考研語法難點

【語法難點精析之被分隔的定語從句】定語從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開來，這種定語從句叫作被分隔的定語從句，在閱讀文章時會經常遇到這種情況，在閱讀是要注意識別先行詞的修飾對象。i般說來，定語從句被分割開來大致有以下三種：①在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個狀語。如：Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.在太空中有成千上萬的象太陽般的星星。乍一看，that引導的定語從句在名詞sky的后面，似乎應該是修飾sky的。但仔細一想，”不對啊，天空怎么能象太陽呢？“，原來that引導的定語從句被inthesky這個地點狀語分隔開來，修飾中心詞starso②在先行詞與定語從句之間插入一個定語。如：DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?你還記得嗎，十年前的一天下午，我來到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項鏈？whenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace實際上是修飾afternoon而不是修飾yearsotenyearsago實際上是定語后置修飾afternoon。③先行詞與定語從句被謂語分隔開來。此時，先行詞通常是句子的主語，因定語從句較長，主句謂語較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語從句移至謂語之后如：AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.明天，新(男)老師將來較你德語。［語法難點精析之besides,but,except,exeptfor,excepting,apartfrom的區(qū)別】(1)besides與except前者表示”除...以外，還有???；后者表示“從整體中除去...”這個大家都知道，就不舉例子了.(2)except與exceptfora.除去的和非除去的是同類事物，用excepteg：AlltheessaysarewellwrittenexceptNelson*s.Nelson的文章(除去的)和Alltheessays(非除去的)是同類事物，所以用except.b.除去的和非除去的不是同類事物，用exceptfor,并且從語氣上通常表示遺憾.eg：Hisessayiswellwrittenexceptforafewspellingmistakes.afewspellingmislakes(除去的)和Hisessay(非除去的)是不同類的事物.(3)apartfrom具有多重意義：既可表示besides,也可以表示exepl或exeplfor,還可以表示without的意思eg：Apartfromthecost,itwilltakealotoftime.(=besides)Theorphanhadnoonetotakecareofhimapartfromhisuncle.(=except)Hehasdonegoodwork,apartfromafewslightfaults.(=exceptfor)Therecanbenoknowledgeapartfrompractice.實踐出真知.(=without)(4)excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等詞之后eg：Exceptinghisbrother,theyareallright.Everyone,notexceptingmyself,mustsharetheblame.Allofus,withoutexceptingthosewhoknowmoreaboutthesubject,shouldstudy.Allmybrotherscomhereeveryday,alwaysexceptingtheyoungest.(5)but與except同義，但but多用在every,any,no等和由這些詞構成的復合詞如everything,anywhere,nobody等詞以后及all,none之后eg：ThechildrengotoschooleverydaybutSunday.Theyareallgonebutme.Youcangetthebookanywherebuthere.Thereisnoonebutme.WhobutGeorgewoulddosuchathing?【語法難點之too」。結構表示肯定含義的情況】(連載中)【too…to結構表示肯定含義的情況】我們知道too...to結構一般表示否定含義，意為"太…以致于不能"eg:Heistoooldtowork.但too...to在下列情況下卻表示肯定含義：⑴當too前或to前有否定詞構成雙重否定時.eg:Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.英語并不太難學.Heistoowisenottoseethat.他很聰明，不會不懂這一點.⑵ 當 too 后 是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容詞或副詞時.eg:Theyaretooanxioustoleave.他們急于離開.Heistooreadytohelpothers.他總是樂于助人.與這些詞連用時,loo前還常加上only,ali,but,just,simply等副詞，意思不變，因為這些詞加上too后與very同義.eg:I'monlytoogladtoseeyou.見到你非常高興.Theyarebuttoopleasedtohearthenews.他們聽到這個消息，非常高興.⑶與cannot連用時.eg:Youcannotbetoocareful（=Youcanneverbecarefulenough）todoyourhomework.你做作業(yè)越仔細越好（=無論怎樣仔細也不過分）.⑷當不定式在句中作定語或真正的主語時.eg:Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.有很多問題有待解決.Itistoomuchtosaythatheisafool.【語法難點精析之every表示”每隔“的用法】⑴"everyother+單數名詞”意思是“每隔一。。?！比纾篹veryotherday每隔一天everyothertree每隔一棵樹⑵“every+基數詞+復數名詞”或“every+序數詞+單數名詞”意思是“每隔。。（較英語數詞少一個）如：everythreedays=everythirdday每隔兩天（或者譯為每三天）因此everytwodays=everyotherday每隔一天（或者譯為每兩天）⑶“everyfew+復數名詞”意思是"每隔幾。。J如:everyfewdays（每隔幾天）【語法難點精析之alive>live>living和lively的用法】⑴lively有“活潑的、快活的、生動的”等意思，可以指人或物，可作定語或標語；但它沒有“活著的”意思，而其他三個都有。如：Youngchildrenareusuallylively.小孩子們通常是活潑的。Hetoldaverylivelystory.他講了一個生動的故事。⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思，與dead意義相反。但live通常只作前置定語，且一般用于動物：alive、living不僅可作定語（alive只能置于名詞后；living一般置于名詞前，也可置于名詞后），也可以作表語。如：Thisisalive（=living）fish.（=Thisisafishalive.）這是一條活魚。（指動物，且作定語時，三者均可用）Who'sthegreatestmanalive（=livingman）?誰是當今最偉大的人物？（指人，不能用live）Thefishisstillalive（=living）那條魚還活著。（指動物作表語時不能用live）。⑶living主要指在某個時候是活著的，而alive指本來有死的可能，但仍活著的。而且，作主語補足語或賓語補足語時，只能用alive；作比喻義（如“活像。。。'或“活生生的”等）解時,要用livingo如：Theenemyofficerwascaughtalive.（作主語補足語，不用living）那位敵方軍官被活捉了。Wefoundthesnakealive.（作賓語補足語，不用living）Heisthelivingimageofhisfather.（比喻義，不用alive）他活象他父親。[NextPage]⑷只有l(wèi)iving前加the方可表示“活著的人”，作主語時，視作復數。如：Thelivingaremoreimportanttousthanthedead.活著的人對我們來說比死去的人更重要。