(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)專(zhuān)練14 說(shuō)明文體類(lèi)閱讀理解(解析版)

備戰(zhàn)2021屆題型專(zhuān)練（新高考）14說(shuō)明文體類(lèi)閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來(lái)講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，具體地說(shuō)，就是通過(guò)閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉克^說(shuō)明文，就是指研究自然科學(xué)與技術(shù)的文章。說(shuō)明文是對(duì)事物或事理進(jìn)行客觀說(shuō)明的一種文體，它以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)方式，通過(guò)解說(shuō)事物或闡明事理，達(dá)到教人以知識(shí)的目的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上往往采用總分、遞進(jìn)等方式按一定的順序（如時(shí)間、空間、從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)）進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。說(shuō)明文的特點(diǎn)是客觀、簡(jiǎn)練、語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確、明了，文章很少表達(dá)作者的感情傾向。閱讀說(shuō)明文的重點(diǎn)在于讀懂它說(shuō)明的事物或事理，了解事物的性質(zhì)、構(gòu)造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特點(diǎn)等。最近五年，說(shuō)明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題；高科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。由于閱讀理解題的設(shè)置采用漸進(jìn)式，即由簡(jiǎn)到難的方式，因此說(shuō)明文是高考試卷中閱讀理解題中相對(duì)比較難的，通常后置。閱讀理解試題的中要考點(diǎn)之一是考查學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯和句式的掌握。說(shuō)明文的詞匯和句式的運(yùn)用較別的體裁的文章難度更大。詞匯運(yùn)用靈活，同一詞的不同詞性的用法交替出現(xiàn)，未列入考綱的生詞較多，通常達(dá)到了4-5%。不過(guò)考生可以通過(guò)說(shuō)明文的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)來(lái)幫助理解語(yǔ)篇，例如，同位語(yǔ)、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下義詞以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)（如破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)都有表示解釋和說(shuō)明）等?！镜梅忠c(diǎn)】高考閱讀理解中，說(shuō)明文為主要體裁之一。高考閱讀理解題的設(shè)問(wèn)主要圍繞以下四方面：細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題、主旨大意題、推理判斷題、猜測(cè)詞義題。其中，說(shuō)明文主要以細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)、主旨大意和猜測(cè)詞義三方面問(wèn)題為主。一、詞義猜測(cè)類(lèi)題型閱讀理解題中常要求學(xué)生猜測(cè)某些單詞或短語(yǔ)的意思。歷年英語(yǔ)高考題中均有此類(lèi)題目，有的文章盡管沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)題，但由于文章中常常出現(xiàn)生詞，因此，詞義的猜測(cè)還是貫穿在文章的閱讀理解之中。解這類(lèi)題目一般是通過(guò)上下文去理解或根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法去猜測(cè)。判斷一個(gè)單詞的意思不但離不開(kāi)句子，而且還需要把句子放在上下文中，根據(jù)上下文提供的線索加以猜測(cè)。運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法,語(yǔ)境等推測(cè)關(guān)鍵詞義，可以根據(jù)以下幾種方法猜測(cè)：（一）內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。1.通過(guò)同義詞和反義詞的關(guān)系猜詞通過(guò)同義詞猜詞，一是要看由and或or連接的同義詞詞組，如happyandgay，即使我們不認(rèn)識(shí)gay這個(gè)詞，也可以知道它是愉快的意思.這是高三冊(cè)第八單元閱讀第五段的句子：Theword＂secure＂inparagraph5lineisclosestinmeaningto_________.A.freefromanxietyB.anxiousC.nervousD.happy根據(jù)上下文和同義詞，可以選出答案A。二是看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus（金星）,Mars（火星）,Jupiter（木星）均為生詞，但只要知道planets就可猜出這幾個(gè)詞都屬于＂行星＂這一義域.通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一是看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，如but，while，however等；二是看與not搭配的或表示否定意義的詞語(yǔ)，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根據(jù)notatall...handsome我們不難推測(cè)出homely的意思，即不英俊,不漂亮的意思。2.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義通過(guò)因果關(guān)系猜詞，首先是找出生詞與上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系，然后才能猜詞。有時(shí)文章借助關(guān)聯(lián)詞（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn’thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn’thisfault.通過(guò)for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的錯(cuò)），可猜出blame的詞義是＂責(zé)備＂。3.通過(guò)定義或釋義關(guān)系來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.