考研考博-英語-中央音樂學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中央音樂學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

A(n)（

）testisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredatschool.

問題1選項

A.proficiency

B.intelligence

C.psychology

D.speed

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：智力測試是對兒童學習能力的大致評估，尤其是對學校所要求的科目的學習能力。proficiency“熟練度”；intelligence“智力”；psychology“心理學”；speed“速度”。根據(jù)句意，選項B符合題意。

2.單選題

Insomecasesthemothermayalsobelimitedintermsof______abilityandemotionalcapacity.

問題1選項

A.intelligent

B.intellectual

C.intelligible

D.intangible

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項intelligent“智能的，聰明的”，B項intellectual“智力的”，C項intelligible“可理解的，明了的”，D項intangible“無形的，觸摸不到的”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞emotionalcapacity（情感能力）推測，空格部分是與之對應(yīng)的“智力”，B項符合。句意：在某些情況下，母親的智力和情感能力也可能受到限制。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

3.單選題

Whenherealizedthepolicehadspottedhim,theman（）theexitasquicklyaspossible.

問題1選項

A.madefor

B.madeout

C.madeupto

D.madeway

【答案】A

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。makefor走向，有快速移動的意思；makeout理解，辨認出；makeupto接近，奉承；makeway讓路，前進。根據(jù)句意可知，這里指快速朝出口走去。選項A符合句意。

4.單選題

Youshoulddimyourlightsinordernottodazzlethe（

）traffic.

問題1選項

A.meeting

B.facing

C.advancing

D.oncoming

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞辨析題。A選項meeting“會面，會合”；B選項facing“面朝的，對面的”；C選項advancing“前進的，年長的”；D選項oncoming“接近的，迎面而來的”。句意：為了不使迎面而來的車輛眼花繚亂，你應(yīng)該把燈調(diào)暗。選項D符合語境。

5.單選題

Manycountrieshavemadeitillegaltotalkintoahand-heldmobilephonewhiledriving.Butthelatestresearchprovidesfurtherconfirmationthatthedangerlieslessinwhatamotorist’shandsdowhenhetakesacalltheninwhattheconversationdoestohisbrain.Evenusinga“hands-free”devicecanimpairadriver’sattentiontoanalarmingextent.

MelinaKunaroftheUniversityofWarwickandToddHorowitzoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolranaseriesofexperimentsinwhichtwogroupsofvolunteershadtopayattentionandrespondtoaseriesofmovingtasksonacomputerscreenthatwerereckonedequivalentindifficultytodriving.Onegroupwasleftundistractedwhiletheotherhadtoengageinaconversationabouttheirhobbiesusingaspeakerphone.AsDr.KunarandDr.HorowitzreportinPsychonomicBulletin&Review,thosewhoweremakingtheequivalentofahands-freecallhadanaveragereactiontime212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot.That,theycalculate,wouldadd5.7meterstothebrakingdistanceofacartravelingat100kph.Theyfoundthatthegroupusingthehands-freekitmade83percentmoreerrorsintheirtasksthanthosewhowerenottalking.

Theyalsoexploredtheeffectofsimplylisteningtosomething—suchasaradioprogram.ForthistheyplayedarecordingofthefirstchapterofBramStoker’s“Dracula”.Eventhoughthetestsubjectsweretoldtopayattentionbecausetheywouldbeaskedquestionsaboutthestoryafterwards,ithadlittleeffectontheirreactiontime.Dr.Kunarreckonsthathavingtothinkaboutresponsesduringaphoneconversationcompetesforthebrain’sresourcesinawaythatlisteningtoamonologuedoesnot.TheresearchledbyFrankDrewsoftheUniversityofUtahsuggeststhesamethingistrueoftheidlechatterofapassenger.

