新sat考試備考材料-第6部分可汗學(xué)院全真試題?？季?2套題-khan

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SharinganyquestionsisaviolationofTestSecurityandFairnesspoliciesandmayresultinyourscoresbeingReading65MINUTES,55TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthisEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanypanyinggraphics(suchasatableor最的新SAT課程,請關(guān)注Roy老師 Question1-11arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisexcerptedfromLouisaMayAlcott,RoseinBloom,originallypublishedin1876.Threeyoungmenstoodtogetheronawharfonebright OctoberdayawaitingthearrivalofanoceanerwithanimpatiencewhichfoundaventinlivelyskirmisheswithaLinesmalllad,whopervadedthepremiseslikeawill-o'-the-5andaffordedmuchamusementtotheothergroupsassembled"TheyaretheCampbells,waitingfortheircousin,whohasbeenabroadseveralyearswithheruncle,thedoctor,"whisperedoneladytoanotherasthehandsomestofthe10youngmentouchedhishattoherashepassed,luggingboy,whomhehadjustrescuedfromalittleexpeditiondownamongthe"Whichisthat?"askedthe"Prince,ashe'scalledafinefellow,the15promisingoftheseven,butalittlefast,peopleanswered speakerwithashakeofthehead."Aretheothershis"No,cousins.TheelderisArchie,amostexemplaryyoungman.Hehasjustgoneintobusinesswiththemerchant20uncleandbidsfairtobeanhonortohisfamily.Thewiththeeyeglassesandnogloves,isMac,theoddone, outofcollege.""Oh,heisJamie,theyoungestbrotherofArchibald,25thepetofthewholefamily.Mercyonusbeiniftheydon'tholdontohim!"Theladies'chatcametoasuddenendjustthere,forbythetimeJamiehadbeenfishedoutofahogshead,theerhoveinsightandeverythingelsewasforgotten.Asitswung30slowlyaroundtoenterthedock,aboyishvoiceshouted,"Theresheis!IseeherandUncleandPhebe!HoorayforCousinRose!"AndthreesmallcheersweregivenwithawillbyJamieashestoodonapostwavinghisarmslikeawindmillwhilehisbrotherheldontothetailofhisjacket. Yes,theretheywere,UncleAlecswinginghishatlikeaboy,withPhebesmilingandnoddingononesideandRosekissingbothhandsdelightedlyontheotherassherecognizedfamiliarfacesandheardfamiliar ingher40"Blessherdearheart,she'sbonnierthanever!LookslikeaMadonnadoesn'tshe?withthatbluecloakroundher,andherbrighthairflyinginthewind!"said excitedlyastheywatchedthegroupuponthedeckwi reyes."Madonnasdon'twearhatslikethat.Rosehasn't45much,butPhebehas.Why,she'saregularbeauty!"answeredArchie,staringwithallhismightatthedark-eyedyoungwomanwiththebrilliantcolorandglossyblackbraidsshininginthesun."DearoldUncle!Doesn'titseemgoodtohavehim50wasallMacsaid,buthewasnotlookingat"dearold

ashemadetheferventremark,forhesawonlytheslenderblondgirlnearbyandstretchedouthishandstomeethers,forgetfulofthegreenwatertumblingbetweenthem.Duringtheconfusionthatreignedforamomentastheersettledtohermoorings,Roselookeddownintothefourfacesupturnedtohersandseemedtoreadinthemsomethingthatbothpleasedandpainedher.Itwasonlyaglance,andherowneyeswerefull,butthroughthemistofhappytearsshereceivedtheimpressionthatArchiewasaboutthesame,thatMachaddecidedlyimproved,andthatsomethingwasamisswith.Therewasnotimeforobservation,however,forinamomenttheshorewardrushbegan,andbeforeshecouldgrasphertravelingbag,Jamiewasclingingtoherlikeanecstaticyoungbear.Shewaswithdifficultyreleasedfromhisembracetofallintot onesoftheeldercousins,whotookadvantageoft excitementto ebothbloominggirlswithaffectionateimpartiality.Thenthewandererswereborneashoreinatriumphalprocession,whileJamiedancedrapturousjigsbeforethemevenonthegangway.ArchieremainedtohelphisunclegettheluggagethroughtheCustomHouse,andtheothersescortedthedamselshome.Nosoonerweretheyshutupinacarriage,however,thananewandcuriousconstraintseemedtofallupontheyoungpeople,fortheyrealized,allatonce,thattheirformerplaymatesweremenandwomennow.11WhichchoicebestsummarizestheThepassageprovidesanexplanationofrelationshipswithinafamily.ThepassagepresentsarevelationaboutchildrengrowingThepassagecapturesaconversationregardingreunitingThepassagedescribesananecdoteabouttravelingby22Overthecourseofthepassage,theattitudeofthecousinsshiftsfrompreoccupationtoapprehensiontoanticipationtocontemplationto3Whichstatementbestcharacterizestherelationshipamongthereunitedcousins?3TheyareexcitedtogetbacktotheirordinarylivesandTheyhavechangedtoodramaticallytofindanythinginTheyoungercousinshelpputtheoldercousinsatTheirgrowinguphasputlimitationsontheir