從drought所在句子的上文我們得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的時(shí)期，即drought，由此可見(jiàn)drought意思為＂久旱＂，＂旱災(zāi)＂。而adryperiod和drought是同義語(yǔ)。這種同義或釋義關(guān)系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折號(hào)等來(lái)表示。4.通過(guò)句法功能來(lái)推測(cè)詞義例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生詞，我們可以從這兩個(gè)詞在句中所處的位置來(lái)判斷它們大致的意思。從句中不難看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同類(lèi)關(guān)系，同屬fruit類(lèi)，因此它們是兩樣水果，準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)，是菠蘿和椰子。5.通過(guò)描述猜詞描述即作者為幫助讀者更感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物作出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例如ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.從例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一種生活在南極的鳥(niǎo)類(lèi).后面更詳盡地描述了該鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的生活習(xí)性。（二）外部相關(guān)因素外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知識(shí)，有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無(wú)法猜出詞義。這時(shí)，就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。例如：Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為＂爬行＂。（三）構(gòu)詞法在閱讀文章時(shí)，我們總會(huì)遇上一些新詞匯，有時(shí)很難根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推斷其詞意，而它們對(duì)文章的理解又有著舉足輕重的作用，此時(shí)，如掌握了一些常用的詞根,前綴,后綴,合成等構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)，這些問(wèn)題便不難解決了。1.根據(jù)前綴猜測(cè)詞義例如：Hefellintoaditchandlaythere，semi-conscious，forafewminutes.根據(jù)詞根conscious（清醒的，有意識(shí)的），結(jié)合前綴semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’milliterateaboutsuchthings.詞根lit-erate意為＂有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的＂，前綴il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一竅不通，不知道的＂。2.根據(jù)后綴猜測(cè)詞義例如：Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.后綴cide表示＂殺者，殺滅劑＂，結(jié)合大家熟悉的詞根insect（昆蟲(chóng)），不難猜出insecticide意為＂殺蟲(chóng)劑＂。Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.后綴let表示＂小的＂，詞根drop指＂滴，滴狀物＂。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來(lái)，便可推斷出droplet詞義＂小滴，微滴＂。3.根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義例如：Growingeconomicproblemswerehigh-lightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.Hightlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由high（高的，強(qiáng)的）和light（光線）兩部分組成，合在一起便是＂以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出＂的意思。BullfightisverypopularinSpain.Bull（公牛）和fight（打，搏斗）結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)—斗牛。二、主旨大意類(lèi)題型主旨大意類(lèi)題型主要測(cè)試學(xué)生對(duì)文章全面理解和概括的能力，提問(wèn)的內(nèi)容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎樣把握主旨大意題呢？通常有以下幾種方法：（一）閱讀文章的標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題是一篇文章的題眼，通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題或副標(biāo)題可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）尋找文章的主題句分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，找出文章主題。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說(shuō)明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主題句來(lái)歸納出文章的主題.若短文由若干段組成，除仔細(xì)閱讀第一段的首句外，還須仔細(xì)閱讀每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有時(shí)也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用來(lái)說(shuō)明和闡述主題句。因此，在確定文章的中心思想時(shí)，要求學(xué)生重視閱讀文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常貫穿在全文中，因此要求學(xué)生綜觀全文，對(duì)段落的內(nèi)容要融會(huì)貫通，對(duì)文章透徹理解后歸納總結(jié)。主題句的特點(diǎn)是：1.相對(duì)于其他句子，它表達(dá)的意思比較概括；2.主題句一般結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單；3.段落中其他句子必定是用來(lái)解釋,支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的思想的。