考研考博-英語-信陽師范學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-信陽師范學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Ⅲ.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw

RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,anti-distortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.

Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.

CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?

2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?

3.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?

4.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

B.Theelectionresultshouldbepublished.

C.People’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.

D.Theelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Peopledonotvotedirectly.

B.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.

C.Thereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.

D.TheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Whenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.

B.Agovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.

C.Legislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.

D.Whenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Itsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.

B.ItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.

C.Itdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.

D.Itjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?，不能有腐?。┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“每個(gè)人都有平等的機(jī)會(huì)被代表”，B選項(xiàng)“選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)該公布”，C選項(xiàng)“人們的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該不加改變地提出”原文都有提及；D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選的代表應(yīng)該以‘清白的雙手’履行他們的職責(zé)”原文未涉及。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。定位到原文第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.（在話語民主中，與直接民主不同，輿論總是在演變；它沒有做出公民可以對(duì)其施加平等影響的決定）以及對(duì)比第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位選民有權(quán)在選舉其代表方面具有同等的影響力；選舉結(jié)果應(yīng)透明、不扭曲人民的意見；選舉產(chǎn)生的代表應(yīng)該發(fā)揮適當(dāng)?shù)淖饔茫荒苡懈瘮。┛芍窨梢詫?duì)其施加平等影響意味著公民能夠直接投票，以及這兩者之間的區(qū)別在于是否直接投票，選A選項(xiàng)“人們不直接投票”；根據(jù)第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.（在話語民主中，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，因此沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)）可知先是公眾輿論從來沒有代表性，導(dǎo)致沒有衡量扭曲的基準(zhǔn)，公眾輿論從來沒有代表性是主要原因，C選項(xiàng)“沒有基準(zhǔn)來衡量民意是否被扭曲”邏輯關(guān)系錯(cuò)誤；根據(jù)原文Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.（而國(guó)家保護(hù)代表角色道德不受腐敗侵害的利益最多可以算作憲法利益，與第一修正案通過話語民主保護(hù)自治完整性的利益相權(quán)衡）可知B選項(xiàng)“代表是否腐敗并不重要”，C選項(xiàng)“第一修正案的利益更重要”和原文相悖。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.（然而，如果選舉不選出關(guān)注公眾意見的代表，那么第一修正案的權(quán)利和自治價(jià)值之間的聯(lián)系就會(huì)消失）可知選A選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)選舉不選擇關(guān)注公眾意見的代表時(shí)”；根據(jù)最后一段TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.（《第一修正案》假定，個(gè)人應(yīng)自由影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容，政府將對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。我們認(rèn)為，選舉將確保政府對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)。）可知B選項(xiàng)“政府對(duì)公眾輿論做出反應(yīng)”和D選項(xiàng)“當(dāng)人們可以自由地影響公眾輿論的內(nèi)容時(shí)”能確?！兜谝恍拚浮窓?quán)利和自治價(jià)值之間的聯(lián)系；定位到最后一段開頭CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財(cái)務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狢選項(xiàng)“立法禁止公司直接從他們的公司財(cái)務(wù)中進(jìn)行獨(dú)立的競(jìng)選支出”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.（但是，“聯(lián)合公民”在得出這一結(jié)論時(shí)，未能對(duì)《第一修正案》的相關(guān)權(quán)利進(jìn)行足夠深入的分析）可知選B選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析相關(guān)的第一修正案權(quán)利”，同時(shí)可知D選項(xiàng)“它沒有分析立法目的就妄下結(jié)論”過度推斷，干擾項(xiàng)；根據(jù)最后一段最后一句CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.（“聯(lián)合公民”沒有詢問它正在考慮的競(jìng)選資金立法是否有助于維持選舉的完整性）可知C選項(xiàng)“它沒有問競(jìng)選財(cái)務(wù)法案是否正確”錯(cuò)誤，是否正確和是否有助于維持選舉的完整性是有區(qū)別的；CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“聯(lián)合公民”得出的結(jié)論是，無論是平等、扭曲還是消除腐敗，都不能被視為具有憲法強(qiáng)制性的利益，足以證明立法禁止公司從其公司財(cái)務(wù)中直接進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出是正當(dāng)?shù)模┛芍狝選項(xiàng)“它的結(jié)論是，這三種利益中沒有一種能證明禁止公司進(jìn)行獨(dú)立競(jìng)選支出的立法是正當(dāng)?shù)摹焙驮南嚆！Ｒ虼薆選項(xiàng)正確。

