小升初英語語法全解

第一章 名詞英語中的名詞通常分為兩大類：專有名詞和普通名詞。具體分類見下表:專有名詞意義例詞表示特定的人，物，機構(gòu)，場所等的名詞（首字母要大寫）Paris,theUnitedStates,BillGates等普：通名詞可數(shù)名詞個體名詞表示同類人或物中的個體student,book,tree,clock等集體名詞表示若干人或物的總稱team,police,family,group等不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示物質(zhì)和材料的總稱paper,water,air?money,meat等抽象名詞表示動作，性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)，情感等抽象概念的名稱hope,wish,birth,happiness,love等名詞根據(jù)是否可數(shù)分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞有單復數(shù)之分，可在詞尾加S或es構(gòu)成其復數(shù)形式，單數(shù)形式是在其前加a或an；不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復數(shù)之分，不能在詞尾加s或es,在其前也不能加a或an。一.可數(shù)名詞.一般情況下在名詞的詞尾加sdesk-desksmonkey-monkeys.以字母s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞加esbus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i,再加esbaby-babies.以f,fe結(jié)尾的名詞，有兩種變化形式變f,fe為v,加es或宜接加s。將f或fe變v加es的詞有：half-halvesknife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,self-selves.shelf-shelves,thief-thieves,wife-wives,wolfwolves直接加s的詞有：belief-beliefs（信仰），chief-chiefs（首領(lǐng)），（懸崖）proof?proofs（證明），roof?roofs（屋頂）.以。結(jié)尾的名詞，變復數(shù)時：一般情況加es,如：potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes以o結(jié)尾的外來詞詞尾加s,如：photo-photos,piano-pianos,radio-radios,zoo-zoos;.不規(guī)則的變化Chinese-ChineseJapanese-JapaneseEnglishman-EnglishmenFrenchman-FrenchmenRussian-RussiansAmerican-AmericansGerman-Germanschild-childrenfbot-feetman-menwoman-womentooth-teethgoose-geesedeer-deersheep-sheepfish-fishdeer-deer注意：單數(shù)集合名詞作主語時謂語動詞“數(shù)”的變化：單數(shù)集合名詞如：class,police,family,school,group,team,people,policeman,cattle等。盡管形式上是單數(shù),意義是都是復數(shù)，因此，一般要與復數(shù)謂語動詞連用。例如：ClassFivehaveaforeignfriend.五班有一位外國朋友。（這里的五班指五班的同學）Hisfamilyaregoodtome.他的家人對我很好。（這里的family指家庭成員。）當上述集合名詞著重指整體時，意義上則是單數(shù)，因此，要與單數(shù)謂語動詞連用。如：

Ourschoolteamoftenplayswellinourcity.我們的校隊經(jīng)常在我們市踢得很好。（這里的team指整個隊，但意義上仍為單數(shù)，故謂語動詞用plays.二.不可數(shù)名詞英語中的不可數(shù)名詞是我們不能用漢語來判斷的，因此對于不可數(shù)名詞需要強化記憶，但總的來說還是有一定規(guī)律的。物質(zhì)名詞如液體，固體，氣體類的名詞通常是不可數(shù)名詞。抽象名詞，表示總稱的名詞通常也是不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞前不能加不定冠詞a/an,也沒有復數(shù)形式，如：milk,rice,water,tea等。當不可數(shù)名詞要表達量的概念時，需要加表示量的單位。如：apieceoftea,apieceofbread名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式：一是加's,一種是用of來表示。-一般情況下，指某人的某物用's表示，而指某物的什么用of來表示。一.有生命的名詞所有格一般以‘S來表示.單數(shù)名詞的所有格在名詞詞尾加'STom-Tom's myfriend-myfriend's.復數(shù)名詞的所有格有兩種以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)在末尾加'sparents-parents' students-students'不以s結(jié)尾的復數(shù)在末尾加，swomen-women,schildren-children's.表示兩者公有的東西時，應在最后一個名詞上加，sTomandJim's LucyandLily's.表示兩者各自所有時，在兩個名詞上分別加，sMary'sandJohn's二.無生命的名詞所有格一般用介詞。f來表示amapofChina apictureofclassroom注意：這兩種名詞所有格可以單獨使用也可以兩種混合使用。名詞的練習（短語翻譯）我弟弟的朋友 湯姆的書 她的貓的名字雙胞胎的房間 兒童節(jié) 房間的窗戶三.選擇填空：.Thatisabigroom.It's.a.thetwin'sb.twins'c.thetwins'd.twin's.Theoldwomanisgrandma.b.Jane,sandMary'sd.Jane*sandMaryb.Jim'sandTimb.Jane,sandMary'sd.Jane*sandMaryb.Jim'sandTim.coatsareverynice.a.JimandTim'seJimandTim d.Jim'sandTim's.