ItcanbeinferredthatRoseis"bothpleasedandpained"whensheviewshercousinsfromtheshipbecauseshe9feelsexhaustedandconfusedafteralongjourneyby9believeshercousinsdon’trecognizehersensesthatherrelationshipwithhercousinshasconcludesthathercousins’liveshavegottenbetterwithouther.4Asusedinline3,“vent”mostnearly4

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines57–61(“It...lines64–68(“She...lines61–64(“There...lines73–76(“No...7–26(“They...him”)servesprimarily

Asusedinlines67–68,thephrase“affectionateimpartiality”mostnearlymeansTheTheconversationandthestrangerin5showhowthetownlocalstendtogossipabouttheestablishtherelationshipsamongthereunitingintroducethetraitsofthefamilymemberswhoaredemonstrate’slackofknowledgeaboutthe

6Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?6lines7–8(“They...lines14–15(“Prince...lines18–20(“The...lines24–26(“Oh...77Archie’scommentsinlines44–45(“Madonnas...beauty”)primarilyindicatethathedisagreesstronglywithfindsPhebetobethinksRoselookslikeafeelsdistractedbyRoseand88Thedescription(lines50–53)thatfollowsMac'scommentinline49("Dear...back")revealsthatMacisnotactuallypayingattentiontohisunawareofthepossibilityoffallinginthemoreexcitedtoseehisunclethanheistoseedistractedbyalltheexcitementinthe

Question12-22arebasedonthefollowingPassageadaptedfromNikhilSwaminathan,"Eat(Less)toLive(Longer),"?2007byScientificAmerican.Scientistshaveknownformorethan70yearsthattheonesurefirewaytoextendthelivesofanimalswastocutcaloriesbyaageof30to40percent.Thequestionwas:Why?Nowanewstudybeginstounravelthemysteryand

