(新高考)高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)專練11 科學(xué)技術(shù)類閱讀理解(解析版)

備戰(zhàn)2021屆題型專練（新高考）11科學(xué)技術(shù)類閱讀理解【命題意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來(lái)講，考查學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，具體地說，就是通過閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉靠破疹愇恼率歉呖加⒄Z(yǔ)的?？碱}材。文章中詞匯的意思比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。為了描述一個(gè)客觀事物，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用集多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象于一體的長(zhǎng)句。所以，文中出現(xiàn)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)通常較復(fù)雜，語(yǔ)法分析較困難。1.結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，邏輯性強(qiáng)。科普類文章屬于說明文，一般由導(dǎo)語(yǔ)（introduction）、背景（background）、主體（mainbody）和結(jié)尾（end）四部分構(gòu)成，在句首和句尾常出現(xiàn)主題句。這類文章通常有明確的主題，并且論證主題的事實(shí)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，層次分明，段落清晰。2.從詞匯角度來(lái)看，在科普類文中，詞匯的意義比較單一、穩(wěn)定、簡(jiǎn)明，不帶感情色彩，具有單一性和準(zhǔn)確性的特點(diǎn)。由于科普類文章讀者對(duì)象是大眾，所以語(yǔ)言上力求淺顯易懂，用通俗的語(yǔ)言解釋某種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和科學(xué)道理，但其中有些詞匯仍帶有很強(qiáng)的術(shù)語(yǔ)性的烙印。但通過上下文解釋考生可以推定詞義，從而順利解題。因此，科普類文章中盡管有專業(yè)詞匯和術(shù)語(yǔ)，但可以通過上下文、構(gòu)詞法等來(lái)理解題目，猜出題意。3.從語(yǔ)法和句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面看，句子結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜，長(zhǎng)難句較多，語(yǔ)法分析較困難，為了描述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)，嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)自己的思想，作者經(jīng)常會(huì)使用及多種語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象與一體的長(zhǎng)句。常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、定語(yǔ)從句等【得分要點(diǎn)】1、學(xué)生需先通讀短文，把握文章大意，了解該短文是解釋何種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)道理的，抓住體現(xiàn)本文主題的關(guān)鍵詞和關(guān)鍵句，提高閱讀速度。2、要做好科普類文章試題，考生還要掌握這類文章的特點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)，真正讀懂并理解它。在閱讀這類文章時(shí)要遵循此類文章的一般結(jié)構(gòu)：導(dǎo)語(yǔ)、背景、主體和結(jié)尾。閱讀時(shí)要注意開頭和結(jié)尾，往往可以歸納出文中的中心思想。3、在了解全文大意和結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)會(huì)解決what/how/why等一類的問題，他們是文章的關(guān)鍵，如果能夠帶著這些問題去閱讀，則會(huì)更迅速地抓住文章的主題。另外，還要通過讀書看報(bào)等多普及科普知識(shí)，比如：太空與海洋、環(huán)境與污染、科技與創(chuàng)造發(fā)明、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生，動(dòng)物世界等。這樣長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持，既開闊了視野又能正確迅速地做好此類題。【真題再現(xiàn)1】【2020·全國(guó)卷I，C】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1,000ormorecaloriesperhour.However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice.28.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes?A.Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon.C.Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D.Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.29.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning?A.It’smorepopularattheOlympics.B.It’slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding.D.It’slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries.30.WhatisDr.Norberg’ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts’opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup.C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Tolerant. D.Conservative.【答案】28.C29.D30.A31.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競(jìng)走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是之前受過傷的人，要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎，最好咨詢專家的建議。28.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes.”可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競(jìng)走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸。由此可知，競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項(xiàng)。29.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Asaresult,shesays,someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning,suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競(jìng)走者中并不常見。由此可知，競(jìng)走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢(shì)是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項(xiàng)。30.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr.Norberg說的話“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique(事實(shí)上，任何想嘗試競(jìng)走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競(jìng)走運(yùn)動(dòng)員，學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记伞?”可知，Dr.Norberg建議想嘗試競(jìng)走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項(xiàng)。31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows,whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem.”可知，研究表明，競(jìng)走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過，它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對(duì)于競(jìng)走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng)?！菊骖}再現(xiàn)2】【2020·全國(guó)卷II，B】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence. B.Developingspatialskills.C.Learningself-control. D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age. B.Children’simagination.C.Parents’education. D.Child-parentrelationship.26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C.Awomanpsychologist D.Ateachingprogram.【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.B【解析】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。24.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill(在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好)可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能。B.Developingspatialskills(發(fā)展空間能力)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。25.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.(Levine說，在控制了不同父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)后，拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測(cè))可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C.Parents'education.(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。26.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。27.主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B.Ascientificstudy(一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究)符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)?！绢}型演練】1TwoAmericanastronautsweregreetedbymorethanadozenprivateboatsonSundayastheirSpaceXcapsulelandedsafelyintheGulfofMexico.Afewboatswentforacloserlookatthecapsule,which,aidedbyparachutes,gentlyhitthewateroffthecoastofFlorida.Asthecapsulebouncedinthewater,arecoveryteaminstructedtheboaterstostayaway.ThisraisedconcernsamongNASAandSpaceXofficialsaboutsecurityandsafetyprocedures.TheNASAadministrator,Jim,acknowledgedthattheunprotectedreceptionshouldnothavehappened."Ifthereisanemergency,theboatsmighthavemaderecoveryefforts,buttherewerepoisonoussmokesfromthecapsule.Weneedtodobetternexttime,"hesaid.TheCoastGuardwanedboaterstostayclearoftheareainaradiobroadcasttwohoursbeforethesplashdown,butmanyboatersignoredtherequestsanddecidedtoenterthearea,puttingthemselvesinpotentialdanger.RobertL.BehnkenandDouglasG.Hurley,theNASAastronauts,returnedtoEarthafternearly64daysinorbit,mostofthemspentaboardtheInternationalSpaceStation.TheirtriphomewasaboardtheCrewDragon,builtbytheprivatecompanySpaceXtotransportNASAastronauts.TheagencyhasreliedonRussiafortripstospacesincethespaceshuttleswereretiredin2011.Whiletheshuttles,likeairplanes,landedonrunways,SpaceXchosewaterlandings,whichNASAhasnotdonesince1975,whenthelastoftheApollomoduleswenttospace.1.Whatweretheboatersaskedtodoatthelandingofthecapsule?A.Cometorescuethecapsule.B.Keepawayfromthecapsule.C.Takeaphotowiththecapsule.D.Warnothersoutofthelandingarea.2.WhatdoesJimthinkabouttheprivateboaters?A.Theywereexposedtorisks.B.Theywerewellorganized.C.Theywerescaredofthecapsule.D.Theydreamedofgoingtospace.3.Whathappenedin1975accordingtothetext?A.ThelastoftheApollomoduleswentbacktoearth.B.Waterlandingswereintroducedforspacecapsule.C.TheInternationalSpaceStationwasputtowork.D.NASAstoppedusingwaterlandingsforcapsules.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.NASABeginstoSendSpaceshipsonitsOwnafter45YearsB.SpareXCapsuleMadeaBreakthroughbylandingonWaterC.NASAAstronautsReturnedtoEarthafterWorkingatISSD.BoatsEnteringCapsuleLandingAreaRaisedSafetyConcerns【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.D【解析】這是一篇新聞報(bào)道。美國(guó)SpaceX太空艙在返回地球時(shí)降落在一片水域，此時(shí)附近的漁船上前觀看，由此引起作者對(duì)相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Asthecapsulebouncedinthewater,arecoveryteaminstructedtheboaterstostayaway.”（當(dāng)太空艙在水中反彈時(shí)，一個(gè)救援小組指示船員離開。）可知，當(dāng)太空艙著陸時(shí)，救援小組叫周圍那些船上的人離遠(yuǎn)一些。故選B項(xiàng)。2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中美國(guó)宇航局局長(zhǎng)Jim所說“Ifthereisanemergency,theboatsmighthavemaderecoveryefforts,buttherewerepoisonoussmokesfromthecapsule.Weneedtodobetternexttime.”（“如果發(fā)生緊急情況，救生艇可能已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了搶救，但是太空艙里冒出了有毒的煙霧。我們下次需要做得更好?！保┛赏浦张摪l(fā)出的有毒煙霧會(huì)對(duì)船員有危險(xiǎn)，所以說船員們面臨危險(xiǎn)。故選A項(xiàng)。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Whiletheshuttles,likeairplanes,landedonrunways,SpaceXchosewaterlandings,whichNASAhasnotdonesince1975,whenthelastoftheApollomoduleswenttospace.”（當(dāng)飛行器像飛機(jī)一樣在跑道上著陸時(shí)，SpaceX選擇了水上著陸，這是NASA自1975年以來(lái)從未做過的，當(dāng)時(shí)最后一個(gè)阿波羅組件進(jìn)入了太空。）可以推斷，在1975年，NASA最后使用太空艙水上著陸，在這之后就停用了。故選D項(xiàng)。4.主旨大意題。通讀全文，尤其根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容和第二段第一句“ThisraisedconcernsamongNASAandSpaceXofficialsaboutsecurityandsafetyprocedures.”（這引起了NASA和SpaceX官員對(duì)安保和安全程序的擔(dān)憂。）可知，本文講述美國(guó)SpaceX太空艙返回地球時(shí)降落在一片水域，一些船只前去觀看而引起的人們對(duì)相關(guān)人員的安全擔(dān)憂。選項(xiàng)D“船只進(jìn)入太空艙著陸區(qū)引起安全擔(dān)憂”圍繞主題，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，適合作標(biāo)題。故選D項(xiàng)。2Doyouwantsomethingdifferentfordinner?Trysomespacefood.ManyscientistsarelivingformonthsaboardtheInternationalSpaceStationhighabovetheearth.It'stooexpensivetocarryfoodtofeedpeoplelivinginspace.Therefore,peopleinspacewillneedtogrowfoodforthemselves.Buthowcantheygrowfoodwithoutsoilandsunlight?Today,wealreadyhavehydroponicvegetables.Thescienceofhydroponicsisnotnew.ManywritersbelievethattheHangingGardensofBabylonwereactuallyalargehydroponicsystem.Thissystemcouldhaveusedfreshwaterthatwasrichinoxygenandmineralsfortheplants.Hydroponicsystemsneedlight.Inadditiontosunlight,hydroponicfarmscanuseartificiallights.Insteadofsoil,hydroponicfarmsusemixturesofchemicalstofeedtheplants.Andinadditiontoanaturalclimate,mosthydroponicfarmsoftenusegreenhouses.Oneadvantageofhydroponicsisthatdiseasesandinsectsthattravelthroughthesoilareavoided.Anotheradvantageistherearenoweedstopullout.Farmersknowhowtogrowafewkindsofhydroponicvegetables,suchaslettuces,tomatoes,andcucumbers.Butinspace,peoplewillneedtoeatmorethansalad.Soscientistsarelearninghowtogrowhydroponicrice,beansandpotatoes.Astheydotheseexperiments,theyareanalyzingtheirresultsandexamininghowtoapplytheseresultstoareallifesituationprovidingtastymealsforspacetravelers.Thescientistsmakeimitationmeatdishes,suchascarrotdrumsticks,madefromcarrots,garlic,andbread,insteadofchicken.Howdotheseunusualfoodstaste?Thescientistshavebeeninvitingagroupoftastetestersintotheirlaboratories.Sofar,theyhavetested200differentrecipes.Thecarrotdrumstickdishwasahit.Perhapssoon,peoplewilleatmealsmadefromhydroponicvegetablesthataretrulyoutofthisworld.5.Whydoscientistsgrowspacefood?A.Toreducefoodcosts. B.Tosupportspacetravelers.C.Tofindnewvarietiesoffood. D.Toincreaseagriculturalproduction.6.Whatisamusttogrowhydroponicvegetables?A.Sunlight. B.Warmweather.C.Soiltogrowtheplantsin. D.Chemicalstofeedtheplants.7.Whatisoneadvantageofhydroponicplants?A.Theydon'tgetdiseases. B.Theyaren'taffectedbyweeds.C.Theycangrowinalightlessplace. D.Theyarebiggerthancommonones.8.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsscientists'spacefoodexperiment?A.Uninterested. B.Doubtful. C.Optimistic. D.Cautious.【答案】5.B6.D7.B8.C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了科學(xué)家通過種植太空食物，來(lái)給太空旅行者提供補(bǔ)給。沒有土壤和陽(yáng)光，他們采用了水培的方式種植蔬菜，文章介紹了水培蔬菜的所需條件和優(yōu)點(diǎn)?？茖W(xué)家們正在學(xué)習(xí)如何種植水培水稻、豆類和土豆，作者相信不久的將來(lái)人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了。5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“ManyscientistsarelivingformonthsaboardtheInternationalSpaceStationhighabovetheearth.It'stooexpensivetocarryfoodtofeedpeoplelivinginspace.Therefore,peopleinspacewillneedtogrowfoodforthemselves.(許多科學(xué)家要在地球上空的國(guó)際空間站上生活幾個(gè)月。運(yùn)送食物給住在太空的人吃成本太貴了。因此，太空中的人們將需要為自己種植食物)”可知，科學(xué)家要種植太空食物，是為了給太空旅行者提供食物補(bǔ)給。故選B。6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Insteadofsoil,hydroponicfarmsusemixturesofchemicalstofeedtheplants.(水培農(nóng)場(chǎng)用化學(xué)混合物代替土壤來(lái)喂養(yǎng)植物)”可知，種植水培蔬菜必須具備的條件是喂養(yǎng)植物的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。故選D。7.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Anotheradvantageistherearenoweedstopullout.(另一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是沒有雜草需要拔除)”可知，水培植物的一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)是它們不受雜草的影響。故選B。8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Thescientistshavebeeninvitingagroupoftastetestersintotheirlaboratories.Sofar,theyhavetested200differentrecipes.Thecarrotdrumstickdishwasahit.Perhapssoon,peoplewilleatmealsmadefromhydroponicvegetablesthataretrulyoutofthisworld.(科學(xué)家們邀請(qǐng)了一組味覺測(cè)試者進(jìn)入他們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室。到目前為止，他們已經(jīng)測(cè)試了200種不同的食譜。胡蘿卜雞腿這道菜很受歡迎。也許不久之后，人們就能吃到由水培蔬菜制成的美味佳肴了)”可推知，作者對(duì)科學(xué)家的太空食品實(shí)驗(yàn)持樂觀態(tài)度。故選C。3Bricksareoneoftheoldestknownbuildingmaterials,datingbackthousandsofyears.ButresearchersatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louishavefoundanewuseforbricks:asenergystorageunits.Ateamofengineersandchemistshavefoundawaytotransformanordinaryhousebrickintoapseudo-battery—allowingittoconductandstoreelectricity.Thebricksarepowerfulenoughtoilluminate（點(diǎn)亮）anLEDlightbulbandcostonlyabout$3tomake.“Ilovetheideaofaddingvaluetothingsthatareinexpensive,thingsthatareaffordable,thingsthatwekindoftakeforgranted,”saidJulioD’Arcy,anassistantprofessorofchemistryatWashingtonUniversityandoneoftheresearchersonthisproject.Thebrickbatteryreliesonthereddishpigment（色素）knownasironoxide,orrust,thatgivesredbrickstheircolor.Thescientistspumpedthebrickswithseveralgasesthatreactwithironoxidetoproduceanetworkofplasticfibers.Thesemicroscopicfiberscoattheemptyspacesinsidethebricks—andconductelectricity.