語法難點精析之含義因有無冠詞而迥異的短語】atplay在玩altheplay在看戲behindtime遲到behindthetimes落在時代后byday在白天bytheday按日計算bysea乘船bythesea在海邊infrontof在...（外面的）前面inthefrontof在...（內部的前面）inchargeof看護，負責inthechargeof由…看護，由…負責insecret秘密地（作狀語）inthesecret知道內情（作表語）incourseof在…過程中（作表語'后置定語）inthecourseof在…期間（作狀語）inred穿著紅衣服inthered負債，赤字ofage成年ofanage（歲數）同年onfire著火onthefire在考慮中onoccasion不時地;必要時ontheoccasion在那時outofquestion毫無疑問outofthequestion不可能todeath十分tothedeath到最后fiveofus我們中的五人（部分）thefiveofus我們五個人（全部）ayellowandwhitecat一只黃白相間的貓ayellowandawhitecat一只黃貓和一只白貓inafaimlyway象一家人一樣inthefamilyway懷孕dieofcold凍死dieofacold感冒而死havewordswith與…爭吵haveawordwith與…略談keephouse管理家務keepthehouse守在家里takerest就寢takeareat休息一下takeplace發(fā)生taketheplaceof代替【語法難點精析之與?ly副詞同義的介詞短語】inangry=angrilyindespair=desparinglyinadmiration=admiringlyincommon=commonlyinfact=acruallyinfear=fearfullyinfairness=fairlyinfun=funnilyingrief=grievouslyinjoke=jokinglyinline=lineallyinmercy=mercifullyinpublic=publiclyinsilence=silentlyinspite=spitefullyinsorrow=sorrily/sorrowfullyinsurprise=surprisedlywithasmile=smilinglywithsatisfaction=satisfactorilywithattention=attentivelywithcare=carefullywithcouragecourageouslywithdifficult=difficultlywithemphasis=emphaticallywithfascination=fascinatinglywithgrace=gracefullywithjoy=joyfullywithpride=proudlywithpleasure=pleasantlywithwarmth=warmlyoutofbreath=breathlessly【語法難點精析之用todo還是ofdoing作后置定語】不同的名詞，對這兩種后置定語的選擇是有區(qū)別的，有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的兩種都可以.現(xiàn)分述如下：(1)will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定語.如：Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)瑪麗有獲得一等獎的決心.Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)他已作出了攜家去國外的決定.(2)hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等，——般只能用ofdoing作后置定語.如：Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.事實匕他們沒有希望贏得這場比賽.(不能說forthemtowin)Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.他將冒生命危險去救那個孩子.(3)way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語,又可用ofdoing短語作后置定語.如：Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.他們失去了出國的機會.Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.他有權那樣做.【語法難點精析之用todo還是ofdoing作后置定語】不同的名詞，對這兩種后置定語的選擇是有區(qū)別的，有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的兩種都可以?現(xiàn)分述如下：(1)will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一■般用不定式作后置定語.如：Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)瑪麗有獲得一等獎的決心.Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)他已作出了攜家去國外的決定.(2)hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等，一般只能用ofdoing作后置定語.如：Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.事實匕他們沒有希望贏得這場比賽.(不能說forthemtowin)Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.他將冒生命危險去救那個孩子.(3)way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短語,又可用ofdoing短語作后置定語.如：Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.他們失去了出國的機會.Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.他有權那樣做.虛擬語氣的重點是：1.一些常見的虛擬語氣的句型或結構。.虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式。.主從句表示不同的時間概念、事實或假設情況，從而交錯成為復合虛擬語氣。.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。上述四個要點往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個堂點對于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點是作者假設的、虛擬的，哪些是真實的，這樣對于我們回答關于作者態(tài)度觀點題很有幫助。下面我們將主要從上述四個方面來重點論述在考試中應該注意的問題。一、虛擬語氣的常見類型和句型(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語氣A.用wish表示對現(xiàn)在的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：過去式(be動詞用were)oB.用wish表示對將來的愿望時，它所引起的賓語從句中謂語動詞形式為：would,could,might+動詞原形。C.wish用于對過去的事實表示一種不可能實現(xiàn)的愿望時，賓語從句中的謂語動詞形式為：had+動詞過去分詞或could,would+have+動詞過去分詞。Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.*'IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.''"That'sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”Iwishthatheweren'tsolazy.(2)hadhoped引起的賓語從句中備用語動詞形式為would+動詞原形，表示一種過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.(3)would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner和wouldprefer所引起的從句中要求用過去式表示當時或將來的情況，用過去完成時表示過去的情況，表示希望或婉轉的責備。