--Canwehavesome? Yes,please.a.bananab.orangesc.appled.pear.Onthetabletherearefive.a.tomatosb.pieceoftomatoes c.tomatoesd.tomatoa.tomatos6.September10thisinChina.6.September10thisinChina.a.Teacher'sDayb.Teachers,Dayc.TeacherDayd.TeachersDay7.1sthebroomundera.Teacher'sDayb.Teachers,Dayc.TeacherDayd.TeachersDay7.1sthebroomunder No,it'sunder&theteacher^;mydesk?b.teacher^iminec.teacher'sjmed.theteacher's,mine8.facetothesouth.8.facetothesouth.Windowoftheroomc.Theroom'swindow9.Pleasetaketwo.a.pictureoftheparkc.thepicturesofaparkb.ThewindowoftheroomWindowoftheroomc.Theroom'swindow9.Pleasetaketwo.a.pictureoftheparkc.thepicturesofaparkb.Thewindowoftheroomd.Thewindowsinroompicturesoftheparkd.pictureofapark10.1needpaper,Mum.Iwanttowrite.a.any,someb.some,a11.Willyoupassme&afewpiecesofchalkc.afewofchalksc.a,some10.1needpaper,Mum.Iwanttowrite.a.any,someb.some,a11.Willyoupassme&afewpiecesofchalkc.afewofchalksc.a,some9lettertomyEnglishteacher,d.some,anyb.afewchalksd.somechalks12hasbeeninvitedtothedancingparty.12hasbeeninvitedtothedancingparty.a.friendofherc.Friendsofhers.Therearetwoa.knifes,forks.Wecouldseea.friendofherc.Friendsofhers.Therearetwoa.knifes,forks.Wecouldseeb.Afriendofhers

d.Friendsofherandthreeonthetable.b.knifes,forkc.knives,forkeschildrenandheard.knives,forksnoiseinthepark.a.many,manyb.much,mucha.many,manyb.much,much c.many,much d.much,many.Whichofthefollowingisright?a.Chinahasalargepopulation.c.Chinahasmanypopulations..Whichofthefollowingisright?a.Chinahasalargepopulation.c.Chinahasmanypopulations..Joanis.b.Chinahasmuchpopulation.d.Chinahasagreatdealofpeoplea.Mary\andJacksisterc.MaryandJacksister17.Weneedsomemoreb.MaryandJack'ssisterd.Mary'sandJack'ssister.Canyougoandgetsome,please?a.Mary\andJacksisterc.MaryandJacksister17.Weneedsomemoreb.MaryandJack'ssisterd.Mary'sandJack'ssister.Canyougoandgetsome,please?a.potatob.potatosc.potatoesd.potatose.Thepostofficeisaa.thirtyminutestwalkc.thirtyminutes,walk.Twoandthreebitfarfromhere.Ia.potatob.potatosc.potatoesd.potatose.Thepostofficeisaa.thirtyminutestwalkc.thirtyminutes,walk.Twoandthreebitfarfromhere.IVsabout.a.Englishmans,Germenc.Englishmen,Germans.Sheistheonlyoneamongtheb.thirtyminute'swalkd.thirtyminuteswalkattendedthemeeting.b.Englishmen,Germend.Englishmans,Germanswriterswhostoriesforchildren.b.women,writeb.women,write c.women,writesd.woman,writea.woman,writes三.填空：l.Howmany2.These 3.Happya.woman,writes三.填空：l.Howmany2.These 3.Happy.Happy (兒童)Day!.Therearethree(shoe)shops,theysell(shoe)..(Tom)and(Jim)fatherlikes(mouse)alot..Thatmanisafriendof(我)(father).8.1havesix(小刀)，two(shelf)andsome(potato).9.Three(德國人)andseven(法國人)arevisitingourschool.lO.Theyareallgood(故事)，butnoneofthe(男孩)likesthem.四.趣味過關(guān)：WhenMarySmithwasa (學生)，shewantedtobeateacher,becauseshelikeschildren.Whenshewastwenty-oneyearsold,shebeganteachinginasmallschool.Shewasagoodteacher,andshelaughedalotwiththe (孩子)。Inherclass,theylikedherteaching.Onedayoneofthe(girl)inherclasssaidtoher/MissSmith,whyisa(man)hairgraybeforehisbeard(胡須)does?