2.翻譯題

很多人認(rèn)為沒有兄弟姐妹的孩子很幸運(yùn)，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢缘玫轿镔|(zhì)享受和別人的注意。但是想一想獨(dú)生子女沒有隱私父母總是感覺自己有權(quán)知道發(fā)生在他或她生活中的一切。身為獨(dú)生子女的第二個(gè)缺點(diǎn)是缺少某些優(yōu)勢(shì)，而這恰恰是有兄弟姐妹的孩子所擁有的。獨(dú)生子女無法因?yàn)槭虑槌鲥e(cuò)而責(zé)備兄弟姐妹，或是索要哥哥姐姐以前曾被給予的特權(quán)。此外，獨(dú)生子女也失去了兄弟姐妹的陪伴。結(jié)果就是孤獨(dú)，以及在日后的生活中交朋友也會(huì)遇到麻煩，因?yàn)樗麄儚奈磳W(xué)過與兄弟或姐妹相處。

【答案】Manypeoplebelievethatchildrenwithoutsiblingsareverylucky,becausetheyhaveaccesstohighermaterialcomfortandmoreattentions.However,singlechildren,generallyspeaking,arenotentitledtoprivacyrightbecauseparentsalwaysthinktheymustlearnaboutwhattheirchildrenhavemetanddone.Beingsinglechildren,theywillbelackofsomeadvantagesthatthosehavingsiblingspossess,suchasblamingsiblingsforhavingdonewrongandclaimingsomeprivilegeswhichelderbrothersorsistershaveaswellasbeingaccompaniedbythem.Asaresult,fortheyfeellonelyandhavenoexperiencesgettingalongwithsiblings,singlechildrenwillencounterdifficultyinmakingfriendsinthefuture.

3.單選題

TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andtheysought,throughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearfulpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassed,someritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.

Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,andwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe“actingarea”andthe“auditorium”.Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeingsandmimedthedesiredeffect—successinhuntorballet,thecomingrain,therevivalofthesun—asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.

Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisview,tales(aboutthehunt,war,ofother-feats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthataretheimitationofanimalmovementsandsounds.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whataspectofdramadoestheauthordiscussinthefirstparagraph?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacommonelementoftheatreandritual?

4.Theword“considerable”underlinedinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto“（

）".

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemaindifferencebetweenritualanddrama?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theoriginsoftheatre.

B.Theroleofritualinmodemdance

C.Theimportanceofstorytelling

D.Thevarietyofearlyreligiousactivities.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereasondramaisoftenunpredictable.

B.Theseasonsinwhichdramaswereperformed.

C.Theconnectionbetweenmythsanddramaticplots.

D.Theimportanceofcostumesinearlydrama.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Dance.

B.Costumes.

C.Music

D.Magic.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thoughtful

B.substantial

C.relational

D.ceremonial

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Ritualusesmusicwhereasdramadoesnot.

B.Ritualisshorterthandrama.

C.Ritualrequiresfewerperformersthandrama.