例如：I'dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。Iwouldpreferhedidn'tstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書還了。It's(high,about)timethat句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語氣形式，即動詞要用過去式。It'stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.現(xiàn)在是我們該結束講座的時候了。as,或者whether…or…謂語多用be的原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結構：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.(6)由連接詞incase,sothat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的狀語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might,would)+動詞原形，例如：Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那個嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.⑺ifitwerenotfor…與現(xiàn)在事實相反，ifithadnotbeenfor與過去事實相反，兩個都相當于butfor：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(8)虛擬語氣用于asif(though)引起的方式狀語從句和表語從句中，其動詞形式與wish賓語從句的形式相同。例如：Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自內心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽光一樣，常常流露出來。Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友,樣。Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起來好像要哭了。(9)其它各種句型,asthough,suppose,hadrather,supposing,ifonly等等IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.二、特殊形式的虛擬語氣虛擬語氣的特殊形式，即用來表示要求、建議、命令、提議、意愿等的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語氣的構成往往是山should(可省略)+動詞原形that從句。A、用于表示意愿、建議、命令、提議、請求等動詞后的that賓語從句中，這類動詞有：ask要求advise建議arrange安排beg請求command命令decide決定demand要求desire渴望determine決定insist堅持intend打算maintain堅持主張move建議，動員propose提議object反對order命令prefer建議require需要request要求resolve下決心recommend推薦suggest建議stipulate約定，規(guī)定urge強調，促進vote公認，提議decree頒布(法令)pray請求注意：這類動詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者todo…來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(書面體)Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.(口語)Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(較隨便)B、用于Itis+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句中，這類形容詞或分詞有：

advisable合理的determined決定的compliedadvisable合理的determined決定的complied遵照desirable合意的asked請求natural自然的urgent緊迫的possible可能的requested要求的probable（可能的）decided決定的commanded命令的anxious焦急的better較好的,更好keen渴望的insisted堅持ordered命令strange奇怪的required要求的pity可惜，憾事crucial關鍵的appropriate恰當的arranged安排的essential緊要的，基本的imperative迫切的important重要的insistent堅持的incredible難以置信的

necessary必要的

shocked震驚的preferable（好一點）recommended推薦shame遺憾desired想要adamant堅定不移的suggested建議vital極其重要的proposed提議resolved決定的注意：這類形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…tod(r??來表達，一般情況下，意思沒有什么差別。Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.C.用于由表示建議、要求、命令、C.用于由表示建議、要求、命令、請示等含義的名詞引導的表語從句和同位語從句中，這類名詞常見的有:advice忠告insistence類名詞常見的有:advice忠告insistence堅持preference偏愛request要求例如：decision決定motion提議proposal提議requirement要求demand要求necessity必要性pray懇求resolution決心'desire要求、愿望order命令recommendation推薦suggestion勸告、忠告Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.這是他『J的決議：要使得課外活動成為他們學校生活的一部分。Themotionthattheremarkofthelastspeakerbeexpungedfromtherecord.該提議要求把最后""'個發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。三、混合虛擬語氣有時主句和從句的謂語動詞指不同的時間，這時需要用混合虛擬語氣。一般來說，在這種情況下，主從句謂語動詞指代的時間不同，所以我們又可以錯綜時間條件句，在這種虛擬情況,動詞形式應根據實際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語:時間狀語。絕大多數情況下，從句或者主句都有相關的時間狀語，這是我解題的關鍵。Ifyouthatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn'tbesosleepy.A.haven'twatchedB.didn'twatchC.hadn*twatchedD.wouldn,thavewatched 答案選C。Manydeadwouldnowbealiveiftheyhavenotattemptedtoreturnforsomething.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.混合虛擬語氣還有一種情況就是事實和虛擬假設的混合句,這樣的句子不僅僅是時間的不同，而重要是事實和假設的混合。Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.該句前半部分是假設虛擬，而后半部分是事實的陳述。Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.該句前半句用的是假設虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設虛擬（如果你去并且解釋的話）,但是后半句的從句用的是事實語氣，因為'‘父母病了”是客觀事實，故不需要用虛擬形式hadbeen。四、含蓄虛擬條件句含蓄條件句是指句中沒有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉化為if引導的條件句。