，Marylaughedandanswered,don'tknow,Helen,whydoesitbecomegreybeforehisbearddoes"Idon'tknoweither,MissSmithJansweredHelen,uWhatithappenedtomyfather.^Theotherchildrenintheclasslaughedwhenheardthis.Thenoneoftheboyssaid,“Iknow,MissSmith!(man)hairisgrayfirstbecauseit'ssixteenyearsolderthantheirbeards/'第二章冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞a（an）和定冠詞the,不定冠詞一般表示泛指，定冠詞一般表示特指。一.不定冠詞a（an）的用法：1）不定冠詞a（an）用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用于輔音字母開始的詞前；an用于元音字母開始的詞前。如：agirl,anEnglishbook2）不定冠詞用來表示類別，指某一類人或某一類事物中的一個（泛指）。如Hisfatherisadoctor;二.定冠詞the的用法1）表示上文提到過的人和事物。如：Hehaveastorybook.Thestorybookisverygood.2）用來表示世界上獨一無二事物o、如：Thesun,themoon,thesky,theearth,theworld3）用于表示方位的詞前。如:theeast,thesouthwest,themiddle,theFarEast,ontheleft4）用于樂器名詞前。如：playthepiano,playtheviolin,playErhu5）用于復數(shù)的姓氏前，表示“兩夫婦”或“全家”，在此情況下，這類名詞作復數(shù)對待。如：TheSmithswatchTVeveryday.6）用于一些形容詞，表示?類人或事物。如：thepoor,therich,theliving,theyoung7）用在形容詞的最高級前或序數(shù)詞前。如：ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.ThisisthefirsttimethathecametoBeijing.三.不用冠詞的情況1）名詞前有指示代詞，物主代詞，不定代詞或名詞所有格修飾，不用冠詞。Ilikethispicturebetter.Isthatyourbook?Taketheirchairsaway!Idon'thaveanymoneyonme.Astimewenton,Einstein'stheoryprovedtobecorrect.2）季節(jié)，月份，星期等名詞前，一般不用冠詞。ShelikesSpringwhileIlikeSummer.WehavenoclassesonSaturday.ThelongMarchstartedinOctober1934.3）三餐飯的名詞前，?般不用冠詞。Whendoyouhavelunch?Aftersupperweuauallytakeawalk.4）節(jié)假日等名詞前不用冠詞。PeoplegivegiftstoeachotheronChristmasDay.5）球類和棋類運動的名詞前不用冠詞。playbasketballplaychess6）在be動詞后表示程度的形容詞最高級前不用冠詞。Yourhelpwasmosttimely.Thismethodismosteffective.7)在某些固定詞組里名詞前不用冠詞。onfoot,bytrain/boat/plane...;infact;asamatteroffact;intheday,inthemoming(afternoon,evening),thedayaftertomorrow,thenextmorning,inthesky(water,field,country);inthedark,intherain,inthedistancednthemiddle(of),intheend,onthewhole,bytheway,gotothetheatre等。趣味闖關(guān)用適當?shù)墓谠~填空Onenight,littlemonkeyisplayingbythewell.Helooksinwellandsays:"Oh!moonhasfallenintothiswell!”oldermonkeyrunsoverJakeslook,andsays:uGoodnessme!Themoonisinthewater!MAlotofmonkeyscomeovertothewell.Theylookatthemooninthewellandsay:'themoonhasreallyfalleninthewell.Comeon.Let'sgetitout'Thenoldestmonkeyfindsthewaytogetthemoonout.Withhisfeetonthetree,Hedrawsthenextmonkey'sfeetwithhishands,Alltheothermonkeysfollowhim,andtheyfolloweachotheronebyonedowntothemooninthewell.Aftersometime,theythinktheywillgettothemoonsoon.Atthattimetheoldestmonkeylooksup,andheseesthemooninsky.Hesaysout:"Don'tbesofoolish!Themoonisinthesky.”目標檢測單項選擇l.Canyouseesuninthesky?a.anb.ac.thed./.Hehasidea.ltisgoodidea.a.an,theb.a,a c.the,the d.an,a.HeisneitherAmerican,norAsian.HeisCanadian.a.an.an.ab.an,a,ac.///d.a,a,a.Wealwayshavericefbrlunch.a./,/ b.the/ c./,a d.the,the.YesterdayIwenttotownonfoot.a.the.theb〃c.a,/d.the/.MayIhavelookatyourpicture?a.ab.anc.thed./.Weusuallyhavelunchatschool.a..the b.ac./d.an.Theyoungplaysviolinwell.a..a b.anc.thed./.Januaryisfirstmonthoftheyear.a.ab./c.and.the.Wearegoingtohavex-raycheck.a.ab.anc.thed./.Won'tyouhavecolddrinkinsuchhotweather?a.ab.anc.thed./.We411waitforyouatgateofschoolonNationalDay.