Punishingpeopleforusinghand-heldgadgetswhiledrivingisdifficultenough,eventhoughtheycanbeseenfromoutsidethecar.Stoppingpeoplemakinghands-freecallswouldprobablybeimpossible—especiallybecausemoreandmorevehiclesarenowbeingfittedwiththenecessaryequipmentasstandard.Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoffaltogetherwhentheygetbehindthewheelmightbetheonlyanswer.Whoknows,theymightevencometoenjoynothavingtotakecalls.Andthey’llbemorelikelytoarriveinonepiece.

1.Whichbodypartismostaffectedbytalkingintoacellphonewhendriving?

2.InKunarandHorowitz’sexperiment,thesubjectswhoperformtaskswhiletalking____.

3.AccordingtoFrankDrews,listeningtoapassengertalking____.

4.Thelawforbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving____.

5.Thebesthopeofstoppingpeopleusinghands-freephoneslieswith____.

6.Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.

問題1選項

A.Hands.

B.Feet.

C.Eyes.

D.Thebrain.

問題2選項

A.reactedmorequicklyandmadefewermistakes

B.reactedmorequicklyandmademoremistakes

C.reactedmoreslowlyandmadefewermistakes

D.reactedmoreslowlyandmademoremistakes

問題3選項

A.affectsdriversmorethanaphoneconversation

B.affectsdriversmorethanlisteningtoastory

C.haslesseffectonthedriversthanaphoneconversation

D.haslesseffectonthedriversthanlisteningtoastory

問題4選項

A.isnecessaryandfeasible

B.hasbeenfrequentlybroken

C.willarouseheateddebate

D.hasbeenwidelyobserved

問題5選項

A.thelawmakers

B.carmanufacturers

C.driversthemselves

D.newtechnology6.Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.

問題6選項

A.informpeopleofthedangerofusingphoneswhiledriving

B.callonlawmakerstomakenewlawsontheuseofcellphones

C.offersuggestionsfordriverswhousecellphonewhiledriving

D.weighthebenefitsandharmsofusingphoneswhiledriving

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】1.【選項釋義】

Whichbodypartismostaffectedbytalkingintoacellphonewhendriving?身體的哪個部位受開車時對著手機說話的影響最大？

A.Hands.A.手

B.Feet.B.腳

C.Eyes.C.眼睛

D.Thebrain.D.大腦

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞talkingintoacellphonewhendriving定位到原文第一段第二句，這句話講到“最新的研究（thelatestresearch）進一步證實，危險不在于司機打電話時手的動作，而在于談話對大腦（hisbrain）的影響”，由此可知開車時打電話對大腦的影響最大，D選項“大腦”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“手”，原文雖然提到了手的影響，但是對大腦的影響更大，該選項屬于本末倒置；

B選項“腳”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有；

C選項“眼睛”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

2.【選項釋義】

InKunarandHorowitz’sexperiment,thesubjectswhoperformtaskswhiletalking____.在Kunar和Horowitz的實驗中，做任務(wù)時說話的實驗對象____。

A.reactedmorequicklyandmadefewermistakesA.反應(yīng)更快，犯的錯誤更少

B.reactedmorequicklyandmademoremistakesB.反應(yīng)更快，犯的錯誤更多

C.reactedmoreslowlyandmadefewermistakesC.反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更少

D.reactedmoreslowlyandmademoremistakesD.反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更多

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞KunarandHorowitz’sexperiment定位到原文第2段。本段介紹兩人的實驗，第3句說到“那些撥打相當于免手電話的人的平均反應(yīng)時間比沒有接聽電話的人慢212毫秒（212millisecondsslowerthanthosewhowerenot）”，由此可知，做任務(wù)時說話的人反應(yīng)更慢；本段最后一句說到“他們發(fā)現(xiàn)使用免提工具的小組比不說話的小組多出83%的錯誤（made83percentmoreerrors）”，由此可知，做任務(wù)時說話的人犯的錯誤更多，綜上所述，D選項“反應(yīng)更慢，犯的錯誤更多”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項均與原文不符，屬于曲解原文。

3.【選項釋義】

AccordingtoFrankDrews,listeningtoapassengertalking____.根據(jù)FrankDrews的觀點，聽乘客講話____。