D.Ritualhasareligiouspurposeanddramadoesnot.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。題干詢問‘這篇文章主要討論什么?’。文章前兩段介紹了一種被廣泛接受的一個(gè)理論，即戲劇是從儀式演變而來的。在最后一段還介紹了兩種有關(guān)戲劇起源的不同理論，一個(gè)是認(rèn)為戲劇起源于人類對(duì)講故事的興趣，另一個(gè)將戲劇的起源追溯到舞蹈。所以全文圍繞著“戲劇的起源”這一主題展開，A選項(xiàng)‘戲劇的起源’正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘作者在第一段中討論了戲劇的哪些方面?’。根據(jù)文章第一段中的最后一句“Astimepassed,someritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.隨著時(shí)間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱為神話的故事流傳下來，為藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材?！贝_定作者在文章第一段討論了神話和戲劇情節(jié)之間的關(guān)系，所以C選項(xiàng)‘神話和戲劇性情節(jié)之間的聯(lián)系’正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干詢問‘以下哪一項(xiàng)不被提及為戲劇和儀式的共同元素?’。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句“Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.那些相信戲劇是由儀式演變而來的人也認(rèn)為，這些儀式包含了戲劇的種子，因?yàn)橐魳?、舞蹈、面具和服裝幾乎總是被使用?！贝_定A‘舞蹈’、B‘服裝’和C‘音樂’都有提及，D選項(xiàng)的“巫術(shù)”沒有提及，符合題意。

4.詞匯題。題干詢問‘第2段下劃線的“considerable”一詞在意義上最接近…’。“considerable”出現(xiàn)在文章第二段第三句話中，修飾名詞“importance重要性”，句意是‘由于在儀式的制定過程中避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生受到了……重視，宗教領(lǐng)袖通常承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)任務(wù)?！鶕?jù)“avoidingmistakes避免錯(cuò)誤”以及“religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask通常是宗教領(lǐng)袖來承擔(dān)該項(xiàng)任務(wù)”可以確定B選項(xiàng)‘大量的’。正確

5.推理判斷題。題干詢問‘根據(jù)這篇文章，儀式和戲劇的主要區(qū)別是什么?’。根據(jù)第二段第一句“Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.那些相信戲劇是由儀式演變而來的人也認(rèn)為，這些儀式包含了戲劇的種子，因?yàn)橐魳?、舞蹈、面具和服裝幾乎總是被使用。”確定A選項(xiàng)‘儀式用音樂，而戲劇不用’不正確。B項(xiàng)“宗教儀式比戲劇短”與C項(xiàng)“宗教儀式相比戲劇有更少的表演者”在文中沒有提及；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中“Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.最終，這種戲劇性的表現(xiàn)形式從宗教活動(dòng)中分離了出來?！贝_定D項(xiàng)“宗教儀式有一個(gè)宗教目的，而戲劇沒有”正確。

4.單選題

Themostfrustratingperiodsofanydietaretheinevitable_____,whenweightloss_____ifnotstops.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.moods...accelerates

B.feasts...halts

C.holidays...contracts

D.plateaus...slows

【答案】D

【解析】名詞和動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。mood“情緒，語氣”；feast“筵席，宴會(huì)”；holiday“度假”；plateaus“高原，停滯時(shí)期”。accelerate“加速，促進(jìn)”；halt“停止”；contract“感染，訂約”；slow“放慢，阻礙”。句意：任何節(jié)食中最令人沮喪的時(shí)期是不可避免的停滯時(shí)期，如果不停止，體重下降會(huì)放慢。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.單選題

TheAmericanCivilWarwasafour-yeararmed（1）betweennorthernandsouthernsectionsoftheUnitedStates.ThefightingbeganonApril12,1861,and（2）untilMay1865.

Foralongtime（3）theCivilWar,theNorthandSouthhad（4）eachotheronmanyissues.Mostpeopleinthe（5）wantedtoabolishslavery,oratleasttostopitsspreadtonewstates,（6）theslaveownersoftheSouthheldthat（7）shouldbeallowedeverywhere.

AnotherissuethatdividedtheNorthandSouthwasa（8）one.TheNorthbelievedinastrongcentralgovernment,（9）,thefederalgovernmentshouldhavemorepowerthanthestategovernments.Mostsoutherners,（10）,regardedthenationasaunionofseparateandmoreorless（11）states.Theyheldthatastatehadtherightto（12）or“secede”fromtheUnionwhenitfeltitsintereststobethreatened.