a.a.the,theb.the,the,/c.the,a,/d.a,a,/.Thereis"s"intheword“six"and"isisthefirstletteroftheword*a.a,the b.atan c.an,the d.a,a.Therewaschairbythewindow.Onchairsatoldwomanwithbabyinherarms.a.the,a,a,ab.a.the,an,ac.a,the,a,thed.a,the,a,a.Mybrotherisuniversitystudent.A.ab.anc.thed,/ttookmehourandhalftofinishwork.a.a,a,a b.an,a?a c.an.a.the d.an,a,/.Weoftengotoplaygroundtoplayfootballinafternoon.a.a,the,the b.the/thec.//,and.the,the,an.Hewasinhurrytocatch train.a.a,/ b.a,thec.the/d./,the19.Shehassamecoatasmysister.a.an b.acJd.the2O.Beijingiscapitalofourcountry.a.theb.anc./d.a用冠詞填空：l.BillGatesisoneofrichestmenintheworld.2.Heenjoysplayinggolf,andpiano.3.BilIisplayinggolf,andpiano.orangeisorange.We alllikeoranges..boyundertreeishonestboy..firstdayofaweekisSunday.haveuncle.Hehasusefulbook,buthedoesn'thaveumbrella..Wecanseesunindaytimeandmoonatnight..Thereis"u"and"s"intheword“use”..Wehavethreemealsday.Wehavelunchinmiddleofday..daybeforeyesterdayweplayedbasketballforhour.ILLiMinghastwobrothers.Oneisteccher,otherisdoctor.Theystudiedinuniversity..GreensareonvisittobeautifulcityinChina..Thereispictureonwall.Itisnicepicture.Ilikepictureverymuch..ThereisgoingtobeEnglishtextnextweek..June「'isChildren'sDay.在下面短文空白處填上一個合適的冠詞，不需要填的劃Thereisstory-bookonthedesk.stiry-bookisaboutMr.Baker.HeisThereisstory-bookonthedesk.stiry-bookisaboutMr.Baker.Heis Englishman.Helikesfishingverymuch.Hehastwochildren.OneisgirlwiththenameMary,theotherisboywiththenameTom.HelikesplayingfootballandMarylikesplayingviolin.Mrs.Bakeris doctorSheworksinhospital.Sheisalwaysbusywithherwork.Butwhensheisfreeshewillgotowatchherhusbandfishingbyrive匚Sometimesfriendofhersgoeswithher.第三章代詞代詞是代替名詞的詞，代詞有主格代詞，賓格代詞，形容詞性物主代詞，名詞性物主代詞。主格賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞I我me我my我的mine我的she她her她her她的hers她的he他him他hishis他的we我們US我們our我們的ours我們的they他們them他們their他們的theirs他們的you你們you你，你們your你們的,你的yours你的,你們的it它it它its它的its它的一.人稱代詞表示“你，我，他，你們，我們，他們”等的詞叫人稱代詞，它有人稱，數(shù)和格的變化，人稱代詞代表的是人或事物，有主格和賓格兩種。主格有：Iyouhesheit單數(shù)weyouthey復數(shù)賓格有：meyouhimherit單數(shù)usyouthem復數(shù).主格通常在句子中主語。如：IamLucy.我是露西。Sheistenyearsold.她十歲了。HeisanEnglishteacher.他是英語老師。It'sacat.它是只貓。Wearepupils.我們是學生。Theyaretwins.她們是雙胞胎。Doyouhaveapen?你有鋼筆嗎？.賓格則在句子中作動詞，介詞的賓語。如:Letmehelpyou.讓我來幫助。Pleasegivehimabook.請遞給他一本書。Listentohercarefully.認真聽他說。Pleaseputthemhere.請把他們放在這兒。Letusgohome.咱們回家吧。二.物主代詞表示所屬關(guān)系，可分為形容詞性和名詞性。.形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，它不能單獨使用，只能修飾名詞，位于名詞前面，作定語。形容詞性物主代詞有：單數(shù)：my,you,his,her,its 復數(shù)有：our,your,their如：MynameisGina.What'yourname?Hisb汰eisblack.HersisterisLingling.Ourclassroomisverybig.WhoistheirEnglishteacher?.名詞性物主代詞起名詞的作用，不能修飾名詞，在句子中可作主語，賓語，表語，相當于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞名詞性物主代詞有：單數(shù)：mine,yours,his,hers,its復數(shù)：oues,yours,theirs如：ThebookisnTtmine.It'shers.Mineisyourbag.Whereishis?Thoseclothesareours.Theirsarethere.注意：形容詞性物主代詞變名詞性物主代詞的規(guī)律是：一變(my-mine,二留(his-his,its-its),三加S三.指示代詞：表示“這個，那個，這些，那些”等指示的代詞叫指示代詞。指示代詞有：單數(shù)：this,that 復數(shù)：these,those指示代詞即可以起名詞作用也可以起形容詞作用。this,these指近處的人或物，而that,those指遠處的人或物。.作主語如：Thisismybrother.Thatismyfather.Thesearemybooks.Thosearebooks..作定語：如：Thissweaterisverybeautiful.ThatcatisLucy's.Thesebooksaremine.Thosepencilsaremine.四.不定代詞不定代詞指不明確指代某個特定名詞的代詞，具有名詞和形容詞性質(zhì)，并有可數(shù)和不可數(shù)的all,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,any,one,no,some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,noone,none,everybody,everyone等。Both,all的用法all都，指三者以上；all的主謂一致：的單復數(shù)由它所修飾或指示的名詞的單復數(shù)決定。Allgoeswell.一切進展得很好。All還可以和一些特殊的單數(shù)名詞連用，如：allChina,allthecity,allmylife,allthewayBoth都,指兩者。Both與復數(shù)動詞連用，但both..and…可與單數(shù)名詞連用：both,all都可做同位語，其位置在行為動詞前，be動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面的實義動詞省去，則位于助動詞或情態(tài)動詞前，如：WhocanspeakJapanese?Weboth(all)can.Some,any的用法Some可與復數(shù)名詞及不可數(shù)名詞連用；當作“某一”解釋，也可與單數(shù)名詞連用。如：Youwillbesorryforthissomeday.Any多用于否定句和疑問句及條件狀語從句中；當句中含有任何的意思時，可用于肯定句中。Herearethreenovels,Youmayreadany.注意：當說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答時，用some.Wouldyoulike句式是，表委婉請求或建議，如：Wouldyoulikesomecoffee?