A.affectsdriversmorethanaphoneconversationA.比電話交談對司機的影響更大

B.affectsdriversmorethanlisteningtoastoryB.比聽故事對司機的影響更大

C.haslesseffectonthedriversthanaphoneconversationC.比電話交談對司機的影響更小

D.haslesseffectonthedriversthanlisteningtoastoryD.比聽故事對司機的影響更小

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞FrankDrews定位到原文第3段最后一句，這句話說“FrankDrews的研究表明，乘客的閑聊也是如此（thesame）?！睋?jù)此，往前定位文中介紹的前一個實驗的實驗結(jié)論。前一句說到“Kunar博士認為，電話交談時，思考對方的反應(yīng)會競爭大腦資源（competesforthebrain’sresources），而聽一段獨白則不會（listeningtoamonologuedoesnot）”，由此可知，該實驗的結(jié)論是，聽一段獨白對大腦的影響比電話交談小。而FrankDrews認為乘客的閑聊也是如此，即乘客的閑聊對司機的影響也比電話交談小，C選項“比電話交談對司機的影響更小”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“比電話交談對司機的影響更大”，與原文意思相反，屬于反向干擾；

B選項“比聽故事對司機的影響更大”，原文并未有“聽故事”和“與乘客閑聊”兩者之間的比較，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“比聽故事對司機的影響更小”，原文并未有“聽故事”和“與乘客閑聊”兩者之間的比較，該選項屬于無中生有。

4.【選項釋義】

Thelawforbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving____.法律禁止在開車時使用手持電話____。

A.isnecessaryandfeasibleA.是必要和可行的

B.hasbeenfrequentlybrokenB.經(jīng)常被違反

C.willarouseheateddebateC.將引起激烈的爭論

D.hasbeenwidelyobservedD.已經(jīng)被廣泛遵守

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞forbiddingtheuseofhand-heldphoneswhendriving定位到原文最后一段。本段第一句說到“懲罰那些在開車時使用手持設(shè)備的人已經(jīng)夠困難的了（difficultenough），即使他們可以從車外看到?！庇纱丝芍?，即使警察看到開車的司機用手持設(shè)備打電話，懲罰他們也很困難，說明這種現(xiàn)象很常見。本文第一句說到“許多國家已經(jīng)規(guī)定開車時對著手持手機打電話是違法的（illegal）?！本C上，B選項“禁止在開車時使用手持電話的法律經(jīng)常被違反”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“是必要和可行的”，原文說懲罰那些違反該法律的人很困難，說明這個法律實行很困難，并不可行，選項表述錯誤，屬于曲解原文；

C選項“將引起激烈的爭論”，原文并沒有相關(guān)表述，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“已經(jīng)被廣泛遵守”，與原文表述相反，屬于反向干擾。

5.【選項釋義】

Thebesthopeofstoppingpeopleusinghands-freephoneslieswith____.阻止人們使用免提電話的最大希望在于____。

A.thelawmakersA.法律制定者

B.carmanufacturersB.汽車工廠

C.driversthemselvesC.司機自己

D.newtechnologyD.新的技術(shù)

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞stoppingpeopleusinghands-freephones定位到原文最后一段。本段倒數(shù)第2句說到“唯一的解決辦法（theonlyanswer）可能是說服人們在開車時關(guān)掉手機（Persuadingpeopletoswitchtheirphonesoff）?！庇纱丝芍?，阻止人們使用免提電話的最大希望在于說服司機自己關(guān)掉手機，C選項“司機自己”表述正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“法律制定者”，關(guān)于禁止使用手持電話的法律都很難實行，靠法律制定者制定法律阻止使用免提電話也不可行。

B選項“汽車工廠”，原文最后一段第2句說到“現(xiàn)在越來越多的車輛配備了使用免提電話必要的設(shè)備（fittedwiththenecessaryequipment）”，因此，汽車工廠是支持使用免提設(shè)備的。