總之，為提高閱讀理解能力，在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)抓中心思想,作者意圖及關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)，運(yùn)用聯(lián)想,比較,歸納,推測(cè)等方法，得出最佳結(jié)論，選擇最佳答案，不能主觀臆測(cè)，把自己的觀點(diǎn)強(qiáng)加進(jìn)去，與文章的觀點(diǎn)混為一談。經(jīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間有計(jì)劃,有目的的系統(tǒng)訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)生加快閱讀速度，提高閱讀的正確性，使兩者有機(jī)地統(tǒng)一起來(lái)，以提高學(xué)生閱讀英語(yǔ)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力，為繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)切實(shí)打好基礎(chǔ).閱讀是一種綜合性很強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)際活動(dòng)。我們只有進(jìn)行大量的課內(nèi)外閱讀，掌握一定的閱讀技巧，正確運(yùn)用閱讀方法，才能有效地提高閱讀理解能力?！菊骖}再現(xiàn)】【2020·新高考全國(guó)卷I（山東），D】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe'shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I'llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety. B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A.Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B.Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C【解析】本文是說(shuō)明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程。12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根據(jù)消費(fèi)者研究雜志最近的一項(xiàng)研究，我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。因此這項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的。故選D。13.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為：你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫(huà)線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知，為了測(cè)試社會(huì)影響對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響，研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時(shí)候，參與者們服用的食物更多。由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一個(gè)超重的人吃很大一份，我會(huì)忍住一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個(gè)瘦的人吃很多，我會(huì)跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對(duì)他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）來(lái)調(diào)整影響的。故選C?！绢}型演練】1Smartphones,tablets,fitnesstrackers,headphonesandmostoftheelectronicdevicesweusetodayaremadeofmetal,plasticandglass.Butelectronicsdon’thavetobe.SaladeMedeirosandhercolleaguesfoundawaytoturnanordinarypieceofpaperintoasimpleelectronickeypad.Manyteamsaroundtheworldareworkingonpaper-basedelectronics.Butthisnewdeviceisdifferentfromanyotherdevice.It’sthefirsttopoweritselfandalsoresistwateranddust.Theuser’stouchgivesitallthepoweritneedstorun.Nosinglemomentinspiredherpaperkeypad.Instead,shefocusedondevicesotherengineershavebeenworkingon.Thenshediscoveredthathighcostwasaproblemwithsomeflexibleelectronics.Soshedecidedtoworkwithlow-costmaterials.Teflon(聚四氟乙烯)isachemicalcoatingthatkeepsfoodfromstickingtopotsandpans.Similarcom-pounds(復(fù)合物)canalsomakepaperwaterproof.Soshestartedtestingthechemicalbuttheonethatwassup-posedtodothebestjobdidn’tworkatall.Aftersomeresearch,SaladeMedeirosfoundoutthatthischemicalreactswithair.Shehadtobuyspecialequipmentthatforbadeanyairgettingintheway.Now,thechemicalworksasplanned.Thentheteamplacedastencil(鋼板)withtheshapeofacircuit(電路)ontothebackofthepaperandsprayedonseverallayersofmaterials.Finally,theteamflippedoverthepaperandprintedakeypadofnumbersontheotherside.TheyalsoaddedatinyBluetoothchip,whichlettheirpaperdevicetalktoacomputer.Thesourceofelectricitycomesfromthetapofafinger.Whenyou’retypingwecancreatetheenergybytouchingorrubbing.Theelectronickeypadisregularpapermostpeoplecouldaffordbutwouldn’teasilygetwetordirty.Italsoshouldfitinyourpocket.1.Whichofthefollowingistheuniquefeatureofthenewdevice?A.It’sthefirstdevicemadeofpaper. B.Ithaslittleelectricityormetal.C.Itgetspoweredthroughtouch. D.Ithasnotroublecleaningitself.2.WhydidTeflonfailtoworkatfirst?A.Itwasexposedtotheair. B.Itwasoflowquality.C.Itdamagedtheequipment. D.Itkeptfoodstucktopots.3.Whatisthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theprocessofcreatingthedevice. B.Thesignificanceoftheresearch.C.Theapplicationofthedevice. D.ThewaytodevelopTeflon.4.