One,that和it的用法One表示泛指，that和it表示特指，that與所指名詞為同類，但不是同一個，而it與所指名詞為同一個。Ican'tfindmyhat.IthinkImustbuyone..（不定）ThehatyouboughtisbiggerthanthatIbought.（同一類但不同一個）Ican'tfindmyhat.Idon'tknowwhereIputit.（同一物）Many,much的用法Much,many意都為許多，many+可數(shù)名詞，much+不可數(shù)名詞。Howmanypeoplearethereatthemeeting?Muchofthetimewasonlearning.代詞的練習短語翻譯我們的老師他的媽媽她的書包這本書它的名字你的課桌他們的風箏我的裙子那些東西那個女孩你的鞋她們的玩具單項選擇l.Thepenishers.Passitto,please.a.her b.she c.hers d.herself2.Heaskstodothework.a.you,heandIB.youhimandmec.I,you,andhed.me,you,andhim3.Theseskirtsare.areonthechair.a.him,yours b.ours,theirs, c.their,our d.mine,it4.ourcomputerisnew,butisold.a.We,they b.Our,theirc.Our,theirs d.Ours,theirs5.1sthisclassroom?a.their b.theirsc.theyd.them6.Helen,isKate.isanewstudents.a.that,Thatb.this.Thatc.this,Shed.it,This7.1sthisKale'sraincoat?No,isred.a.she b.herc.hersd.its.Thoughitrainedheavily,werestillplayingontheplayground.a.they b.them c.their d.themselves.Tomandwillgotoseeourteacher,forisill.a.I;she b.me;she c.I;her d.me;her1sawplayinginthestreetatthattime.a.them b.they c.their d.theirs.Who'sthatatthedoor?a.She b.Thisc.It d.He.—Look,whoiscoming?mustbeourEnglishteacher.a.Sheb.Hec.Itd.This13.is200kilometersfromheretothenaturalpark.Wehavetogotherebycar.a.Thereb.Itc.Thisd.Theplacea.Thereb.Itc.Thisd.Theplace14.Theyaren'tourbooks.Arethey?a.your b.hisc.herd.their15.Ourroomisbiggerthan.a.you b.yourc.yoursd.her.—isyoursister?--Sheisanurse.a.What b.Whichc.Howd.Who. colorareyournewshoes?-Theyarebrown.a.Any b.Whosec.Whichd.What.—doyourclassroomJohnlike? He'sverytall.a.How b.Whatc.Whod.Which.-- istheboystandingthere?-Heismybrother.a.Which b.Whatc.Howd.Who.WhothelittleAmericanboyoverthere?a.were b.arec.isd.am.onedoyoulike,theblueortheredone?a.What b.Whichc.Thatd,This.-isbigger?--Theyellowone.a.Who b.Whomc.Whichd.It.-pencilsarethere?—Theyaretheirs.a.Which b,Whosec/d.These.doyouthinkyoushouldhelp?a.Whose b.Whichc.Whatd.Whom.WeatthepartylastSunday.a.enjoyedmyself b.enjoyedourselvesc.enjoyedmyself d.enjoyedourself.Youaretwelvenow. mustlookafter.a.You;yourself b.Your;yourselfc.You;your d.You're;yourself.Heandsheareexactlyastallas.a.themselvesb.themc.theird.eachother28■一FilshowyouhowtothrowaFrisbee.Throwlike.a.it;thisb.thisjitc.it;itd.this;this.Thereareshopsonsideofthestreet.ofthemdonotclosetill12atnight.a.both;Allb.every;NoneC.either;Somed.other;Mary.—Isthisteainthatgreencup? Yes,thereis.a.the;someb.any;anyc.some;anyd.any;some.Couldyoudoforme?a.everything b.nothing c.somethingd.anything.—TurnofftheTV,Betty.iswatchingit.a.somebodyb.Nobodyc.Everybodyd.Anybody.ofthefourroadswilltakeyoutothehospital.a.Neither b,Either c.Bothd.Any.Pleasebequiet.Ihavetotellyou.a.importantsomething b.nothingimportantc.importantanything d.somethingimportant.Mr.Smithhastwosons.isasoldier,issdoctor.a.One;another b.One;otherc.This;theotherd.One;theother.TherearelotsofEnglishbookshere,andofthemiseasytounderstand.a.both b.allc.everyd.each.一Arethesetwobooksinteresting?--Yes,ofthemareinteresting.a.both b.allcxitherd.neitherdidn'tgetanylettersyesterday,buttherewerethismorning.a.alittle b.fewc.littled.afew.Hurryup!Thereistimeleft.a.few b.afewc.littled.alittle.Thepostcardissentby.a.afriendofmyfatherb.afriendofmyfather'sc.myfatherfriend d.myfatherfriend's填空1.don'tknowhername.Wouldyoupleasetell.(we)2.sisterisill.Pleasedoandget.(she)3.Don'ttouch..notacat,atiger.