常來表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：(1)介詞或介詞短語,如butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermorefavorablecondition等。theleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn'tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor答案選B。Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.(2)連詞，如：sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若 ),forfearthat(唯恐)，inorderthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是 就好了)等。Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.=ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.(注：lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句中謂語動詞多用shouki+動詞原形,但可以不用虛擬語氣，而用動詞的陳述語氣形式。)例如：Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.這位外籍教師說得很慢以免我們聽不懂。Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur.在使用此法時要小心謹慎，以免會發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。(3)通過上下文及內在含義，句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等類似轉折詞。Ithoughtthechildren whenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.A.weresleepingB.wouldbesleepingC.hadbeensleepingD.wouldsleep選擇Bo(4)形容詞及其比較級Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.Alessconscientiousmanwouldn'thavetriedsohardtogetthisjobdone.(5)分詞短語Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.Borntendaysearlier,theboycouldhaveseenhislatefather.(6)動訶不定式短語。一"般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadinlended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。IintendedIshouldcallonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.TohearhimspeakFrench,youwouldtakehimforanEnglishman.Shewouldbestupidnottoaccepthisinvitation.Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.(7)名詞短語和名詞+and結構Ajudiciousmanwouldnothavecommittedsuicide.Adiligentstudentwouldhaveworkedharder.(8)獨立主格結構Allthingsconsidered,thepricewouldbereasonable.(9)定語從句

Anyonewhohadbeeninyourpositionwouldhavedonethesame.Anation,whichstoppedworking,wouldbedeadinafortnight.(10)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn't.Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(11)動詞原形表示虛擬動詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，最常見于正式文體中，動詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時倒裝置于句首，同時這種用法也常見于獨立句中表達愿望。Godblessyou!Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.She'llbesixteenyearsodd,comMay.(comeMay=whenMaycome).Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce.強化訓練：虛擬語氣Wereitnotforthesnowyweather,we allright.A.wouldbeB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.maybemorecareful,hisshipwouldnothavesunk.A.Ifthecaptainwere B.HadthecaptainbeenC.Shouldthecaptainbe D.IfthecaptainwouldhavebeenIfhe metomorrow,Iwouldlethimknow.A.shouldcallB.shouldnothavebeenableC.werenotableD.arenotableC.werenotableD.arenotableIfyouaskedyourfatheryou permission.A.maygetB.mightgetC.shouldhavecalled D.maybegettoday,hewouldgettherebyFriday.A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleavesyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.WereThemillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.D.oughttohavelostourchairmannow.D.wouldbeA.couldloseB.D.oughttohavelostourchairmannow.D.wouldbeHadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heA.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereIfyou JerryBrownuntilrecently,you'dthinkthephotographontherightwasstrange.A.shouldn'tcontactB.didn'tcontactC.weren'ttocontactD.hadn'tcontactedheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSundayA.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.AsforLookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyI youradviceA.followB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowed D.havefollowedHadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he ourchairmannow.A.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.hadn'tcontactedIfthehorsewontoday,it thirtyracesinfiveyears.A.wouldhavewonB.wonC.musthavewonD.didhavewon

Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,asuddenloudnoise.A.beingthereB.shouldtherebeC.therewasD.therehavingbeenTheboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles rightaway.A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprintedC.mustbeprinted D.shouldbeprinted[NextPage]JeanWagner'smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.A.istobeanalyzedB.hasbeenanalyzedC.beanalyzed D.shouldhavebeenanalyzedwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.wasapologizeifI you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mighthaveoffendedIfyouhadn'ttakensuchalongtimetogetdressed,we'd therebynow.A.beB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becirclingThesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesunroundtheearth.A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becirclingwishthatIwithyoulastnight.A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegonewishI withher.A.wouldbeB.amC.wasD.werewishthatI theconcertlastnight.A.couldB.haveattendedC.couldhaveattendedD.attendedThepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishI toit.A.hadnotgoneB.havenotgoneC.didnotgoD.cannothavegone“Iwishyou metoputthesethingsaway,"hesaid.A.willhelpB.helpC.arehelpingD.wouldhelpIftheWatergateIncident Nixonwouldnothaveresignedfromthepresidency.A.didnotoccurB.hadnotoccurredC.wasnotoccurringD.becirclinghadn'texpectedJamestoapologizebutIhadhoped .A.himcallingmeB.thathewouldcallmeC.himtocallmeD.thathecallmeGeorgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings .A.ifhedidn'tgetaflattireC.hadhenothadaflattireA.ifhedidn'tgetaflattireC.hadhenothadaflattireexperienceswithESP.B.towritecompositionabouttheexperienceswithESP.B.towritecompositionabouttheC.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorherD.hadwrittenanycompositionsforhisHespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifheaChinese.A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeenAsusual,heputonashowasthoughhistrip agreatsuccess.A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wereD.wasLookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughhe awayforages.A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeenJohnissostronglybuiltthathelooksasifhe aselephant.A.liftsB.isliftingC.liftedD.couldliftHedescribedthetownasifhe ithimself.A.hadseenB.hasseenC.sawD.seesAtthatthoughtheshookhimself,asthoughhe fromanevildream.A.wokeB.wakesC.wouldwakeD.hadwokeMostinsuranceagentswouldratheryou anythingaboutcollectingclaimsuntiltheyinvestigatethesituation.A.doB.don'tC.didn'tD.didn'tdoAlthoughmostadoptedpersonswanttherighttoknowwhotheirnaturalparentsare,somewhohavefoundthemwishthattheytheexperienceofmeeting.A.hadn'tB.didn'thavehadC.hadn'thadD.hadn'thaveItisimportantthattheTOEFLoffice yourregistration.A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirmWithoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday'sadvancedtechnology .A.willnothavebeenachievedB.havenotbeenachievedC.wouldnothavebeenachievedD.hadnotbeenachievedHetoldhertoreturnthebookintimesothatothers achancetoreadit.A.mayhaveB.willhaveC.wouldhaveD.mighthaveItistimethatthegovernment measurestoprotecttherarebirdsandanimals.A.takesB.tookC.hastakenD.takingSomepeoplearetooparticularaboutschoolrecords,insistingthateveryapplicantalldiplomasfromelementaryschooltouniversity.A.hasB.willhaveC.shouldhaveD.musthaveHewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehe tothemeeting.A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.hadcomeImustsayhereadsverywell,andIshouldn'tbesurprisedifhe actingforalivingoneday.A.hadtakenupB.takesupC.havetakenupD.wouldhavetakenupIfIhadseenthemovie,I youallaboutitnow.A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetoldhadn'texpectedHenrytoapologizebutIhadhoped .A.himtcallmeup B.himcallingmeupC.thathewouldcallmeupD.thathewillcallmehadhopedthatJohnayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths.A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspendhadhopedthatJennifer adoctor,butshewasn'tgoodenoughatscience.