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwords“flippedover”inPara.3?A.Cleanedup. B.Cutup. C.Heldonto. D.Turnedover.【答案】1.C2.A3.A4.D【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一種新的電子設(shè)備。這種電子設(shè)備由一張紙制成，能通過(guò)用戶觸摸提供能量并且防水防塵。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“It’sthefirsttopoweritselfandalsoresistwateranddust.Theuser’stouchgivesitallthepoweritneedstorun.”（它是第一個(gè)能自己發(fā)電，也能防水防塵的。用戶的觸摸給了它運(yùn)行所需的所有能量。）可知，這個(gè)設(shè)備獨(dú)特的功能是它通過(guò)觸摸起電。故選C項(xiàng)。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“SaladeMedeirosfoundoutthatthischemicalreactswithair.”（薩拉·德·梅德羅斯發(fā)現(xiàn)這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)與空氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)。）可知這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)與空氣發(fā)生反應(yīng)，所以Teflon不能正常工作的原因是它接觸到了空氣。故選A項(xiàng)。3.主旨大意題。第三段介紹了SaladeMedeiros解決了材料使用的問(wèn)題以及設(shè)備的組裝過(guò)程，可知本段主要介紹這個(gè)設(shè)備是如何制造的。故選A項(xiàng)。4.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段“printedakeypadofnumbersontheotherside”（將數(shù)字鍵盤(pán)打印到另一邊）可知這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)將這張紙反過(guò)來(lái)，從而猜測(cè)flippedover是“翻轉(zhuǎn)”之意。故選D項(xiàng)。2Wetalkalotaboutairpollution.HereinHongKongwealwayscomplainaboutlightpollutionaswell.Then,thereisnoisepollution.It'sthesameinmanycitiesaroundtheworld,andinKathmandu,thecapitalcityofNepal,peoplehavebeencomplainingaboutthenoisemadebydriverswhocontinuallysoundtheircarhorns(喇叭).Thatisuntilrecently,whensomethingwasfinallydoneaboutit.TheChiefDistrictOfficerofKathmanduhadreceivedmanycomplaintsabouthornpollution.Hesaidthateveryonefelttheuseofthecarhorninrecentyearshadbecomeexcessive.ResearchersinKathmandufoundthatforabout80percentofthetime,itreallywasnotnecessaryfordriverstousetheircarhorns.Soundingthehorntomakeanoisehadbecomemoreofahabit.Itwasnolongerbeingusedasitwassupposedtobeused:towarnpeopleofdanger.AtthebeginningoftheNepaliNewYearin2017,thelocalgovernmentpassedalawtobantheuseofcarhornsunlessusedcorrectly.Withinsixmonths,11,000fineshadbeencollectedbythelocaltrafficpolice.ThefinewasaboutHK$360.AtaxidriverinKathmanducanmakeaboutHK$1,000perday,sohecouldloseaboutone-thirdofhismoneyifhebrokethelaw.Asusual,thereweremanycomplaintsfromdrivers.Theysaidthatcowsanddogswerefreetowalkontheroads.Theyalwayscauseddanger.Soundingacarhornwastheonlywaytogetthemtomoveoutoftheway.AndwhiletherewerequiteafewtrafficlightsinthestreetsofKathmandu,veryfewofthemworked.Thismeanttherewasoftenatrafficmess.Thebanonusingacarhornwentahead,andwithinafewweeksthestreetsofNepal'scapitalwerequieter—eventhoughtheywerestilljustasbusy.Becauseoftheban,driversarealittlemorecarefulwhentheydrive.Feweraccidentshavebeenreported.ThelocalgovernmentsaysthehornbanwillnowbecopiedinotherareasofNepal.5.WhatdoHongKongandKathmanduhaveincommon?A.Bothhavebeentroubledbylightpollution.B.Bothhavesucceededinfightingairpollution.C.Bothhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofnoisepollution.D.Bothhavereceivedmanycomplaintsabouthornpollution.