D選項“新的技術(shù)”，原文并未提及，屬于無中生有。

6.【選項釋義】

Thepurposeofthepassageisto____.本文的目的是為了____。

A.informpeopleofthedangerofusingphoneswhiledrivingA.告知人們開車時使用手機的危險

B.callonlawmakerstomakenewlawsontheuseofcellphonesB.呼吁立法者制定關(guān)于使用手機的新法律

C.offersuggestionsfordriverswhousecellphonewhiledrivingC.為開車時使用手機的司機提供建議

D.weighthebenefitsandharmsofusingphoneswhiledrivingD.權(quán)衡開車時使用手機的好處和壞處

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】本文一共4段，第一段提出觀點“打電話影響司機的大腦，開車時打電話，即使是免提電話也很危險”；第2-3段分別介紹兩個實驗證明打電話對司機大腦的影響；第4段說讓司機開車時不打電話只能靠司機自己。本文主體1-3段都在說開車時打電話很危險，因此，本文的目的是A選項“告知人們開車時使用手機的危險”。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“呼吁立法者制定關(guān)于使用手機的新法律”，最后一段提到用法律解決這個問題很困難，幾乎不可能，所以作者的目的不會是呼吁立法者制定相關(guān)法律，屬于曲解原文；

C選項“為開車時使用手機的司機提供建議”，本文并未涉及提建議的內(nèi)容，該選項不是本文的目的，屬于無中生有；

D選項“權(quán)衡開車時使用手機的好處和壞處”，本文只提到了壞處，沒有提到好處，所以本文的目的不是權(quán)衡利弊，該選項屬于曲解原文。

6.單選題

Asthesilentfilm（）sound,sodidthesoundfilm（）color.

問題1選項

A.cryoutfor;cryoutfor

B.criedoutfor;criedoutfor

C.hadcriedoutfor;cryoutfor

D.hadcriedoutfor;criedoutfor

【答案】C

【解析】考查語法知識。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，后半句為部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，助動詞did提到了主語前面，所以第二空應(yīng)填動詞原形，由此可排除選項B和選項D。前半句描述的事情發(fā)生在后半句之前，因此時態(tài)應(yīng)使用過去完成時表示，所以選項C正確。句意“正如無聲電影迫切需要聲音一樣，有聲電影也迫切需要色彩。”

7.填空題

Peoplewithdepressionmayhavelowself-esteem,asenseofhopelessnessaboutthefuture,andalackofinterestinpeopleandactivitiesoncefound________.(pleasure)

【答案】pleasurable

【解析】【考查點】形容詞。

【解題思路】oncefound________是修飾peopleandactivities的后置定語，指的是曾經(jīng)讓抑郁癥患者感到愉快的人和活動，橫線所在內(nèi)容修飾peopleandactivities，應(yīng)為形容詞，pleasurable的意思為“愉快的”，符合語境。

【句意】抑郁癥患者可能自尊心較低，對未來感到絕望，對曾經(jīng)令其愉快的人和活動缺乏興趣。

8.單選題

Hisideasareinvariablycondemnedas（

）byhiscolleagues.

問題1選項

A.imaginative

B.ingenious

C.impractical

D.denied

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。imaginative“富于想象力的，有創(chuàng)造力的”；ingenious“有獨創(chuàng)性的，機靈的”；impractical“不切實際的”；denied“否定”。由“condemned譴責”可知此空應(yīng)填貶義詞，故C項符合題意。句意：他的想法總是被同事們指責為不切實際。

9.單選題

Itisapparentthatwinningthescholarshipis（）ofone’sintelligenceinthefieldofphysics.

問題1選項

A.parallelism

B.alliteration

C.testimony

D.rhythm

【答案】C

【解析】名詞辨析。parallelism平行，對應(yīng)；alliteration頭韻；testimony證詞，證明；rhythm節(jié)奏，韻律。句意:獲得獎學金應(yīng)該是一個人智力的。故C項符合句意。

10.單選題

Withthepossibleexceptionofequalrights,perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.