allofthemammalianSIRTgenes(andtheirproteins)arepossibledrugsfortherapiesaimedatextendinglife,aswellasstavingoffage-relatedillnesses,suchasAlzheimer'sdisease,cancersandmetabolicdisorders,likediabetes."IthinkSIRT3isthenextmostinterestingsirtuinfromadrugdevelopmentstandpoint,"Sinclairsays."Itdoesprotectcells,butthere'sgrowingevidencethatitmaymediatethebenefitsofexerciseaswell."Sinclair'slabisnowworkingondevelowhathe5mechanismbywhichreducingfoodintakeprotectscellsagainstagingandage-relateddiseases.ResearchersreportinthejournalCellthatthephenomenonislikelylinkedtotwoenzymes-SIRT3andSIRT4-inmitochondria(thecell'spowerhousethat,among10othertasks,convertsnutrientstoenergy).Theyfoundthatacascadeofreactionstriggeredbylowercaloricintakeraisesthelevelsoftheseenzymes,leadingtoanincreaseinthestrengthandefficiencyofthecellularbatteries.Byinvigoratingthemitochondria,SIRT3andSIRT4extendthe15lifeofcells,bypreventingflaggingmitochondriafromdevelotinyholes(orpores)intheirmembranesthatallowproteinsthattriggerapoptosis,orcelldeath,toseepoutintotherestofthecell."Wedidn'texpectthatthemostimportantpartof20pathwaywasinthemitochondria,"saysDavidSinclair,anassistantprofessorofpathologyatHarvardMedicalSchoolandastudyco-author."Wethinkthatwe'vepossiblyfoundregulatorsofaging."In2003Sinclair'slabpublishedapaperinNature25describedthediscoveryofagenethatswitchedonintheyeastcellinresponsetocalorierestriction,whichSinclaircallsa"masterregulatorinaging."Sincethen,hi beensearchingforan ogousgenethatplaysasimilarroleinthemammaliancell. Theresearchersdeterminedfromculturesofhumanembryonickidneycellsthatlowercaloricintakesendsasignalth tivatesageneinsidecellsthatcodesfortheThetwo-tofour-foldsurgeinNAMPTinturntriggersthe35productionofamoleculecalledNAD(nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide),whichplaysakeyroleincellularmetabolismandsignaling.TheuptickinNADlevelsactivatestheSIRT3andSIRT4genes,increasinglevelsoftheircorrespondingSIRT3and40SIRT4enzymes,whichthenfloodtheinteriorofthemitochondria.Sinclairsayshe'snotsureexactlyhowSIRT3andSIRT4beefupthemitochondria'senergyoutput,butthateventsleadingtocelldeathareattheveryleastdelayedwhentherearevasttiesoftheenzymes. SIRT3andSIRT4arepartofafamilycalledsirtuins(SIRT1,whichhelpsextendcelllifebymodulatingthenumberofrepairproteinsfixingDNAdamagebothinsideandoutsidethecell'snucleus,isalsoamember).SIRTisshortforsir-2homologue-awell-studiedproteinthatis50knowntoextendyeastcelllongevity.Accordingto

60apossible"supermouse"withelevatedlevelsofNAMPTtoseeifitliveslongerandismoredisease-resistantthannormalMattKaeberlein,apathologistattheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle,saysthat has65interestinghypothesisconnectingthemitochondriatolongevity,butthatitneedstobemoredirectlytestedinthecontextofdietaryrestriction."IftheNAMPT-overexpressingmicearelong-livedanddiseaseresistant,thatwillprovidemoresupportforthisidea."LifespanofGroupsofMiceWithDifferentLevelsofCaloricAdaptedfromWeindruchR,etal.(1986)."TheRetardationofAginginMicebyDietaryRestriction:Longevity,Cancer,Immunity,andLifetimeEnergyIntake."JournalofNutrition,April,116(4),641-54.Theauthorindicatesthatcaloricreductionextendsthelifeofamammaliancellbyturningoffthosegenesinvolvedinapoptosis,orcellforcingthemitochondriatoutilizedifferentenergysourcesforfuel.reducingtheproductionofNAD(nicotinamideadenineinitiatingaseriesofstepsthatresultsintheincreasedproductionofcertainenzymes.

Themainpurposeofthefifthparagraph(lines30–37)issuggestthatcaloricreductionhasadifferenteffectonyeastcellsthanmammaliancells.highlighttheimportantrolethatthekidneyplaysintheagingprocess.clarifytheintermediatestepsbetweencaloricreductionandimprovedmitochondrialefficiency.identifythenegativerelationshipbetweenNAMPTproductionandNADproduction.Basedonthepassage,SIRT-3andSIRT-4indirectlyaffectcelllongevitybystrengtheningthemitochondrialfixingdamagetothecell’sinitiatingcelldiminishingtheefficiencyofthecell’s

TheauthorimpliesthattheresultsofSinclair’sstudywillenablefuturescientiststoreversetheagingdiagnosepatientswithage-relatedillnessesfromanearlierage.createmicethatareessentiallymoreeffectivelytreatanumberofage-relatedWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines7–9(“Researchers...lines13–18(“By...lines38–41(“The...lines41–44(“Sinclair...

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines45–50(“SIRT...lines50–54(“According...lines59–62(“Sinclair’s...lines67–69(“If...Theauthor’suseofthewords“powerhouse”and“batteries”inthesecondparagraphservesmainlytoemphasizethatmitochondriaarethemostimportantcomponentsofthecell.suggestthatmitochondriauseanelectricalgradienttoproduceenergy.stressthatmitochondriaarethemainsourcesofenergyforthecell.implythatmitochondrianeedtoberechargedinordertofunctionefficiently.