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"excessive”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Toomuch. B.Quitesimple. C.Verycorrect. D.Moredangerous.7.WhatwillyoufindifyougotoKathmandu?A.Notrafficlightsinthestreetscanwork.B.Thetrafficontheroadsisusuallyveryheavy.C.Animalsarenotallowedtowalkonthestreets.D.Driversarerequiredtodriveonone-waystreets.8.WhatcanweguessaboutKathmandu'shornban?A.Itisunfair. B.Itisworrying. C.Itisinteresting. D.Itissuccessful.【答案】5.C6.A7.B8.D【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了針對(duì)加德滿都的噪音問(wèn)題，政府在2017年頒布了禁止使用汽車(chē)?yán)鹊慕?。最開(kāi)始，汽車(chē)司機(jī)不理解、不在乎。可幾周后，該市的噪音變得安靜了很多，事故也少了。因此，尼泊爾決定在其他城市也實(shí)施該禁令。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“HereinHongKongwealwayscomplainaboutlightpollutionaswell.Then,thereisnoisepollution,It’sthesameinmanycitiesaroundtheworld,andinKathmandu,thecapitalcityofNepal,peoplehavebeencomplainingaboutthenoisemadebydriverswhocontinuallysoundtheircarhorns.(在香港我們也經(jīng)常抱怨光污染。其次是噪音污染，世界上許多城市都存在同樣的問(wèn)題。在尼泊爾首都加德滿都，人們一直在抱怨司機(jī)不斷按喇叭所產(chǎn)生的噪音)”可知，香港和加德滿都面臨著噪音污染的問(wèn)題。故選C。6.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞后文“ResearchersinKathmandufoundthatforabout80percentofthetime,itreallywasnotnecessaryfordriverstousetheircarhorns.Soundingthehorntomakeanoisehadbecomemoreofahabit.(加德滿都的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，在大約80%的情況下，司機(jī)真的沒(méi)有必要按喇叭。按喇叭制造噪音已成為一種習(xí)慣)”可知，按喇叭如今成為了一種習(xí)慣，說(shuō)明近年來(lái)人們按喇叭過(guò)度，汽車(chē)?yán)缺贿^(guò)多使用。畫(huà)線詞意思為“過(guò)多”。A.Toomuch.過(guò)多，太多；B.Quitesimple.非常簡(jiǎn)單；C.Verycorrect.非常正確；D.Moredangerous.更危險(xiǎn)。故選A。7.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Theysaidthatcowsanddogswerefreetowalkontheroads.Theyalwayscauseddanger.Soundingacarhornwastheonlywaytogetthemtomoveoutoftheway.AndwhiletherewerequiteafewtrafficlightsinthestreetsofKathmandu,veryfewofthemworked.Thismeanttherewasoftenatrafficmess.(他們說(shuō)，牛和狗可以自由地在馬路上行走。它們總是造成危險(xiǎn)。吹響汽車(chē)?yán)仁亲屗麄冏岄_(kāi)的唯一辦法。雖然加德滿都的街道上有不少交通燈，但是只有少數(shù)交通燈能正常工作。這意味著經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)交通混亂)”可推知，如果你去加德滿都，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)路上的交通通常很擁擠。故選B。8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Thebanonusingacarhornwentahead,andwithinafewweeksthestreetsofNepal'scapitalwerequieter—eventhoughtheywerestilljustasbusy.Becauseoftheban,driversarealittlemorecarefulwhentheydrive.Feweraccidentshavebeenreported.ThelocalgovernmentsaysthehornbanwillnowbecopiedinotherareasofNepal.(禁止使用汽車(chē)?yán)鹊慕罾^續(xù)實(shí)行，幾個(gè)星期后，尼泊爾首都的街道變得安靜了——盡管他們依然繁忙。因?yàn)檫@項(xiàng)禁令，司機(jī)開(kāi)車(chē)要更加小心了，事故報(bào)告也減少了。當(dāng)?shù)卣f(shuō)，這項(xiàng)禁令將在尼泊爾其它地區(qū)效仿)”可推知，加德滿都的喇叭禁令很成功。故選D。3Wealreadyknowthatsaltcanleadtoheartdisease.Butcoulditalsoaffectourmind?Scientistsfoundthatahigh-saltdietcausedcognitiveimpairmentsinmice?anditcouldproducethesameeffectonhumans.CostantinoIadecola,directoroftheFeilFamilyBrainandMindResearchtheInstitute,saidtheyfedthemiceeighttosixteentimestheirnormalsaltintakeandthentestedthemice.Afteraboutthreemonths,themicehadabigchangeintheirbehavior.Miceareverycurious,andtheyliketolookfornewthings.However,thetestedmicelosttheabilitytoidentifyanormalobject.Whenthemicewereputintheircageandaskedtofindaquietspot,theydidnotrememberwherethequietspotwas.Thenwhenthemicewerebuildinganest,whichissomethingthemicedodaily,they,wereunabletodoso.Theresearchsuggestedhumanswouldexperienceasimilarresponse.StudieshaveshownAustralianseatarounddoubletherecommendedamountofsalteachday,mostofitcomingfromprocessedfood.Dr.LadecolasaidtheestimatedtwoteaspoonsofsalttheaverageAustralianeatseachdaycouldaffectthebrainfunctioninthelongterm.However,thedeclinemightnotbeasobviousasinthemice,whoweregivenextremelyhighlevelsofsalt."Butprobablyoveryearsandperhapsdecades—asopposedtoafewmonthsforthemouse—evenlowerlevelsofsaltmayhaveaterribleeffect,"Drladecolasaid.“Highlevelsofsaltcauseseriousimmunechangesintheorgansinandaroundthestomach,resultinginanalmostautoimmuneeffectonthebrain.Itispartofagrowingbodyofevidencethatwereallyarewhatweeat,“BryceVissel,directoroftheCentreforNeuroscienceattheUniversityofTechnologySydney,said."Thosechangesinturncauseallsortsofresponsesinthebody,whichovertimecertainlycontributetocognitiveimpairments."9.Whichcandescribethetestedmice?A.Theyremainedquietallday. B.Theybecamesmarterthanever.C.Theyforgotsomeroutinethings. D.Theywerequickatfindingobjects.10.WhatdoweknowaboutAustralians?A.Theyignorehealthadvice. B.Theyhaveahigher-saltdiet.C.Theydislikeprocessedfood. D.Theyvaluetheirbrainhealth.11.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlyfocuson?A.StudiescarriedoutbyBryceVissel. B.Immunechangesbroughtaboutbysalt.C.Effectsofdailydietsonhumanbehaviors. D.Linksbetweensaltintakeandbraindamage.12.Whatdoesthetextsuggest?A.Brainhealthcountsmuch. B.Thebodynevertellsalie.C.Low-saltdietistobeadvocated. D.Heartdiseasescanbeprevented.【答案】9.C10.B11.D12.C【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，高鹽飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致老鼠的認(rèn)知障礙，對(duì)人類(lèi)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生同樣的影響。文章介紹了這項(xiàng)研究開(kāi)展的過(guò)程以及發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究表明，澳大利亞人每天攝入的鹽大約是推薦量的兩倍，其中大部分來(lái)自加工食品，指出高鹽飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙，提倡低鹽飲食。9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“However,thetestedmicelosttheabilitytoidentifyanormalobject.Whenthemicewereputintheircageandaskedtofindaquietspot,theydidnotrememberwherethequietspotwas.Thenwhenthemicewerebuildinganest,whichissomethingthemicedodaily,they,wereunabletodoso.(然而，被測(cè)試的老鼠失去了識(shí)別正常物體的能力。當(dāng)老鼠被關(guān)進(jìn)籠子，被要求找一個(gè)安靜的地方時(shí)，它們不記得安靜的地方在哪里。然后，當(dāng)老鼠在筑巢時(shí)——這是老鼠每天都要做的事情——它們無(wú)法這樣做了)”可推知，被測(cè)試的老鼠忘記了一些日常的事情。故選C。10.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“StudieshaveshownAustralianseatarounddoubletherecommendedamountofsalteachday,mostofitcomingfromprocessedfood.Dr.LadecolasaidtheestimatedtwoteaspoonsofsalttheaverageAustralianeatseachdaycouldaffectthebrainfunctioninthelongterm.(研究表明，澳大利亞人每天攝入的鹽大約是推薦量的兩倍，其中大部分來(lái)自加工食品。Ladecola博士說(shuō)，澳大利亞人平均每天攝入兩茶匙的鹽，長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看可能會(huì)影響大腦功能)”可知，澳大利亞人的飲食含鹽量高。故選B。11.主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段““Highlevelsofsaltcauseseriousimmunechangesintheorgansinandaroundthestomach,resultinginanalmostautoimmuneeffectonthebrain.Itispartofagrowingbodyofevidencethatwereallyarewhatweeat,“BryceVissel,directoroftheCentreforNeuroscienceattheUniversityofTechnologySydney,said."Thosechangesinturncauseallsortsofresponsesinthebody,whichovertimecertainlycontributetocognitiveimpairments."(悉尼科技大學(xué)神經(jīng)科學(xué)中心主任BryceVissel說(shuō)：“高濃度的鹽會(huì)導(dǎo)致胃內(nèi)外器官?lài)?yán)重的免疫變化，幾乎會(huì)對(duì)大腦產(chǎn)生自身免疫效應(yīng)。有越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明，吃什么決定人的性格，這是其中的一部分。這些變化反過(guò)來(lái)會(huì)引起身體的各種反應(yīng)，久而久之肯定會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙?！?”可知，最后一段主要講了鹽攝入和腦損傷之間的聯(lián)系。故選D。12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Scientistsfoundthatahigh-saltdietcausedcognitiveimpairmentsinmice?anditcouldproducethesameeffectonhumans.(科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，高鹽飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致老鼠的認(rèn)知障礙，對(duì)人類(lèi)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生同樣的影響)”結(jié)合文章介紹了這項(xiàng)研究開(kāi)展的過(guò)程以及發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究表明，澳大利亞人每天攝入的鹽大約是推薦量的兩倍，其中大部分來(lái)自加工食品，指出高鹽飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知障礙，提倡低鹽飲食?？赏浦?，文章提倡低鹽飲食。故選C。4DoyoulikethewoollymammothsfromthemovieIceAge?Toobadthey'reextinct?Thankstorecentdevelopmentsinbiotechnology,thestuffofsciencefictionmaysoonbecomearealitythroughanattractiveprocesscalled"de-extinction",whichaimstobringtheextinctspeciesback.Theresurrectedspeciesarefunctionallyequaltotheoriginalextinctspecies,buttheyarenotexactcopies.Therearethreeprimarytechniquesofde-extinction.Oneofthemisthatscientistsdeliberatelyselectexistingspecieswithsimilarcharacterstotheextinctspeciestoproducelatergeneration.Thisisanaturalmethod.Anotheriscloning.AclonedanimaliscreatedbyobtainingtheDNAoftheextinctanimal.Thelatergenerationwillbeanidenticalcopyoftheextinctspecies.Thisisonlyappliedtoanimalsthatareeitherendangeredorhaverecentlygoneextinct,asitrequireswell-preservedeggs.Thethirdisthenewesttechnique,geneticengineering.Itusesgene-editingtoolstoplaceselectedgenesfromextinctanimalsinplaceofthosepresentinitsclosestlivingrelative.IfwerefertoJurassicPark,resurrectingextinctanimalsisaterribleidea.Thankfully,wedon'thavetoworryaboutdinosaursrunningwildly,astheirDNAhasdisintegratedoverthe65millionyearssincetheirextinction.DNAcansurviveforseveralmillionyearsatbestundercertainrareconditions,butdoesthatmeanweshoulddothat?De-extinctionismoreforecologythanfortourism.EcologistBenNovaksaid,“Allanimalsperformcriticalrolesintheirecosystem.Woollymammoths,forexample,wereexcellentgardeners.TheirdisappearancewasfollowedbyalossindiversityandtheArcticgrasslandbecameacold,icefield.Ifaresurrectedanimalisalwaysgoingtobeazooanimalthenitshouldn'tbebroughtback.”13.WhydoestheauthormentionthemovieIceAge?A.Torecallthejoyfromthemovie. B.Toleadtheaudienceintothetopic.C.Toattractreaders,attentiontothemovie. D.Toshowfunctionsofresurrectinganimals.14.Whatismainlydiscussedaboutde-extinctioninParagraph2?A.Itsmainmethods. B.Itswideapplication.C.Itscomplexprocedures. D.Itsdistinctcharacteristic.15.Whatcanreplacetheunderlinedword“disintegrated“inParagraph3?A.Brokenaway. B.Pickedup. C.Fallenapart. D.Runout.16.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwebringextinctanimalsback? B.Doyoulikethewoollymammoths?C.Willdinosaursbeseeninthezoos? D.Shouldwepromotecloningskills?【答案】13.B14.A15.C16.A【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。由于最近生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展，科幻小說(shuō)中的東西可能很快會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，通過(guò)一個(gè)吸引人的過(guò)程，稱(chēng)為“反滅絕”，旨在讓滅絕的物種回來(lái)。文章介紹了三種主要的反滅絕技術(shù)，但是恐龍因?yàn)槠銬NA已經(jīng)分解，無(wú)法被復(fù)活了，最后文章指出反滅絕更多的是為了生態(tài)，而不是為了旅游。13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“DoyoulikethewoollymammothsfromthemovieIceAge?Toobadthey'reextinct?Thankstorecentdevelopmentsinbiotechnology,thestuffofsciencefictionmaysoonbecomearealitythroughanattractiveprocesscalled"de-extinction",whichaimstobringtheextinctspeciesback.(你喜歡電影《冰河世紀(jì)》里的猛犸象嗎？它們滅絕了真是太糟糕了對(duì)嗎？由于最近生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展，科幻小說(shuō)中的東西可能很快會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，通過(guò)一個(gè)吸引人的過(guò)程，稱(chēng)為“反滅絕”，旨在讓滅絕的物種回來(lái))”可推知，作者提到了電影《冰河世紀(jì)》是為了引導(dǎo)讀者進(jìn)入文章主題。故選B。14.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Therearethreeprimarytechniquesofde-extinction.Oneofthemisthat....Itusesgene-editingtoolstoplaceselectedgenesfromextinctanimalsinplaceofthosepresentinitsclosestlivingrelative.