Theargumentadvancedbythoseopposedtothedeathpenaltyisthatitiscruelandinhumanpunishment,thatitisthemarkofabadsocietyandfinallythatitisofquestionableeffectivenessasadeterrenttocrimeanyway.

Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.Throughoutrecordedhistorytherehavealwaysbeenthosepeculiarpersonsineverysocietywhomadeterriblecrimessuchasmurder.Butsomearemoredangerousthanothers.

Forexample,itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.Thus,murder,likeallothercrimes,isamatterofrelativedegree.Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.

Thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimemaybeopentodiscussion.Butthemajorityofpeoplebelievethatthedeathpenaltyprotectsthem.Theirbeliefisprovedbythefactthatthedeathpenaltypreventsmurder.Forexample,from1954to1963,whenthedeathpenaltywascarriedoutfromtimetotimeinCalifornia,themurderrateremainedbetweenthreeandfourmurdersforeach100,000population.Since1964thedeathpenaltyhasbeendoneonlyonce,andthemurderratehasrisento10.4murdersforeach100,000population.Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.Ifthelawaboutdeathpenaltyisvetoed,somepeoplewillbemurdered—somewhoselivesmayhavebeensavedifthedeathpenaltywereineffect.Thisisreallyalifeordeathmatter.Thelivesofthousandsofpeoplemustbeprotected.

1.Theprincipalpurposeofthispassageisto（

）.

2.Theauthor’sresponsetothosewhourgethedeathpenaltyforallislikelytobe（

）.

3.AccordingtoParagraph4,itcanbeinferredthat（

）.

4.Thepassageattemptstoestablisharelationshipbetween（

）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowards“deathpenalty”is（

）.

問題1選項

A.speakforthemajority

B.initiateaveto

C.criticizethegovernment

D.argueforthevalueofthedeathpenalty

問題2選項

A.negative

B.friendly

C.supportive

D.hostile

問題3選項

A.thedeathpenaltyisthemostcontroversialissueintheUnitedStatestoday

B.thesecondtypeofmurderersshouldbesentencedtodeath

C.thevetoofthebillreestablishingthedeathpenaltyisoflittleimportance

D.thevalueofthedeathpenaltyasadeterrenttocrimeisnottobedebated

問題4選項

A.themurderrateandtheimpositionofthedeathpenalty

B.theeffectsofexecutionandtheeffectsofisolation

C.theimportanceofequalrightsandthatofthedeathpenalty

D.executionsandmurders

問題5選項

A.opposing

B.supporting

C.neutral

D.sarcastic

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句，“…perhapsthemostheatedargumentacrosstheUnitedStatestodayisthedeathpenalty.”，可知死刑是討論最激烈的話題，所以文章的主題為死刑。又根據(jù)下文，“Manyarguethatitisaneffectivedeterrenttomurder,whileothersthinkthereisnoenoughproofthatthedeathpenaltyreducesthenumberofmurders.”，可知許多人肯定死刑的價值，認為死刑是對謀殺罪的有效震懾，而另一些人則認為死刑沒有多大的價值，因為沒有足夠的證據(jù)證明死刑的實施減少了謀殺的數(shù)量。又根據(jù)文章第三段，“Inouropinion,thedeathpenaltyisanecessaryaction.”，可知作者認為死刑是一項必要的舉措。綜上可知，整篇文章的主要目的在于為死刑的價值作辯護。選項D符合題意。