“Whatwe’retryingtodois:we’retryingtomakespecializedplasticsthatareonlyusedonthenano（納米）scale—whereweuseverylittleoftheplastic,andwecanactuallyinsertthatplasticinsideconstructionmaterials.”ThestudyisinthejournalNatureCommunications.Inthefuture,D’Arcysays,abrickwallcouldpotentiallyserveadoublepurpose:providingstructuralsupportandstoringelectricitygeneratedfromrenewableenergysources,suchassolarpanels.Thetechnologyisstillatleastafewyearsawayfrombeingreadyforthecommercialmarket.Andrightnowtheenergystoragecapacityofthebricksisstillprettylow—about1percentofalithiumbattery.Buttheteamisnowtestingwaystoimprovebrickperformance—becauseitlookslikeyoucanteachanoldbricknewtricks.9.WhatappealstoJulioD’Arcylistingbricksastheirsubjects?A.Theirlowexpense. B.Theircommonexistence.C.Theiradditionalvalue. D.Theirinternalcomposition.10.Whatisthelaststepofmakingabrickconductelectricity?A.Pumpthebrickwithgases.B.Colorthebrickred.C.Producemicroscopicfibers.D.Coveritsinnervacancywithmicroscopicfibers.11.Whatwillthefuturebricksbelikeaccordingtothepassage?A.Constructionmaterialspossessinglowenergystoragecapacity.B.Constructionmaterialsgeneratingrenewableenergyresources.C.Constructionmaterialsusedforelectricitystorage.D.Constructionmaterialswithbuilt-incommonplastic.12.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetothetechnology?A.Skeptical. B.Objective.C.Conservative. D.Controversial.【答案】9.C10.D11.C12.B【解析】這是一篇說明文。講述了一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：圣路易斯華盛頓大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了磚塊的新用途：作為儲(chǔ)能單元，可以用來(lái)貯存電力。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“JulioD’Arcy”定位到第二段中“Ilovetheideaofaddingvaluetothingsthatareinexpensive,thingsthatareaffordable,thingsthatwekindoftakeforgranted,”（我喜歡把價(jià)值賦予那些不貴的東西，那些我們可以負(fù)擔(dān)得起的東西，那些我們認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的東西的這個(gè)想法）。即JulioD’Arcy認(rèn)為可以在磚塊上面實(shí)現(xiàn)附加價(jià)值。故選C。2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“abrickconductelectricity”定位到第三段“Thebrickbatteryreliesonthereddishpigment（色素）knownasironoxide,orrust,thatgivesredbrickstheircolor.Thescientistspumpedthebrickswithseveralgasesthatreactwithironoxidetoproduceanetworkofplasticfibers.Thesemicroscopicfiberscoattheemptyspacesinsidethebricks—andconductelectricity.”（磚塊電池依賴于紅色的顏料，氧化鐵，或鐵銹，使紅磚呈現(xiàn)出它們的顏色?？茖W(xué)家們用幾種氣體與氧化鐵反應(yīng)生成一個(gè)塑料纖維網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這些微小的纖維覆蓋了磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙，并導(dǎo)電。）可知，第—步∶colorthebrickred；第二步∶pumpthebrickwithgaes；第三步∶producemicroscopicfibers；第四步∶coattheemptyspacesinsidethebricks，所以最后一步是用顯微纖維覆蓋磚塊內(nèi)部的空隙。故答案為D。3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文中第五段中“Inthefuture,D’Arcysays,abrickwallcouldpotentiallyserveadoublepurpose:providingstructuralsupportandstoringelectricitygeneratedfromrenewableenergysources,suchassolarpanels.”（D’Arcy說：“在未來(lái)，磚墻可能有雙重用途：提供結(jié)構(gòu)支撐和儲(chǔ)存可再生能源產(chǎn)生的電力，比如太陽(yáng)能電池板?！保┛芍?，未來(lái)的磚墻是能夠貯存電力的建筑材料。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。故選C。4.推理判斷題。結(jié)合最后一段“Thetechnologyisstillatleastafewyearsawayfrombeingreadyforthecommercialmarket.Andrightnowtheenergystoragecapacityofthebricksisstillprettylow”（這項(xiàng)技術(shù)至少還需要幾年才能投入商業(yè)市場(chǎng)。現(xiàn)在磚塊的儲(chǔ)能能力仍然很低）可推知，此處作者是從客觀實(shí)際闡述這種新技術(shù)。所以態(tài)度上市很客觀的。選項(xiàng)A.“懷疑的”；選項(xiàng)B.“客觀的”符合題意。選項(xiàng)C.“保守的，守舊的”；選項(xiàng)D.“有爭(zhēng)議的”。故選B。