(it)4.Whereare?Ican'tfind,Letcallparents.5.1sthiswatch?(you)No,it'snot.(I)6.1haveabeautifulcat,nameisMimi.Thesecakesare.(it)7.1havealovelybrother.isonly3.1like verymuch.(he)8.Thatis(she)coat.Thecoatisred.(its)isanewone.9.Thereisaletterfor(her)mothen10.isLily.motherisadoctor.第四章 動詞動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，英語動作具有時態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，人稱的數(shù)的變化等。第一節(jié)動詞的種類動詞從含義上看可分為實義動詞，聯(lián)系動詞，助動詞和情態(tài)動詞四類。系動詞系動詞亦稱為連系動詞，作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨作謂語，后邊必須跟表語（亦稱補語），構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況，性質(zhì)，特征等情況。說明：有些系動詞亦是實義動詞，該動詞表達實義時有實義，可單獨作謂語。例如：Hefe】tillyesterday.他昨天病了。（是系動詞，后跟補足語，說明主語情況。）Hefellofftheladder.他從梯子上摔下來。Fell實義動詞，單獨作謂語。.狀態(tài)系動詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞相當于漢語里的判斷詞“是”通常我們稱為系動詞。實驗工廠有現(xiàn)在形式：am,is,are過去式was,were和分詞形式been.Heisateache匚(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。)注意：有的同學對這個詞在理解上有誤差，例如：Heissingingandwearedancing.有的同學把這個句子里的is,are也叫系動詞，這是錯誤的。因為這里的is,are是構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)的，這里的is是助動詞be的一種形式，而不是真正意義上的系動詞，be的使用比較復雜，通常后面接名詞，形容詞，副詞，動詞不定式做表語。.持續(xù)系動詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持對狀態(tài)或態(tài)度，主要有keep,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他開會時總保持沉默。Thismatterrestsamystery.此事信用證是一個謎。例題：Don'teatthefood.lt.a.smellsbadlyb.smellsbadc.smellsgoodd.smellswell解析：這道題考察的也是系動詞的用法。同時對bad,badly在句子中的用法也有考察。是副詞不能放在系動詞后面，根據(jù)句子Don'teatthefood,把選項C,D排除。而且well只有在表示身體狀況時才作形容詞用，所以選B。3o表像系動詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,appearJook,例如：Helookstired.他看起來很累。Heseems(tobe)verysad.他看來很傷心。.感觀系動詞感觀系動詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,look,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.這種布手感很軟。Thisflowerssmellsverysweet.這朵花聞起來很香.這些系動詞表示主語這成什么樣，變化系動詞主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后，他瘋了。Shegrewrichwithinashorttime,她沒多長時間就富了。助動詞：助動詞--般無實際意義，只有幫助構(gòu)成謂語，表示時態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣等，或構(gòu)成疑問句和否定句。英語中的助動詞有be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being)have(has,had,having,);do(does,did)shall(should);will(would).助動詞be用于構(gòu)成進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)，或和動詞不定式一起構(gòu)成復合謂語表示根據(jù)安排將要發(fā)生的事等。如：Wearehavingameetingnow.我們1E在開會。.助動詞have用于構(gòu)成完成時態(tài)。如：IhavestudiedEnglishforsixyears.我已經(jīng)學了六年英語了。.助動詞do用于構(gòu)成鍵問式和否定式。用于倒裝句，加強說話的語氣及代替前面出與過的動詞(避免重復)等。-DoyouliveinChina?—YesJdo..助動詞shall(will)用于構(gòu)成將來時,(shall)僅用于第一人稱，will可用于各種人稱。如：Ishall(will)betwentyyearsoldnextbirthday.過了下一個生日我就20歲了。Heaskedmewhenweshouldleave.他問我們何時動身。情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞又稱為情態(tài)助動詞。英語中的助動詞主要有兩類：一是基本助動詞，如have,do,be;二是情態(tài)助動詞，如may,must,need等。情態(tài)動詞與其他動詞連用表示說話人的語氣。情態(tài)動詞可表達建議，要求，可能和意愿等。英語中的情態(tài)動詞有can(could)能，可能,may(might)許可，也許,must必須,shall(should)應該，要,will(would)愿意，要meed需要,dare敢等情態(tài)動詞后跟的都是動詞原形。常見的幾個情態(tài)動詞的用法：1.Can,could,may,might都可以表示可能性。Czn,could表示潛在的可能性或理論上，邏輯判斷上存在的可能性；而may,might則表示事實上的可能性。此外，can還具有“有能力”的意思，may,might則與不具有此意。如：Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheiswrong.任何有點意識的人都能明白他是錯的。could不表示時態(tài)可用來提出委婉的請求，但在回答中不能用could,在否定句和疑問句中表示推測和懷疑。如：Hecouldn'tbeabadman.他不大可能是壞人。MayI/we…?這一類疑問句的肯定回答為Yes,please.或Certainly;否定回答為Pleasedont或No,youmustn't."Mayweleavenow?”"No.youmustn't.Youhaven'tfinishedyourhomeworkyet.