2.觀點態(tài)度題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“itisonethingtotakethelifeofanotherintimeofblindanger,butquiteanothertocoldlyplanandcarryoutthemurderofoneormorepeopleinthestyleofabutcher.….Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”，可知一種是在盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命，一種是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策劃和實施對一個或多個人的謀殺。前者可以僅僅通過社會隔離的方式受懲罰，而后者則不然。可知作者認為要根據(jù)謀殺程度來選擇死刑。所以作者對那些主張對所有人判處死刑的人的反應(yīng)很可能是否定的。選項A符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Whileitcouldbearguedwithsomereasonthatthecriminalinthefirstinstanceshouldbemerelykeptfromsociety,suchshouldnotbethefateofthelattertypemurderer.”，第一種謀殺罪犯（盲目憤怒的時候奪走別人的生命）應(yīng)該僅僅被社會隔離，而第二種冷酷地策劃和實施對一個或多個人的謀殺的罪犯不應(yīng)該僅僅被隔離，而是應(yīng)該被處以死刑?？膳袛喑龅诙悮⑷朔笐?yīng)該被處以死刑。選項B符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Thesharpclimbinthestate’smurderrate,whichbeganwhenkillingsstopped,doesnothappenbychance.Itcertainlyshowsthatthedeathpenaltydoesdetermanymurderers.”，可知本段用加利福尼亞的例子得出結(jié)論。本州謀殺率的上升并非偶然，是死刑停止實施的結(jié)果，可以清楚地表明，死刑確實制止了許多謀殺的念頭?？膳袛喑鲎髡呦胍懻摰氖撬佬痰膶嵤┖椭\殺率的關(guān)系。選項A符合題意。

5.觀點態(tài)度?？v觀全文，作者首先在第三段表明自己的觀點“死刑是一項必要的舉措”，然后在下文通過論述和實例證明，死刑的實施確實有助于抑制謀殺率。可判斷出作者對于實施死刑的態(tài)度是支持的。選項B符合題意。

11.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Mostpeoplebenefitfrominternationaltrade,forthesamegeneralreasonsthatmostpeoplebenefitfromthedivisionoflaborwithinnationsandwithinlocalities.Byparticipatinginabroadercommunitywithinwhichindividualsandgroupssellwhattheycanproducewiththegreatest(comparative)efficiency,peoplecansecureafargreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsthaneachindividualcouldpossiblyobtainifhehadtoproduceeveryonehimself.Thereare,ofcourse,manyinstanceswhenblockingorlimitingtradecanbringadvantagestoparticulargroupsattheexpenseofthebroadersociety.Butthemorethesegroupssucceedinenforcingsuchrestrictions,thelowerthestandardoflivingandtheslowerthepaceofeconomicgrowthforthecommunityasawhole.

Aswithcommunities,sotoowithnations.Specificinterestscangainfromimportrestrictionsandeconomictheoryevenrecognizescasesinwhichatradebarriermightleaveanentirenationbetteroffalbeitattheexpenseofothernations.Inmostcircumstances,however,opentrade--bymaximizingeconomicefficiency—enhancesthewelfareandthestandardoflivingofthenationandofthewiderworld.

【答案】大多數(shù)人從國際貿(mào)易中獲益，這跟大多數(shù)人從國家內(nèi)部和地方內(nèi)部的分工中獲益的原因大致相同。通過參與一個更廣泛的社區(qū)，這個社區(qū)中個人與團體以最高的（相對）效率出售他們所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，人們獲得的商品數(shù)量與種類遠遠超過自己能生產(chǎn)的。當然，在很多情況下，組織或者限制貿(mào)易能夠給某些特定群體帶來好處，代價是整個社會的利益。但是，這些團體越是成功地執(zhí)行這些限制，整個社區(qū)的生活水平就越低，經(jīng)濟增長的速度就越慢。

社區(qū)如此，國家也是如此。特定的利益能夠從進口限制中獲得，經(jīng)濟理論甚至承認，在某些情況下，貿(mào)易壁壘可能常會使國家經(jīng)濟變得更好，盡管是以別國利益為代價。然而，在大多情況下，開放貿(mào)易——通過最大化經(jīng)濟效率——提高國家和更廣泛世界的福利和生活水平。

12.單選題

Whenglobalwarmingfinallycame,itstuckwithavengeance.Insomeregions,temperaturesroseseveraldegreesinlessthanacentury.Sealevelsshotupnearly400feet,floodingcoastalsettlementsandforcingpeopletomigrateinland.DesertsspreadthroughouttheworldasvegetationshifteddrasticallyinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease.Theadaptationwasfarming:theglobal-warmingcrisisthatgaverisetoithappenedmorethan10,000yearsago.

