwaysaskmetoeataneggeveryday?---_____enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.GetB.GettingC.TogetD.Tobegetting6.—Wouldyoubesokindas

usout?---Withpleasure.A.helpingB.inhelpingC.helpD.tohelp7Thepatientwaswarned_______oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating8.Weagreed___here,butsofarshehasn’tturnedoutyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet9.Pauldoesn’thavetobemade________.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning10.Wetumbrellasarenotallowed

intothishotelaccordingtotherule.A.tobetakenB.totakeC.takenD.taking

11.Robertissaid_______abroad,butIdidn’tknowwhatcountryhestudiedin.AtohavestudiedBtostudyCtobestudyingDtohavebeenstudying高考鏈接1.Ilikegettingupveryearlyinsummer.Themorningairissogood______.(2008全國(guó)I卷)A.tobebreathed B.tobreathe C.breathing D.beingbreathedB

2.–Didthebookgivetheinformationyouneeded?–Yes.But_____it,Ihadtoreadtheentirebook.(2008北京卷)A.tofind B.findC.tofinding D.finding3.Ifeelgreatlyhonored____intotheirsociety.

(2008北京卷)A.towelcome B.welcomingC.tobewelcomedD.welcomedA

C

4._____theprojectasplanned,we’llhavetoworktwomorehoursaday.

(2008湖南卷)

A.Completing B.CompleteC.Completed D.Tocomplete5.Ifthereisalotofwork_____,I'mhappyto