Themainpurposeofthegraphisillustratetherelationshipbetweencaloricintakeandlongevityindifferentgroupsofmice.highlighthowcaloricreductionaffectsSIRT-3enzymeproductionindifferentgroupsofmice.suggestthatcaloricreductionaffectsmicedifferentlythanitaffectsyeast.indicatethatitislikelyimpossibletoproduceageneticallyenhanced“supermouse.”Asusedinline15,“flagging”mostnearlyHowdoestheinformationinthegraphrelatetotheauthor’sclaimthatcaloricreductionincreasesthelongevityofmammaliancells?Itsupportstheclaim,butsuggeststhatthedifferencesinlongevityaremarginalaftera25%caloricreduction.Itsupportstheclaimsincetheaveragelifespanofeachgroupofmiceincreasesascaloricreductionincreases.Itdoesnotsupporttheclaimsincethegroupofmicethatdidnothaveanycaloricreductionhadthehighestsurvivalrateafter35months.Itdoesnotsupporttheclaimsinceallfourgroupsofmicehadthesameaveragelifespan.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthegraphthat,30monthsintothestudy,allofthemiceinthe“55%caloricreduction”groupwerestillalive.allofthemiceinthe“25%caloricreduction”groupwerestillalive.approximay40%ofthemiceinthe“nocaloricreduction”groupwerestillalive.noneofthemiceinthe“nocaloricreduction”groupwerestillalive.Question23-33arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisexcerptedfromYanZhao,“Aspirin-LikeCompoundPrimesPlantDefenseAgainstPathogens,”?2014byYanZhao.Willowtreesarewell-knownsourcesofsalicylicacid,andforthousandsofyears,humanshaveextractedthecompoundfromthetree’sbarktoalleviateminorpain,fever,and

remaining53percentoftreatedplantsweresymptom-andpathogen-free40daysafterexposuretotheinfectedscions.Researcherscreditsalicylicacidwithtriggering“systemicacquired,”astateofgeneralreadinessagainstmicrobialorinsectattack.Usingtativepolymerasechainreactionprocedures,theteamalsoidentifiedthreeregulatorydefensegeneswhoseactivitywashigherintreatedplantsthaninuntreatedones.Whysalicylicacidhadthiseffectisn’tknown.Otherquestionsremainaswell,includinghowtreatedplantswillLine Now,salicylicacidmayalsoofferrelieftocropplantsbyprimingtheirdefensesagainstamicrobialmenaceknownas“potatopurpletopphytoplasma.”O(jiān)utbreaksofthecell-wall-lessbacteriuminthefertileColumbiaBasinregionofthePacificNorthwestin2002andsubsequentyearsinflicted10severeyieldandqualitylossesonpotatocrops.TheAgriculturalResearchServiceidentifiedaninsectplice-thebeetleafhopper,whichtransmitsthephytoplasmatoplantswhilefeeding.Carefullytimedinsecticideapplicationscandeter15feeding.Butonceinfected,aplantcannotbecured.Now,apromisingleadhasemerged.AnARS-UniversityofMarylandteamhasfoundevidencethatpretreatingtomatoplants,arelativeofpotato,withsalicylicacidcanpreventphytoplasmainfectionsoratleastdiminishtheirseverity.20Treatingcropswithsalicylicacidtohelpthemfendoffbacteria,fungi,andesisn’tnew,buttherearenopublishedstudiesdemonstratingitspotentialinpreventingdiseasescausedbyphytoplasmas.WeiWu,avisitingscientist,investigatedsalicylic25effects,togetherwithmolecularbiologistYanZhaoandothersatARS’sMolecularPlantPathologyLaboratoryinBeltsville,Maryland.“Thisworkreachednewfrontiersbydemonstratingthatplantscouldbebeneficiallytreatedevenbeforethey einfectedandbyfyinggeneactivity30underlyingsalicylicacid’spreventiverole,”accordingtoRobertE.Davis,thelab’sresearchleader.Forthestudy,publishedintheJuly2012AnnalsofAppliedBiology,theteamappliedtwosalicylicacidtreatmentstopottedtomatoseedlings.Theapplication35wasvpraysolution4weeksaftertheseedlingswereplanted.Thesecondwasviaarootdrench2daysbeforephytoplasma-infectedscionsweregraftedontotheplants’stemstoinducedisease.Acontrolgroupofplantswasnot Inadditiontovisuallyinspectingtheplantsforsymptoms,theteamyzedleafsamplesforthephytoplasma’suniqueDNAfingerprint,whichturnedupin94percentofsamplesfromuntreatedplantsbutinonly47percentoftreatedones.Moreover,symptomsinthe45groupwerefarmilderthaninuntreatedplants.Infact,ysisofmildlyinfectedtreatedplantsrevealedphytoplasmalevels300timesbelowthoseofuntreatedplants,meaningthatthesalicylicacidtreatmentmusthavesuppressedpathogenmultiplication.Significantly,the