AsenvironmentalistsconveneinRiodeJaneirothisweektopondertheglobalclimateofthefuture,earthscientistsareinthemidstofarevolutioninunderstandinghowclimatehaschangedinthepastandhowthosechangeshavetransformedhumanexistence.Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears.

Mostimportantly,scientistsarebeginningtorealizethattheclimaticchangeshavehadamajorimpactontheevolutionofthehumanspecies.Newresearchnowsuggeststhatclimateshiftshaveplayedakeyroleinnearlyeverysignificantturningpointinhumanevolution:fromthedawnofprimates（靈長目動物）some65millionyearsagotohumanancestorsrisinguptowalkontwolegs,fromthehugeexpansionofthehumanbraintotheriseofagriculture.Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit.

ThenewresearchhasprofoundimplicationsfortheenvironmentalsummitinRio.Amongotherthings,thefindingsdemonstratethatdramaticclimatechangeisnothingnewforplanetEarth.Thebenign（宜人的）globalenvironmentthathasexistedoverthepast10,000years—duringwhichagriculture,writing,citiesandmostotherfeaturesofcivilizationappeared—isamerebrightspotinamuchlargerpatternofwidelyvaryingclimateovertheages.Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity.

1.Farmingemergedasasurvivalstrategybecausemanhadbeenobliged（）.

2.Earthscientistshavecometounderstandthatclimate（）.

3.Scientistsbelievethathumanevolution（）.

4.Evidenceofpastclimaticchangesindicatesthat（）.

5.Themessagetheauthorwishestoconveyinthepassageisthat（）.

問題1選項

A.togiveuphisformerwayoflife

B.toleavethecoastalareas

C.tofollowtheever-shiftingvegetation

D.toabandonhisoriginalsettlement

問題2選項

A.isgoingthroughafundamentalchange

B.hasbeengettingwarmerfor10,000years

C.willeventuallychangefromhottocold

D.hasgonethroughperiodicalchanges

問題3選項

A.hasseldombeenaccompaniedbyclimaticchanges

B.hasexertedlittleinfluenceonclimaticchanges

C.haslargelybeenaffectedbyclimaticchanges

D.hadhadamajorimpactonclimaticchanges

問題4選項

A.humanactivitieshaveacceleratedchangesofEarth’senvironment

B.Earth’senvironmentwillremainmilddespitehumaninterference

C.Earth’sclimateisboundtochangesignificantlyinthefuture

D.Earth’sclimateisunlikelytoundergosubstantialchangesinthefuture

問題5選項

A.humancivilizationremainsgloriousthoughitisaffectedbyclimaticchanges

B.mankindisvirtuallyhelplessinthefaceofthedramaticchangesofclimate

C.manhastolimithisactivitiestoslowdowntheglobalwarmingprocess

D.humancivilizationwillcontinuetodevelopinspiteofthechangesofnature

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。第—段指出:Afterdrivingmanyoftheanimalsaroundthemtonearextinction,peoplewereforcedtoabandontheiroldwayoflifeforaradicallynewsurvivalstrategythatresultedinwidespreadstarvationanddisease(在迫使自己周邊的很多動物幾乎絕滅后，人類被迫放棄舊的生活方式而選擇導致大范圍饑荒和疾病的全新生存策略),因此選A:放棄自己向前的生活方式。