4Self-drivingcarsarejustaroundthecorner.Suchvehicleswillmakegettingfromoneplacetoanothersaferandlessstressful.Theyalsocouldcutdownontraffic,reducepollutionandlimitaccidents.Buthowshoulddriverlesscarshandleemergencies(突發(fā)情況)?Peopledisagreeontheanswer.Andthatmightputthebrakesonthistechnology,anewstudyconcludes.Tounderstandthechallenge,imagineacarthatsuddenlymeetssomepedestriansintheroad.Evenwithbraking,it’stoolatetoavoidacrash.Sothecar’sartificialintelligencemustdecidewhethertoswerve(急轉(zhuǎn)彎).Tosavethepedestrians,shouldthecarswerveofftheroadorswerveintooncomingtraffic?Whatifsuchoptionswouldlikelykillthecar’spassengers?Researchersusedonlinesurveystostudypeople’sattitudesaboutsuchsituationswithdriverlesscars.Surveyparticipantsmostlyagreedthatdriverlesscarsshouldbedesignedtoprotectthemostpeople.Thatincludedswervingintowalls(orotherwisesacrificingtheirpassengers)tosavealargernumberofpedestrians.Butthereisahitch(困境).Thosesamesurveyedpeoplewanttorideincarsthatprotectpassengersatallcosts—evenifthepedestrianswouldnowendupdying.JeanBonnefonisapsychologistattheToulouseSchoolofEconomicsinFrance.HeandhiscolleaguesreportedtheirfindingsinScience.“Autonomouscarscancompletelychangetransportation”,saysstudycoauthorIyadRahwan.But,headds,thisnewtechnologycreatesamoraldilemma(道德兩難)thatcouldslowitsacceptance.Makersofdriverlesscarsareinatoughspot,Bonnefon’sgroupwarns.Mostbuyerswouldwanttheircartobeprogrammedtoprotecttheminpreferencetootherpeople.However,regulationsmightonedayinstructthatcarsmustactforthegreatergood.Thatwouldmeansavingthemostpeople.Butthescientiststhinkruleslikethiscoulddriveawaybuyers.Ifso,allthepotentialbenefitsofdriverlesscarswouldbelost.Compromisesmightbepossible,KurtGraysays.HeisapsychologistattheUniversityofNorthCarolina.Hethinksthatevenifalldriverlesscarsareprogrammedtoprotecttheirpassengersinemergencies,trafficaccidentswilldecrease.Thosevehiclesmightbedangeroustopedestriansonrareoccasions.Butthey“won’tspeed,won’tdrivedrunkandwon’ttextwhiledriving,whichwouldbeawinforsociety.”13.Theunderlinedword“challenge”inparagraph2refersto____________.A.people’snegativeattitudestowardsself-drivingcarsB.howself-drivingcarsreducetrafficaccidentsC.thetechnicalproblemsthatself-drivingcarshaveD.howself-drivingcarshandleemergencies14.Accordingtothetext,onlinesurveysshowthat_____________.A.self-drivingcars’artificialintelligenceneedsimprovementB.thebusytrafficmaybeaproblemforself-drivingcarsC.peopleareinamoraldilemmaaboutdriverlesscarsD.self-drivingcarsshouldbedesignedtoprotectdrivers15.Whatcanwelearnfromthefifthparagraph?A.Regulationsareinfavourofdrivers.B.Mostpeopledislikeself-drivingcarsnow.C.Self-drivingcarmakersareinadifficultsituation.D.Thepotentialbenefitsofdriverlesscarsareignored.16.WhatisKurtGray’sattitudetowardself-drivingcars?A.Favorable. B.Doubtful.C.Critical. D.Disapproving.【答案】13.D14.C15.C16.A【解析】本文是一篇議論文。這篇文章主要講了在遇到緊急情況時(shí)，對(duì)于無(wú)人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題，道德的難題可能會(huì)限制無(wú)人駕駛汽車的吸引力。13.詞義猜測(cè)題。由第一段“Buthowshoulddriverlesscarshandleemergencies?Peopledisagreeontheanswer.(但是無(wú)人駕駛汽車應(yīng)該如何處理緊急情況呢？人們對(duì)此有不同意見)”及劃線詞后的“imagineacarthatsuddenlymeetssomepedestriansintheroad.(想象一輛汽車突然在路上遇到一些行人)”可推知,“challenge”指的是無(wú)人駕駛汽車如何處理緊急事件。故選D。14.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段“Surveyparticipantsmostlyagreedthatdriverlesscarsshouldbedesignedtoprotectthemostpeople.Thatincludedswervingintowalls(orotherwisesacrificingtheirpassengers)tosavealargernumberofpedestrians.Butthereisahitch(困境).Thosesamesurveyedpeoplewanttorideincarsthatprotectpassengersatallcosts—evenifthepedestrianswouldnowendupdying.(調(diào)查參與者大多同意無(wú)人駕駛汽車的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該保護(hù)大多數(shù)人。這包括為了拯救更多的行人而撞向墻壁（或者犧牲乘客）。但有一個(gè)問題。