InNovember,1860,AbrahamLincolnwas（13）the16thPresidentoftheUnitedStates.SinceLincolnhadbecomewell-known（14）thecountryforhisanti-slaveryviews,hiselectioncausedapanicamongthe（15）intheSouth.Onemonthlater,SouthCarolinasecededfrom（16）.ByFebruary1,1861,sixotherstates—Mississippi.Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,andTexas—hadtaken（17）steps.

PresidentLincolnknewthatifthese（18）stateswereallowedtoleavetheUnion,itwouldsoon（19）.Soshortlyafterhehadtakenoffice,itwasdecidedbyhiscabinetthattheUnionwastobepreserved（20）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.conflict

B.quarrel

C.battle

D.struggle

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.established

B.preserved

C.founded

D.lasted

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.after

B.before

C.until

D.to

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.disagreedwith

B.agreedto

C.agreedwith

D.disagreedto

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.North

B.South

C.CivilWar

D.Country

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.so

C.and

D.while

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.freedom

B.slavery

C.plantation

D.revolution

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.political

B.economical

C.educational

D.artificial

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.sotosay

B.however

C.thatis

D.forexample

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.asaresult

B.however

C.yet

D.in

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.dependent

B.independent

C.complete

D.incomplete

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.succeed

B.erect

C.establish

D.withdraw

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.elected

B.selected

C.chosen

D.appointed

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.throughout

C.among

D.during

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.laborparty

B.factoryowners

C.slaveowners

D.presidents

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.theUnion

B.theNorth

C.theSouth

D.theState

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.alike

B.likely

C.similar

D.related

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.six

B.two

C.live

D.seven

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.gettogether

B.burstinto

C.breakout

D.breakup

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.byforce

B.bypersuading

C.bytalking

D.byeducation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:B

第8題:A

第9題:C

第10題:B

第11題:B

第12題:D

第13題:A

第14題:B

第15題:C

第16題:A

第17題:C

第18題:A

第19題:D

第20題:A

【解析】1.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)conflict“沖突，矛盾”；B選項(xiàng)quarrel“吵架，爭(zhēng)論”；C選項(xiàng)battle“戰(zhàn)役，斗爭(zhēng)”；D選項(xiàng)struggle“斗爭(zhēng)，奮斗”。根據(jù)句意“美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)是美國(guó)北部和南部地區(qū)之間長(zhǎng)達(dá)四年的武裝沖突?！边x項(xiàng)A最符合語境。

2.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)establish“建立”；B選項(xiàng)preserve“保存”；C選項(xiàng)found“創(chuàng)立”；D選項(xiàng)last“持續(xù)”。根據(jù)原文可知，這里是說戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)從1861年4月12持續(xù)到了1865年5月，所以選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.考查介詞辨析。原文是說在美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)之前的很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，南北雙方在很多問題上就已經(jīng)存在分歧了。所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

4.考查上下文語義。根據(jù)下文的描述可以推斷出雙方應(yīng)該是存在分歧，由此可首先排除選項(xiàng)B和選項(xiàng)C；當(dāng)表示雙方意見不一致的時(shí)候用介詞with，所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

5.考查上下文語義。本段主要是講南北之間的矛盾，下文提到了南方的奴隸主，那這里指的應(yīng)該是北方的大多數(shù)人想要取消奴隸制。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

6.考查邏輯關(guān)系詞。前后形成對(duì)比并且是相反的情況，應(yīng)使用連詞while表轉(zhuǎn)折，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

7.考查上下文語義。上文提及北方大多數(shù)人想要取消奴隸制，然而南方的奴隸主們認(rèn)為奴隸制在任何地方都應(yīng)該被允許，所以選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