2.判斷推理題。第二段指出:Researchershavebeguntopiecetogetheranilluminatingpictureofthepowerfulgeologicalandastronomicalforcesthathavecombinedtochangetheplanet’senvironmentfromhottocold,wettodryandbackagainoveratimeperiodstretchingbackhundredsofmillionsofyears(研究者己開始去拼湊一副有啟示性的圖片，展示了強大的地質(zhì)和天文力量，這些力量共同改變了地球的環(huán)境，從熱到冷，從濕到干，再到幾億年前的某個時期)。由此可知D“已經(jīng)歷階段性的變化”正確。

3.細節(jié)事實題。第三段指出:Indeed,thehumanhistoryhasnotbeenmerelytouchedbyglobalclimatechange,somescientistsargue,ithasinsomeinstancesbeendrivenbyit(一些科學家認為，人類的歷史確實不僅受全球氣候變化的影響，且在某些情況下還受到它的推動),由此可知C項“很大程度上受氣候變化的影響”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity(事實上，過去氣候變化的形式顯示，甚至在沒有人類活動影響的情況下，地球的氣候在未來幾乎肯定地會經(jīng)歷急劇變化?！敝狢項“地球的氣候在將來必然會顯著地變化”正確。

5.判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Infact,thepatternofclimatechangeinthepastrevealsthatEarth’sclimatewillalmostcertainlygothroughdramaticchangesinthefuture—evenwithouttheinfluenceofhumanactivity(事實上，過去氣候變化的形式顯示，甚至在沒有人類活動影響的情況下，地球的氣候在未來幾乎肯定地會經(jīng)歷急劇變化),由此可知作者想要傳遞的信息是:人類在而對氣候的巨大變化吋實際上是無助的。

13.翻譯題

Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseandwriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

1.Itisexpectedthatmemberswillacceptthesanitarymeasuresofothersasequivalentiftheexportingcountrydemonstratestotheimportingcountrythatitsmeasuresachievetheimportingcountry'sappropriatelevelofhealthprotection.

2.Beinganonymousonthewebalsomakesitpossibleforpeopletodiscusssensitivesubjects,suchasmedicalconditionsandphysicalabuse,withouttheseactionsaffectingtheireverydaylivesinanegativeorpotentiallyharmfulway.

3.Liketiesofkinship,tiesoffriendshiparemeanttobeabsolutelybinding.ButAmericansviewfriendshipmoretentatively,subjecttochangesinintensityaspeoplemoveorchangetheirjobs.

4.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnest,wearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsare,andhowfarfrombeinganswered.

5.Managementofthecompanypridesitselfonitshistoryofexperimentingwithnewtechnologiesanditssuccessinregularlyintroducinginnovativeproducts.Managersoremployeeswhohaveagoodideaareencouragedto“runwithit".

【答案】1.如果出口國向進口國證明其措施達到了進口國健康保護的適當標準，那么預計成員國將把其他成員國的衛(wèi)生措施當成對應(yīng)物來接受。

2.在網(wǎng)上匿名也使人們有可能討論敏感話題，如醫(yī)療條件和身體虐待，而這些行為不會以消極或潛在有害的方式影響他們的日常生活。

3.就像親情的紐帶一樣，友誼的紐帶是絕對有約束力的。但美國人認為隨著人們的搬遷或調(diào)換工作而有深淺變化的友誼更具有暫時性。

4.既然我們已經(jīng)開始認真地探索，那么我們會看到這些問題是多么巨大且距離解答它們有多遠。

5.公司管理部門以自己試用新技術(shù)的歷史和成功地定期推出新產(chǎn)品為傲。有好想法的管理者或雇員被鼓勵去“按照自己的好想法去做”。

14.問答題

Thepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.

(1)Well,almostcertain.

Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.(2)Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.

Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.(3)Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.

Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedtotheattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.

Whatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituation?Onepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthestudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.

Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,“Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.”(4)Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremelydifficulttogoupthechainofcommand.

Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.(5)Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback—positiveandnegative—abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoftheirrotation.

Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnon-confrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatient’sbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.

【答案】答：

1.Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor.

2.Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians.

3.Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly.

4.Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand.

5.Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation.

【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，幾乎可以肯定。原文這一句是對上文的肯定，上文提到Themedi