“我們現(xiàn)在可以離開了嗎？不，你們不能離開，你還沒完成你的作業(yè)呢！can和beabletocanbeableto都可以表示能力，但兩者在用法睛有點差異；can(could)表示主觀能力，不表示意愿，且只有現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種時態(tài)。而beableto;它的將來時用willbeableto;beableto表示主觀意愿，強調(diào)要克服困難去做某事，成功的做了某事，相當于managetodosth.Mygrandmasisoverseventy,butshecanstillreadwithoutglasses.我的夕卜婆七十多歲了，不戴眼鏡仍可以讀東西。2)Heisablelogiveuphisbadhabils.他能改掉它的壞習慣。Must,haveto都可以表示“必須”，但有幾點區(qū)別：1)兩者都不得是“必須”的意思，haveto表示客觀的需要，must表示說話人主觀上和看法，既主觀上的必要。Mybrotherwasill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病的歷害，我只得半夜把醫(yī)生請來。(客觀上需要做這件事)如：hesaidthathemustworkhard.他說他們必須努力工作。(主觀上要做這件事)haveto有人稱和數(shù),時態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。Hehadtolookafterhissisteryesterday.他昨天不得不照顧他的妹妹。3)在否定句中don'thaveto表示："不必”,mustift表示"禁止"如：Youdon'thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告訴他。Youmustn'ttellhimaboutit.你一定不要把此事告訴他。4)must還表示推測，有在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測意為“一定”表對現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測時，must后面通常接系動詞的原形或行為動詞的進行時。如：Youhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦一天了，一定累了。Youmustbeworkinginhisoffice.他一定在辦公室工作。5）在回答must能上引起的問題時，如果是否定的答復，不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don'thaveto。因為mustn't是"一定不要"，“一定不能”的意思。如："Mustwedoitnow7，”No,youneedrft"我們必須現(xiàn)在做嗎？不，不需要。4.should和oughttoshould和oughtto都為“應該”的意思，可用于各種人稱。如：Oughthetogo?他應該走嗎？Yes,Ithinkheoughtto.是的，我認為是這樣的。表示要求命令時，語氣由should（應該）hadbetter（最好）must（必須）語氣逐漸加強。5.need和dare兩詞可做實意動詞用，也可情態(tài)動詞用，作為情態(tài)動詞兩者都只用于疑問句否定句和條件句。need作實義動詞時后面的不定式必須帶to,而dare作實義動詞時，后面的時?？梢员皇÷?。1）實義動詞（需要,要求）need+n/todosth2）情態(tài)動詞need,只用原形，need后面不加to否定形式為neednot。Needyougoyet?Yes,1must./No,Ineedn't.2）need的被動含義:need,want,require,wirth,（形容詞）后面接doing也可以表示被動:needdoing=needtobedone.hadbetter表示“最好”hadbetter相當于?個助動詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動詞原形。Hadbetterdosth.Hadbetternotdosth.Itisprettycold.You'dbetterputonmycoat.She'dbetternotplaywiththedog..usedtouseto+v意為“過去常常”，“過去一直"；beusedto+v-ing/n（名詞）意為“習慣于"；beusedlo+v意為“被用來（做某事”usedto只表示過去，而beusedto+v-ing/n可表示現(xiàn)在，過去或?qū)?。如：Heusedtosmoke.Nowhedoesn't.He'squiteusedtohardwork/workinghard.他習慣于努力工作。Theknifeisusedtocatbread.刀是用來切面包的。目標檢測選擇填空l.Howmanydaysthereinaweek?a.is,is b.are,are c.is,ared.are,istiredlastnight.a.became b.feltc.lookedd.am3.Herfacepalewhensheheardthebadnews.a.got b.isc.turned d.wastirednextyear.aam b.willbec.be d.will5.Hervoicelikemymother's.asoundsbsoundc.looksd.looktoftenrainsandthecropsfast.a.get b.tumc.growd.became.Howareyou now?Muchbetter,thankyou.a.getting b.feelingc.making d.turning.Theteacher'ssmilemademebette匚a.feel b.tofeelc.feelingd.felt.Cometomyofficeifyoufreetomorrow.a.are b.willbec.wasd.is.Listen!TheyaretalkingaboutthefilmWUJIontheradio.Hmm...Itinteresting.a.hear b.listensc.soundsd.soundslike1l.Ifyoudon'ttakebackwhatyoujustsaid,Motherangry.a.isb.willbec.getd.feels.Heafamouswriter.A.turns b.become c.hasbecomed.hasturned.Theflowersfragrant.A.getb.smellsc.smelld.fieels.Thetable verysmooth.A.lookb.tumc.feels d.smell.Shelooks.A.happy b.tobehappyc.happilyd.thatsheishappy用Smelhtaste,get,become,grow,seem,look,feel,turn的適當形式填空：l.Youveryyoung..Afterthesportsmeeting,heverytired..Theflowersverysweet..Herfacered..Jackveryhappy..Themooncakegood..Tomdidn'tfinishhishomework,sohisteacherveryangry..Heradviceright..Fortyyearslater,heagreatman..Whenthechildrencanlookafterthemselves,theirparentsolder把下面各句子譯成英語：1?