A.willbecomeB.becameC.wouldbecomeD.becomesA.willbecomeB.becameC.wouldbecomeD.becomes49.Tdratheryou anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.A.doB.didn'tdoC.don'tD.didn't50.Tdjustassoon _rudelytoher.A.thatyouwon'tspeakB.younotspeakingC.younotspeakD.youdidn'tspeak51.It'shightimetheythisroad.A.mend B.mendedC.musthavemended D.willmend52.It'sabouttimepeople. noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.A.take B.tookC.havetaken D.willtakeEverybodyhasarrived.It'stimewe theclass.A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.starttheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.AsforMary myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.A.hasreceived B.oughttohavereceivedC.couldn'thavereceivedD.shouldn'thavereceivedJohndidnotfeelwellyesterday;otherwisehetoseehisclassmatesoff.A.cameB.wouldcomeC.wouldhavecomeD.shouldbecomingHe'sworkinghardforfearthathe .A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallbehindWithoutthedreamsoftheyouth,thisinventionmight foracentury.A.havebeenpostponedB.hasbeenpostponedC.postpone D.bepostponedInthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesinthehome.A.workedB.wouldworkC.workD.wereworkingForachildtogiveuphislessmatureideaforamorematureone,itrequiresthatthechildpsychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.A.isB.wereC.beD.wouldbeTom'sfather,aswellashismother, inNewYorkforafewdaysmore.A.askhimtostayB.askhetostayC.askshestaysD.askshestayYouradvicethattillnextweekisreasonable.A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaitedTheboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesrightaway.A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprintedC.mustbeprintedD.shouldbeprintedItwasessentialthatwe leasebeforetheendofthemonth.A.singB.singedC.hadsignedD.weresigningItisappropriatethatsometimethoroughstudyoftheresultsoftheApoilomission.A.devotestoB.devotedtoC.isdevotedtoD.bedevotedto答案與詳解A.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬。B.條件句表示與過去事實的虛擬。A.條件句表示與未來事實的虛擬。B.條件句表示與未來事實的相反。C.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。D.條件句表示與現(xiàn)在事實的虛擬。B.這個句子中含有一個省略if,把助動詞提前到主語they之前的虛擬條件句，該條件句表示對過去情況的假設，而主句中bythetimetheywerefinished表明主句也應該是對過去發(fā)生的情況的假設，因而應該選（B）wouldhavelost為正確答案。（D）這道題目是一個混合虛擬語氣的句子。條件句省略了if,把助詞had提前到主語前面,表示對過去情況的假設，而主句中now表明了對現(xiàn)在情況的假設，所以應選would（should,could,might）+動詞原形這種表達形式。四個選項中只有（D）是正確表達形式，故為正確答案。（D）untilrecently,因此（D）是正確答案，而主句是隱含的對現(xiàn)在情況的假設，該句是一個混合虛擬條件句。（B）假設的情況有時不是用-一個條件句表示，而是隱含在一個由介詞如butfor、butthat、without,由連詞but、副詞otherwise、比較級、形容詞、獨立主格等表示的上下文中。本句主句表示對過去情況的假設，但事實上由于英語考試而沒有去成，即若不是因為英語考試，我本可以去聽音樂會，所以應選Butfor為正確答案。（C）題目中的第一句話表示的是現(xiàn)在真實的情況，而第二句話中所要表達的是應該做但事實上沒有做的事，這種情況導致第一句話中真實情況的發(fā)生，故Ifonly條件句假設的是過去一種情況，因此應該用had+過去分詞，所以正確答案是（C）。D.注意主句now表示現(xiàn)在的時間狀語，所以主句是對現(xiàn)在虛擬，從句是對過去虛擬。A.從句對過去的虛擬。B.從句表示虛擬，而主句是事實。（D）it是形式賓語，urgent是賓語補足語，that引導的從句是真正的賓語從句，該從句的內容被認為是urgent（急迫的），這樣從句的謂語動詞要求用虛擬語氣形式，即should（可以省略）+動詞原形。