(有三種主要的反滅絕技術(shù)。其中之一是，科學(xué)家故意選擇與滅絕物種具有相似特征的現(xiàn)存物種來(lái)繁衍后代。這是一種自然的方法。另一個(gè)是克隆?？寺?dòng)物是通過(guò)獲取滅絕動(dòng)物的DNA而創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的。后代將是滅絕物種的一模一樣的復(fù)制品。這只適用于瀕臨滅絕或最近滅絕的動(dòng)物，因?yàn)檫@需要保存完好的卵子。第三種是最新的技術(shù)，基因工程。它使用基因編輯工具，將已滅絕動(dòng)物的基因選擇出來(lái)，取代現(xiàn)存動(dòng)物近親的基因)”可知，第二段主要討論了反滅絕的主要方法。故選A。15.詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞上文“Thankfully,wedon'thavetoworryaboutdinosaursrunningwildly”以及后文“DNAcansurviveforseveralmillionyearsatbestundercertainrareconditions,butdoesthatmeanweshoulddothat?(在某些罕見(jiàn)的條件下，DNA最多只能存活幾百萬(wàn)年，但這是否意味著我們也應(yīng)該這樣做呢？)”可知，值得慶幸的是，我們不必?fù)?dān)心恐龍會(huì)亂跑，因?yàn)樽詮乃鼈儨缃^以來(lái)，它們的DNA已經(jīng)在6500萬(wàn)年的時(shí)間里分解了。故劃線詞意思為“分解”。A.Brokenaway.脫離；B.Pickedup.撿起；C.Fallenapart.分解；D.Runout.耗盡。故選C。16.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中“Thankstorecentdevelopmentsinbiotechnology,thestuffofsciencefictionmaysoonbecomearealitythroughanattractiveprocesscalled"de-extinction",whichaimstobringtheextinctspeciesback.(由于最近生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展，科幻小說(shuō)中的東西可能很快會(huì)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)，通過(guò)一個(gè)吸引人的過(guò)程，稱(chēng)為“反滅絕”，旨在讓滅絕的物種回來(lái))”結(jié)合文章介紹了三種主要的反滅絕技術(shù)，但是恐龍因?yàn)槠銬NA已經(jīng)分解，無(wú)法被復(fù)活了，最后文章指出反滅絕更多的是為了生態(tài)，而不是為了旅游?？芍?，A選項(xiàng)“我們能讓滅絕的動(dòng)物復(fù)活嗎？”最適合作文章標(biāo)題。故選A。5Adultingishard.Whilehighschoolstudentsareattheforefrontoftechnologicalandlearningskills,it’softennotuntiltheyleavehomethattheylearneverydaylifeskills.Somebelievethathighschoolsshouldofferacommonsensecourseinwhichstudentsaretaughthowtopaybills,changeatireorcook.Now,oneKentuckyschoolisofferingan“adultingday”toteachsuchskillstostudentsintheirsenioryear.Theclassof2019atBullittCentralHighSchoolinShepherdsville,Ky.,tradedintheiralgebraandliteratureclassesforadaytolearnsomepositivelifeskills,accordingtoWave3News.“Ithinkthattheideaoccurredtome,originally,whenIsawaFacebookpostthatparentspassedaroundsayingtheyneededaclassinhighschoolontaxesandcooking,”ChristyHardin,directoroftheBCHSFamilyResource&YouthServicesCenter,toldWave3.“Ourkidscangetthat,buttheyhavetochooseit.And“Wednesday”wasadaytheycouldpickandchoosepiecestheydidn’tfeelliketheyhadgottensofar.”Membersofthecommunityhelpedprovidethelessonsforthestudentsoneonone,includinglocalpolicewhotaughtthemhowtointeractwithofficersduringtrafficstops,aspeakerwhoexplainedhowtodecipherthedifferencebetweenhomesicknessanddepression,andotherswhodiscussedhowtousecreditcards,howtocookinadormroomandhowtochangeatire.WhilemanypeopleonFacebookapplaudedtheidea,withsomearguing,“Thisshouldbetaughtineveryhighschool,”otherswonderedwhatbecameofhomeeconomics.NowknownasFamilyandConsumerSciences,thesecoursesteachstudentshowtocook,sewandbudget,alongwithotherskills.Inmanydistricts,however,theclassesareelectivesandstudentsdonotalwayschoosetotakethem.“Abouttimethiscameback,itwascalledHomeEconomics,”onewomanwrote.“Intoday’sdiversemakeupoffamiliesitwouldbeawelcomeaddition.”Anothershared,“Wehadhomeeconomicsthattaughtustocookandlearnedhowtosew.Wealsohadbusinessmaththattaughtusbankingandfinances.Whyintheworldisthatnottaughttoday?Imean,aspecialdaycalledadultingtoteachkidsthisstuffshouldbearequiredclasscredit.”17.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstparagraph?A.Highschoolstudentsaretoobusytolearneverydaylifeskills.B.Theschoolsinotherdistrictshavenevertaughteverydaylifeskillstostudents.C.Highschoolstudentsare