60fareunderfieldconditions.Nonetheless,suchinvestigationscouldsetthestageforprovidinggrowersofpotato,tomato,andothersusceptiblecropssomeinsuranceagainstphytoplasmasinoutbreak-proneregions.Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsanoverviewofallresearchdonetodateonascientifictopictothefutureopportunitiesforstudyingthistopic.backgroundinformationneededtounderstandanexperimenttoadescriptionoftheexperimentitself.asummaryoftheexperimentsleadingtoaparticularscientificdiscoverytoaphilosophicaldiscussionofthediscovery’simplications.adescriptionofascientificinquirytoadescriptionofthepivotalmomentsinsolvingamysteryrelatedtothatTheauthormentionswillowtreesinorderarguethatonlynaturalcompoundsshouldbeusedtotreatinfectionsthathavetheirbasisinnature.showthatnaturalobjectsknownfortheiraestheticqualitiescsobesourcesofmedicine.useacolorfulandfamiliarmetaphortodrawthereaderintoadensescientificroducethetopicbyshowingthatsalicylicacidhasbeenhelpfultohumansbefore.Theword“Now”(line5)primarilyserveshighlighttherecentnatureofthescientificinterjectanoteofinformalityintoaformalsuggestthathumansnolongerperformtheactivitymentionedintheparagraph.createasenseofurgencyinthe“Promising”(line16)mostcloselypartiallyextremelypotentiallygenerallyItcanbereasonablyinferredthatthestudydiscussedinthepassagewasanextensionofotherstudiesthatexaminedtheeffectsofphytoplasma-baseddiseasesoncrops.theonlystudytoexaminethelinksbetweenpotatoesandacontinuationoftheresearchers’previousworkonbacteria,fungi,andes.oneofseveralstudiesconductedovertheyearsabouttheeffectsofsalicylicacidoncrops.

Theauthorimpliesthatresearchintotheusesofsalicylicacidtopreventphytoplasmainfectionsneedstooccurinavarietyofsettingsbeforedefinitiveclaimscanbemade.hasdemonstratedhowtopreventdiseasescausedbyphytoplasmaonfarms.hasshownhowtheacidworkstoprevent-relatedmustbefurthertestedinalaboratorysettingbeforebeingusedbyteralpublic.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines52–54(“Researchers...lines54–57(“Using...lines58–60(“Other...lines60–63(“Nonetheless...Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines15–16(“Now...lines16–19(“AnARS...lines20–23(“Treating...lines24–27(“WeiWu...

Whichchoicebestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardspotentialusesofsalicylicacidinagriculture?UnlyGenerallyCautiouslyResoluyThemainpurposeofthesixthparagraph(lines40–51istoA)describethestepsinanexperiment.presenttheresultsofanexplainwhyanexperimentwasarguethatanexperimentshouldbeTheauthorusestheinformationinlines49–51mainlytosupporttheassertionthatsalicylicacidmayhelppreventcertaincropdiseasesinvulnerableregions.furtherresearchintothemechanismsofsalicylicacidissalicylicacidcanpermanentlyeradicatephytoplasma-basedinfectionsincrops.futureexperimentsrequirecontrolgroupstodrawaccurateconclusions.Question1-11arebasedonthefollowingPassage1isexcerptedfromapublishedletterwrittenbyanauthorknownonlyastheFederalFarmer.Passage2isexcerptedfromapublishedletterbyAgrippa,thepseudonymofJames Winthropwaspartoftheanti-federalistmovement.passageswerewritteninPassage Ourobjecthasbeenallalong,toreformourfederalsystem,andtostrengthenour ernments,butanewobjectnowpresents.Theplanof ernmentnowproposedisLineevidentlycalculatedtotallytochange,intime,ourcondition5asapeople.Insteadofbeingthirteenrepublics,underfederalhead,itisclearlydesignedtomakeusone ernment.Whethersuchachangecaneverbeeffectedinanymanner;whetheritcanbeeffectedwithoutconvulsionsandcivilwars;whethersuchachangewill 10totallydestroythelibertiesofthiscountry-timeonlycanTheconfederationwasformedwhengreatconfidencewasplacedinthevoluntaryexertionsofindividuals,andofthe