同樣是這些被調(diào)查者，他們希望乘坐不惜一切代價(jià)保護(hù)乘客的汽車，即使行人會(huì)因此喪命)”可知，網(wǎng)上調(diào)查表明人們關(guān)心在遇到緊急情況時(shí)，對(duì)于無(wú)人駕駛汽車是先保護(hù)行人還是先保護(hù)乘客的問題上陷入了道德困境。故選C。15.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第五段“Makersofdriverlesscarsareinatoughspot,Bonnefon’sgroupwarns.(Bonnefon的團(tuán)隊(duì)警告稱，無(wú)人駕駛汽車制造商處境艱難)”可知，無(wú)人駕駛汽車的制造者處于艱難的處境。故選C。16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Thosevehiclesmightbedangeroustopedestriansonrareoccasions.Butthey“won’tspeed,won’tdrivedrunkandwon’ttextwhiledriving,whichwouldbeawinforsociety.(這些車輛在極少數(shù)情況下可能會(huì)對(duì)行人造成危險(xiǎn)。但他們不會(huì)超速，不會(huì)酒后駕車，也不會(huì)邊開車邊發(fā)短信，這對(duì)社會(huì)來(lái)說是一種勝利)”可推知，作者對(duì)無(wú)人駕駛的汽車的態(tài)度是支持和贊成的。故選A。5Asheatwavescontinuetoravagetheplanet,airconditionersarebecomingmoreandmorecommon.However,these"active"coolingdevicesareposingproblemsbecausetheelectricityconsumptionwhichmostpeopleareconcernedaboutandthereleaseofozone-damagingchemicalsworsenthegreenhousegaseffect,resultinginthecreationofheatislandsandfurtherthermalpollution.Therefore,"passive"cooling,whichdoesn'thavesucheffects,hasattractedconsiderableattentionfrombothscientistsandordinarypeopleinrecentyears.Inarecentstudy,ateamofresearchersfromChinaandUSpresentedaneco-friendly,low-costsmartcoatingtokeepbuildingscoolerwhileconsumingzeroelectricity.Infraredradiation-basedpassivecoolinghasbeeninvestigatedsince2014,butchallenges,mainlytheexpensiveandunsustainabledesign,havegreatlylimitedtheirlarge-scaleandwidespreadapplication.Besides,theimbalanceincoolingabilityofthesecoatingsduringthedayandnighttendstoleadtogreatday-nighttemperaturedifferencesasmoreheatislostthangainedatnight.Thesolutionthereforerequiresa"smart"mechanismthatcanbothenhancedaytimecoolingandminimizenighttimeheatloss.Todothis,theresearcherscreatedanewsmartcoatingcomprisedofconventionalbuildingmaterials,includingtitaniumdioxidenanoparticles,fluorescentmicroparticles,andglassmicrospheresthatwereengineeredtoreflectmostofthesunlight.Specifically,thetitaniumdioxideparticleseffectivelyreflectsunlightthroughlightscattering（撒播）whilethefluorescentparticlesincreasetheamountofreflectionbychangingtheabsorbedsunlightintofluorescenceemissions,whichdrivemoreheatawayfromthebuilding.Meanwhile,theglassmicrospheresre-sendmid-infraredbroadbandradiation,allowingnotonlyheatloss,butallowingheatexchangetotakeplacebetweenthebuildingandthesky.Thecoatingwastestedonamodelconcretebuilding.Throughthisefficientheatexchangewiththesky,daytimecoolingwasstrengthenedwhilenighttimecoolingwasreduced.Thebuilding'sinsidetemperaturewasalwaysmaintainedataround26℃,evenwhentheout-sidetemperaturevariedfrom24℃to37℃duringtheday.Webelievethisnewcoatingwillmakeittocommercializationsoon,enablingasustainable,passivecoolingtechnologythatcouldhelptofightclimatechangeandtheglobalenergycrisis.17.Whatisthevirtueofpassivecooling?A.Itissimpletodesign. B.Itusesnochemicals.C.Itissmart. D.Itusesnopower.18.Whycouldn'ttheformercoatingbeappliedcommercially?A.Itwashardtodesign.B.Itsmaterialwashardtoproduce.C.Itsheatlossandcoolingareimbalanced.D.Itwasn'ttestedonamodelconcretebuilding.19.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"mechanism"inparagraph3?A.Metal. B.System. C.Platform. D.Building.20.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theprincipleofair-conditioning.B.Thedifferencesbetweenactiveandpassivecooling.C.Anewcoatingtokeepbuildingscoolwithoutelectricity.D.Anewbuildingtomaintainitsinsidetemperaturewithoutelectricity.【答案】17.D18.C19.B20.C【解析】本文是說明文。本文介紹了一種環(huán)保型智能涂料，使用這種涂料不用電就能保持室內(nèi)涼爽。17.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Inarecentstudy,ateamofresearchersfromC