8.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)political“政治的”；B選項(xiàng)economical“經(jīng)濟(jì)的”；C選項(xiàng)educational“教育的”；D選項(xiàng)artificial“人造的”。根據(jù)原文可知，分裂南北方屬于政治問題，所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

9.考查連接詞。A選項(xiàng)sotosay“可以這么說，打個(gè)比方說”；B選項(xiàng)however“然而”；C選項(xiàng)thatis“也就是說，換言之”；D選項(xiàng)forexample“例如”。根據(jù)句意“北方相信一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的中央政府，（），聯(lián)邦政府應(yīng)該比州政府擁有更多的權(quán)力?！本渥拥暮蟀氩糠质菍?duì)前半部分的進(jìn)一步解釋，所以選項(xiàng)C更符合語境。

10.考查邏輯連接詞。上文提及北方相信一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的中央政府，而下文講到南方認(rèn)為這個(gè)國(guó)家是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的，或者或多或少獨(dú)立的州組成的聯(lián)盟，前后形成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以選項(xiàng)B符合語境。

11.考查上下文語義。這里是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分，根據(jù)上一句“regardedthenationasaunionofseparate把國(guó)家看作是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的聯(lián)合體”可知，后半句表示或多或少獨(dú)立的州。所以選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

12.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)succeed“繼承，接替”；B選項(xiàng)erect“豎立，建造”；C選項(xiàng)establish“建立”；D選項(xiàng)withdraw“撤退，離開”。根據(jù)句意“他們認(rèn)為，當(dāng)一個(gè)州感到自己的利益受到威脅時(shí)，它有權(quán)退出或“脫離”聯(lián)邦?！边x項(xiàng)D符合原文語境。

13.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)elect“選舉”；B選項(xiàng)select“選擇”；C選項(xiàng)choose“挑選”；D選項(xiàng)appoint“任命，委派”。根據(jù)原文可知，這里是說林肯當(dāng)選為美國(guó)第16任總統(tǒng)，選項(xiàng)A符合句意。

14.考查介詞辨析。根據(jù)句意“林肯反奴隸制的觀點(diǎn)聞名于全國(guó)”，貫穿全國(guó)用介詞throughout，選項(xiàng)B正確。

15.考查上下文語義。根據(jù)句意“他（林肯）的當(dāng)選在南部引起了恐慌。”林肯反對(duì)奴隸制，損害的是南方奴隸主的利益，所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文語境。

16.考查上下文語義。根據(jù)最后一段第一句可知，這里指脫離的是聯(lián)邦政府，所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文語境。

17.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)alike“相似的，相像的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)人長(zhǎng)得相像；B選項(xiàng)likely“可能的，合適的”；C選項(xiàng)similar“相似的”；D選項(xiàng)related“有關(guān)聯(lián)的”。根據(jù)原文可知，這里是說其他六個(gè)州也采取了類似的措施，選項(xiàng)C符合語境。

18.考查上下文語義。南卡羅來納州已經(jīng)脫離了聯(lián)邦政府，所以這里是說“如果這六個(gè)州也被允許脫離聯(lián)邦政府的話”，選項(xiàng)A符合語境。

19.考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)gettogether“聚集，積累”；B選項(xiàng)burstinto“闖入”；C選項(xiàng)breakout“爆發(fā)，突發(fā)”；D選項(xiàng)breakup“解散，衰落”。根據(jù)句意“如果這六個(gè)州也被允許脫離聯(lián)邦政府的話，聯(lián)邦很快就會(huì)分裂。”選項(xiàng)D符合原文語境。

20.考查短語辨析。A選項(xiàng)byforce“強(qiáng)迫地，靠武力”；B選項(xiàng)bypersuading“通過勸說”；C選項(xiàng)bytalking“通過談判”；D選項(xiàng)byeducation“通過教育”。根據(jù)句意“因此，在他就職后不久，他的內(nèi)閣決定通過武力來維護(hù)聯(lián)邦。”選項(xiàng)A符合原文語境。