PassageLetusnowconsiderhowfar[thenewsystem]isconsistentwiththehappinessofthepeopleandtheirfreedom.Itistheopinionoftheablestwritersonthesubject,thatnoextensiveempirecanbe erneduponrepublicanprinciples,andthatsucha ernmentwilldegeneratetoadespotism,unlessitbemadeupofaconfederacyofsmallerstates,eachhavingthefullpowersofinternalregulation.Thisispreciselytheprinciplewhichhashithertopourfreedom.Noinstancecanbefoundofanyfreeernmentofconsiderableextentwhichhasbeensupporteduponanyotherplan.Largeandconsolidatedempiresmayindeeddazzletheeyesofadistantspectatorwiththeirsplendour,butifexaminedmorenearlyarealwaysfoundtobefullofmisery.Thereasonisobvious.Inlargestatesthesameprinciplesoflegislationwillnotapplytoalltheparts.Thelawsnotbeingmadebythepeople,whofelttheinconveniences,didnotsuittheircircumstances.ItisundersuchtyrannythattheSpanishprovinceslanguish,andsuchwouldbeourmisfortuneanddegradation,ifweshouldsubmittohavetheconcernsofthewholeempiremanagedbyonelegislature.Topromotethehappinessofthepeopleitisnecessarythatthereshouldbelocallaws;anditisnecessarythatthoselawsshouldbemadebytherepresentativesofrespectivestates;andtheframersofit,toguard15usurpation,solimitedandcheckedthepowers.Wefind,therefore,membersofcongressurgingalterationsinthefederalsystemalmostassoonasitwasadopted.Theinterestingquestionishowfarthestatescanbeconsolidated

65thosewhoare ysubjecttothewantofItisimpossibleforonecodeoflawstosuitGeorgiaandMassachusetts.Theymust,therefore,legislateforthemselves.ThelawsofCongressareinallcasestobethesupremelawoftheland,andparamounttotheconstitutionsintoone ernmentonfreeprinciples.Thehappiness20ofthepeopleatlargemustbethegreatobjectwitheveryhoneststatesman,andhewilldirecteverymovementtothispoint.Ifwearesosituatedasapeople,asnottobeabletoenjoyequalhappinessandadvantagesunderoneernment,theconsolidationofthestatescannot 25Touchingthefederalplan,Idonotthinkmuchcanbesaidinitsfavor:Thesovereigntyofthenation,withoutcoerciveandefficientpowerstocollectthestrengthofit,cannotalwaysbedependedontoanswerthepurposes ernment;andinacongressofrepresentativesofsovereignstates,theremustnecessarilybeanunreasonablemixtureofpowersinthesamehands.Independentoftheopinionsofmanygreatauthors,thatafreeelective ernmentcannotbeextendedoverlarge35territories,afewreflectionsmustevince,thaternmentandgenerallegislationalone,nevercanextendequalbenefitstoallpartsoftheUnitedStates:Differentlaws,customs,andopinionsexistinthedifferentstates,whichbyauniformsystemoflawswouldbeunreasonablyinvaded.40UnitedStatescontainaboutamillionofsquare ,andinhalfacenturywill,probably,containtenmillionsof

oftheindividualstates.Thisnewsystemis,therefore,aconsolidationofallthestatesintoonelargemass,howeverdiversethepartsmaybeofwhichitistobecomposed.Theideaofan poundedrepublick,ona age,one inlength,andeighthundredinbreadth,andcontainingsixmillionsofinhabitantsallreducedtothesamestandardofmorals,orhabits,andoflaws,isinitselfanabsurdity,andcontrarytothewholeexperienceofmankind.Allthatpart,therefore,ofthenewsystem,whichrelatestotheinternal ernmentofthestates,oughtatoncetobeThemainpurposeofPassage1toprovideinformationaboutplanstoreformthefederalhighlightinconsistenternmentprinciplesacrossmultipleroduceplansforanewkindofernmentthatdiffersgreatlyfromthecurrentone.questionaproposaltoconsolidatepowerinasinglefederalsystem.