為什么他會感到悲傷？2。約翰成了一名好學生。3o他來看我時，我在生病。4。我國正變得越來越強大。5。足球是我最喜歡的運動。目標檢測二選擇填空l.Mr.Smithbeintheofficenow.Isawhimtakeataxijustamomentago.a.can't b.doesn'tc.mustn'td.needn't2.Noonethattohisface.a.daretosay b.daressayc.daressayingd.daresay3.Itwassodarkoutsidethathe.a.didn,tdaretogoouttofetchwater b.darenottogoouttofetchwaterc.doesn'tdaretogoouttofetchwater d.notdaretogoouttofetchwater.Thechildrenaskedwhethertheygoforaswim.a.wereableto b.can c.could d.may.Posttheletterforme,you?a.don'tb.willc.dod.shallthinkyouhadbettertobedtoolate.a.don'tgob.didn'tgoc.notgod.arenot.youready?a.Are b.Havec.Willd.Can. hereearly?a.Willhe b.Washec.Willhebed.Werehe9.1happyaboutthepriceofeggsa.am'tb.amnotc.donotd.won't10.1thestoryatall.a.don'tlikeb.likec.amfondofd.wouldlike1l.rdratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.a.dob.didn'tc.don'td.didn't12.,Thecarmuchmoney.a.notcost b.nothavecostc.isn'lcostd.didn'tcost.Myteacherknowsmorethan.a.myuncleknows b.myuncledoesc.theyknow d.theydon'tknow.Whatforyou?a.shallIdob.Imaydoc.canIdod.mustIdofinishthisbeforeIgo?a.must b.doc.mayd.shallThemeetingbeginsateighto'clock,Webelate.a.mustn'tb.needn'tc.maynotd.cannotMayweinthehalls?a.smoke b.willsmokec.tosmoked.smoking“Mustwecometomorrow?”“a.No.youcan't. b.No.youneedn't.c.No,youmust. d.No.youmay.Hegothere.a.daresnot b.darenotc.daresnottod.doesnotdare"Youreadthatarticleifyoudon'twantto.”a.needn't b.mustn'tc.haven't d.can'tYouseehim,butImust.a.havn't b.can't c.mustn'td.needn't“Willyoulendmethebook?”"YesJa.will b.shallc.cand.mayliketoknowwhereyouwereborn.a.shallb.could c.would d.may.Thechildrenplayoutside.a.aren'tgoing b.aren'tgoingtoc.notgoingtod.goingto.Asthephysicsishardenough,!syudyit.a.cannot b.can't c.amnotabletod.amnotablen.用所給的情態(tài)動詞填空：canmaymightmustmustn'tneedneedn'twillcan't-Areyoucomingtothegametomorrow?-Tmnotsure.I_gotothetheatre.Antony_beanactor,forhedoesn'tlikeplaysorfilmsatall.-CouldIcallyouBob?-Yes,you—.-Someoneisknockingatthedoor.Goandsee. 一Who_itbe?It'scoldtoday.You_feelitwithonlyashirton.-MayIdoittomorrow,mum?-Sorry,dear,you_doitnow.-Dorememberustoyourfriends.-I_.You_washyourclothes.Thewashingmachinewilldoit.We_shoutinpublic.Theman_beMr.Wang,forhewalksthewaylikethat.HL 根據(jù)提示填上適當?shù)脑~We_(haveto)getupatsixtomorrowmorning.Paul_(isableto)readJapanese.George_(isgoingto)studyinthelibrarytonight.George_studybusinessadmistration.(itispossible)Mr.Moro_(hasto)takeanotherEnglishcourse.Everystudent_(oughtto)readonegoodbookeveryweek.JuanisfromMexico.He_speakSpanish.Georgeplaysthepianoverywell.He_practicealot.第二節(jié)動詞的形式和時態(tài)一.一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在當然狀態(tài)。一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成：1）動詞be的第?人稱為，第三人稱單數(shù)為，第二人稱單數(shù)及所有復數(shù)人稱均為。2）動詞have除第三人稱單數(shù)用has外，其他人稱均用have。3）動詞第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化規(guī)則：注：行為動詞一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)加或的規(guī)則：一般詞尾加如：workslikescomesattendssees詞尾為ch,sh,x,s,o-es:teacheswashespassesfixesgoesc.輔音字母+Y結(jié)尾的動詞把-Y變I,再加es?：如：study-studies fly-flies一般現(xiàn)在時的用法：1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，現(xiàn)存的習慣或狀態(tài)。常與often,alwayls,usually,everyday,sometimes,Never,onceaday,seldom等詞連用。例如：Iamateacher.我是個老師。Weareateacher.我們是中國人。Shegoestoworkeveryday.她每天去上班。Healwayshelpsoth