6.單選題

Ⅳ.MichaelBrown’s2014deathinFerguson,Missourithrustpolice-officerinvolvedhomicidesintothepopularconsciousness.Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.Despitethis,officialdatasourcesarethinandunreliable.Asinotherlargecities,shootingvictimsareoverwhelminglyminorities,withBlackpersonsconstitutingover80%ofvictims.Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.Shiftingfocusinthiswaywillhelpidentifyconnectionsbetweeneverydaypolicingtacticsinminorityneighborhoods—suchasplainclothespolicingandaggressivestopandfrisk—andofficerinvolvedshootings.Thearticlealsoconcludesthatevidentiarychallengesmarposthocreviewofofficer-involvedshootings,whetheritisintheformofjudicialorcivilianreview.Thisalsounderscorestheimportanceofpreventiveregulation.

Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoneatlyandobjectivelyproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims.Claimingdisproportionalityrequiressignificantnormativejudgments.TheracialprofileofofficerinvolvedshootingvictimsintheIPRAReportsisdramaticallydisproportionatetothatofChicagoresidents.ComparableifnotquitesodramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole.ButtheIPRAReportssuggestthatthemajorityofshootingvictimswerearmedwhenshot.Thisshouldleadonetoaskwhetherthecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuringwhethershootingsareinordinatelyvisiteduponBlackandHispanicmen.Relatedisthequestionofwhatreferencepointshouldbeusedtoassesshowmanyshootingsaretoomany?Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.

1.Theunderlinedword“salient”isclosestinmeaningwith___inthesentence.

2.Whatcouldbetheintuitionreferredtobytheauthor?

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

4.Inthelastsentence,theauthorgivesanexampleofmedicalemploymenttoillustratethat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.noticeable

B.significant

C.outwards

D.jumpingout

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ManyofthevictimsareBlack.

B.Manyoftheofficershootersareminorities.

C.ManyoftheofficershootersareWhite.

D.Manyofthevictimsareminorities.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.badofficersfollowingegregiousincidentsarenotthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

B.racistmalevolenceandunconsciousbiashavenothingtodowithofficer-involvedhomicides

C.individualofficers’decision-makingisthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

D.scholarsandpolicymakersshouldnotfocusjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuring

B.establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup

C.Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims

D.ComparabledramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】1.詞義辨析題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段劃線部分句子Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.（隨后發(fā)生的一系列與警官有關(guān)的殺人案使這個(gè)問題在政治上和法律上都很重要）此處的salient表示“很突出，很重要”；A選項(xiàng)“顯而易見的，顯著的”；B選項(xiàng)“重大的（大的，重要的足以產(chǎn)生影響或引起注意的）；有效的；有意義的；值得注意的；意味深長(zhǎng)的”；C選項(xiàng)“向外地”；D選項(xiàng)“跳出”，C選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng)排除，和原文詞義不匹配，noticeable側(cè)重所描繪的事物引人注意，significant側(cè)重某事物由于特別優(yōu)秀或特別有意義而顯得重要與突出，此處significant更符合salient在句中的含義。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.（與直覺相反，許多槍擊警察的人也是少數(shù)族裔）推測(cè)出直覺為許多槍擊警察的人會(huì)是白人，選C選項(xiàng)“許多射擊警察的人是白人”；A選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是黑人”，D選項(xiàng)“許多受害者是少數(shù)民族”和受害者有關(guān)，而直覺是和槍擊警察的人有關(guān)，不匹配；B選項(xiàng)“許多槍擊警察的人都是少數(shù)民族”屬于原文中的內(nèi)容，和直覺相反，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.（學(xué)者和政策制定者應(yīng)該更加集中精力規(guī)范不良行為，而不是僅僅在發(fā)生惡劣事件后懲戒不良官員）可知選D選項(xiàng)“學(xué)者和政策制定者不應(yīng)該只關(guān)注在惡劣事件發(fā)生后懲罰壞官員”；A選項(xiàng)“糟糕的警官在發(fā)生令人震驚的事件后并不是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”第一段未明確指出；第一段Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.（這里的分析表明，無論是種族主義的惡意，還是無意識(shí)的偏見，都不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因）只是說不能完全解釋，而不是沒有任何關(guān)系，B選項(xiàng)“種族主義的惡意和無意識(shí)的偏見與警官參與的殺人案沒有任何關(guān)系，只是不能完全解釋”錯(cuò)誤；Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.（這兩種解釋框架都過于集中于個(gè)別軍官的決策，而犧牲了制度和情境的動(dòng)態(tài)）可知個(gè)人警官的決策并不能完全解釋與警察有關(guān)的槍擊事件發(fā)生的原因，C選項(xiàng)“個(gè)人警官的決策是涉及警官的殺人案的原因”太過片面。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.（例如，一名原告起訴一名醫(yī)療雇主在雇用醫(yī)生時(shí)存在種族歧視，但不能指出該雇主雇用的少數(shù)族裔人數(shù)少于其在總?cè)丝谥兴急壤┙Y(jié)合上一句話Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.（這兩個(gè)問題對(duì)任何研究反歧視法的人來說都很熟悉——建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組）可知舉例是為了說明建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)照組，選B選項(xiàng)“建立種族差異的事實(shí)需要一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)谋容^組”；A選項(xiàng)“城市的總體人口概況是衡量的適當(dāng)基準(zhǔn)”，C選項(xiàng)“沒有定量的基準(zhǔn)允許人們質(zhì)疑（或合理化）大量的黑人和西班牙裔警察參與的槍擊受害者”以及D選項(xiàng)“其他城市和整個(gè)美國(guó)都存在類似的戲劇性的種族不均衡現(xiàn)象”和原文不符合。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

GettingtotheheartofKuwaitidemocracyseemshilariouslyeasy.Armedonlywithadog-earedNEWSWEEKID,IambledthroughthegatesoftheNationalAssemblylastweek.Unscanned,unsearched,mysatchelcouldeasilyhaveheldtheoddgrenadeorananthrax-stuffedlunchbox.Theonlypersonwhostoppedmewasaguardwhogrinnedandinvitedmetotakeaswigoforangejuicefromhisplasticbottle.

WereIaKuwaitiwomanwieldingaballot,Iwouldhavebeenaclearerandmorepresentdanger.ThatverydayParliamentblockedabillgivingwomenthevote;29M.P.svotedinfavorand29against,withtwoabstentions.Unabletodecidewhetherthebillhadpassedornot,thegovernmentscheduledanothervoteintwoweeks—toolateforwomentoregisterforJune’smunicipalelections.Thenextsuchelectionsaren’tuntil2009.Insidetheelegant,marbledParliamentitself,aseaofmustachioedmeninwhiterobessatingreenseats,debatingfuriously.Therulingemirhaspushedforwomen’spoliticalrightsforyears.Ironically,thedemocraticallyelectedlegislaturehasthwartedhim.Traditionalistsandtriballeadersareopposed.Liberalsfret,too,thatIslamistswilllettheirmultiplewivesvote,swellingconservativeranks.“WhenIcametoParliamenttoday,peoplewhovotedyesdidn’tevenshakehandswithme,”saidoneShiaclerc.“Whycan’twerespecteachotherandworktogether?”

Whynotindeed?ByGulfstandards,Kuwaitisademocraticsuperstar.Itscitizensenjoyfreespeech(aslongastheydon’tinsulttheiremir,naturally)andboastaParliamentthatcanactuallypasslaws.UnliketheirSaudisisters,Kuwaitiwomendrive,workandtravelfreely.Theyrunmultibillion-dollarbusinessesandserveasambassadors.Theiracademicsuccessissuchthatcollegeshaveactuallyloweredthegradesrequiredformakestudentstogetintomedicalandengineeringcourses.Eventhen,70