ItcanreasonablybeinferredfromPassage1thattheskepticalthatconsolidatingtheernmentcanoccurcuriousaboutreformingthefederalsystemofconcernedthatincreasingtheindependenceofstateswillweakenlocalernments.doubtfulthatthemajorityofpeoplewillvotefornewernmentlegislation.WhichstatementaboutthefederalernmentmostaccurayreflectsthepointofviewoftheauthorofPassage1?Thecurrentformofernmenthasbeeninplacefortoolongandincreasedconsolidationislonerdue.Theproposedchangeswouldbringaboutmorenegativeconsequencesthanmaintainingthecurrentformofernmentwould.Awell-functioningconfederationisimpossiblebecauseindependentstateswillneveragreeonpolicies.Theuniformsystemoflawsproposedbyafederalernmentwillhelpunitethecountryasonenation.WhichideaispresentedinPassage2butNOTinPassageTheproposedformoffederalernmentwillinevitablyresultintyranny.Thehappinessandlibertyofthepeopleshouldbethepriorityofanyformofernment.Thecountryistoolargeandhastoomanypeopleforafederalernmenttoruleeffectively.Itisbetterforstatestoernthemselvesduetotheirdifferencesincustoms.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines1–3(“Our...lines3–5(“The...lines5–7(“Instead...lines7–11(“Whether...Inline39,“invaded”mostnearlyByreferringtothepotential ernmentas"adespotism"line47,theauthorofPassage2impliesthattheproposalextremeandunwisebuttroublesomeandhazardousbutInexplainingtheirideasonfederal authorsmakeuseofwhichkindofevidence?HistoricalExpertHypotheticalalBothpassagesarguethatindividualwouldnotbenefitfromfollowingthesamesetof ingtoounwieldyduetolackofoneunifyingruntheriskofengaginginmultiplecivilwarsoverduplicatefunctionsandshouldbeeventually

HowwouldtheauthorofPassage2mostlikelyrespondtotheauthor’sideasaboutconsolidationofpowerinlines33–41ofPassage1?Withdisapproval,becausetheycontradicthisWithapproval,becausetheyhelpsupporthisWithcaution,becausewhiletheauthorsagreeonsomepoints,theydonotagreeonall.Withsupport,becausetheybringupanewideaabouttheWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?lines52–55(“Large...lines55–56(“In...lines62–65(“To...lines68–70(“The...Question1-11arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisadaptedfromDavidZ.Hambrick,“WinningSCRABBLEandtheNatureofExpertise,”?2015ScientificSCRABBLEhasbeenoneofthemostpopularboardgamesintheworldfordecades.And,now,asanincreasingly forscientificresearchonexpertise,itisLinegiving ogistsabetterunderstandingof5underpinningsofcomplexskillandaclearerpictureoftheoriginsofgreatness.Theoverarchinggoalofthisresearchistobetterunderstandtheinterplaybetween“software”and“hardware”aspectsofthecognitivesystem.Softwarefactorsincludeknowledgeandskillsthatareacquiredthrough10experience,whereashardwarefactorsincludegenetically-influencedabilitiesandcapacities.SCRABBLEisidealforresearchonhowthesefactorsinteractnotonlybecauseitisrelativelyeasytofindresearchparticipantsfromawiderangeofskill,butbecauseitcanbeimportedintothelab. ThebasicgoalofSCRABBLEistocreateintersectingwordsbyplacingletteredtilesonaboardcontaininga15x15grid.Knowledgeis,ofcourse,criticalforsuccessinthistask.Ifyouwantto eagreatSCRABBLEplayer,andforemost,youhavetoknowalotofwords.Youalso20needtobeadeptatidentifyingpote