因此，本題正確答案是（D）。（C）在表示要求、愿望、建議、請求、命令等含義的名詞同位語從句中，從句謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣形式，即should（可以省略）+動詞原形。（D）本道題目的前半句話是對過去情況的一種假設，但事實上并沒有發(fā)生，而事實上沒有發(fā)生的真實原因是句子的后半部分由but引導的轉折句所表述的真實。因而but所引導的句子中應該用表示志過去事實相符合的表陳述的時態(tài)，即一般過去時。（B）此題要求在if從句中選擇適當的動詞形式，以主句中的動詞apologize（抱歉）來看,if從句中表達的內容應該是過去做的事，因此可以排除（A）,因為（A）是現(xiàn)在時。（C）中should+have+過去分詞結構表示本來應該做卻沒有做的事，在此不合題意。（D）選項中的might+have+過去分詞表示對過去發(fā)生的事情很不肯定的猜測，它表達的內容還不能成為事實，所以藉此道歉真是不知從何說起，因此此處也不合題意?（B）hadoffended表示當時已經發(fā)生了的動作。這是復雜條件句：apologize是現(xiàn)在，而條件句是表示對過去假設的條件句。（A）該句也是一個復雜條件句（或稱作混合虛擬條件句）。條件句表示對過去情況的假設，而主句表示對現(xiàn)在情況的假設，但事實上卻與此相反，所以正確答案應該是（A）。（A）asif引導的從句要求用虛擬語氣，表示同時或將來的情況，動詞要用過去式（be動詞用were）或would（could等）+動詞原形，本句話中指的是當時的情況，所以要用過去式,故（A）是正確答案。D.D.C.A.D.(B)hadnotoccurred表示對過去的虛擬，條件句中要用過去完成式，主句中要用should(would,could,might)+動詞原形的過去分詞。(B)hadhoped是常見的要求其后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣的句型，虛擬語氣would+動詞原形。(C)表示對過去情況的假設，主句動詞形式為would(should,could,might)+have+過去分詞，條件句為過去完成式，if可以省略，但要把had提前主語前面。(B),(D)的表達不符合英語表達習慣，所以(C)是正確答案。(A)suggest后面的從句要用虛擬語氣形式，其形式為should(可以省略)+動詞原形。A.表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬。A.asthough引導的與過去相反的虛擬。D.felt是過去式，所以該句是由asthough引導的與過去相反的虛擬。D.asif引導的與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬。A.asif引導的與過去相反的虛擬。C.(D)wouldrather后接從句要求用虛擬語氣，形式為過去式，表示對現(xiàn)在或將來的假設,或為過去完成式表示對過去的情況的假設。(C)who引導的定語從句中的現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作業(yè)已發(fā)生，所以主句中表示的虛擬是針對已經發(fā)生了的行為，所以應該用過去完成式表示對過去的虛擬。(B)(C)這是一人含蓄虛擬條件句，通過介詞短語without,表示潛在的一?種假設，而主句中的情況也早已經發(fā)生，所以是對過去情況的一種假設，因此用wouldnothavebeenachieved這一形式。(D)連sothat引導的從句中要求用虛擬語氣，表示一種假設，形式為might+動詞原形。(B)Itistimethat是一種要求從句用虛擬語氣的常見句型。虛擬語氣形式為動詞的過去式。(C)(C)otherwise用來表示一種含蓄的虛擬假設，因為是對過去(yesterday)的情況的假設，所以應該用wouldhavecome形式。(B)所給的四個選項中沒有一個表示對未來的情況的虛擬的形式should+動詞原形，或是weretodo,因此可以斷定if引導的條件句在這里最真實的條件句，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時，故(B)是正確答案。(A)這是一個混合虛擬語氣的句子，if條件句表示的是對過去情況的假設，而主句是對現(xiàn)在(now)的情況的假設，故用wouldtell形式。C.C.C.B.wouldrather弓|導的虛擬語氣其謂語用過去式。D.wouldassoon引導的虛擬語氣，其謂語動詞也用過去式.B.B.B.B.C.注意單詞otherwise引導虛擬語氣。C.同上。A.注意詞組forfearthatA.注意withoutC.C.D.B.D.A.D.[NextPage]非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結構句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細微含義。.不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別（1）動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smokingisprohibited（禁止）here.這里禁止抽煙。（抽象）Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。（具體）（2）動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經驗。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting.爬山很有趣。（經驗）Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。（經驗）（3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob..不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別（1）不定式作表語1）不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither.一次做兩件事等于未做。WhatIwouldsuggestistostartw