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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川外國語大學(xué)重慶南方翻譯學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題
Japanesefirmshaveachievedthehighestlevelsofmanufacturingefficiencyintheworldautomobileindustry.SomeobserversofJapanhaveassumedthatJapanesefirmsusethesamemanufacturingequipmentsandtechniquesasUnitedStatesfirms,buthavebenefitedfromtheuniquecharacteristicsofJapaneseemployeesandtheJapaneseculture.However,ifthisweretrue,thenonewouldexpectJapaneseautoplantsintheUnitedStatestoperformnobetterthanfactoriesrunbyUnitedStatescompanies.Thisisnotthecase.Japanese-runautomobileplantslocatedintheUnitedStatesandstaffedbylocalworkershavedemonstratedhigherlevelsofproductivitywhencomparedwithfactoriesownedbyUnitedStatescompanies.
OtherobserverslinkhighJapaneseproductivitytohigherlevelsofcapitalinvestmentperworker.Butahistoricalperspectiveleadstoadifferentconclusion.WhenthetwotopJapaneseautomobilemakersmatchedandthendoubledUnitedStatesproductivitylevelsinthemid-sixties,capitalinvestmentperemployeewascomparabletothatofUnitedStatesfirms.Furthermore,bythelateseventies,theamountoffixedassetsrequiredtoproduceonevehiclewasroughlyequivalentinJapanandintheUnitedStates.SincecapitalinvestmentwasnothigherinJapan,ithadtobeotherfactorsthatledtohigherproductivity.
AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures.Forinstance,themass-productionphilosophyofUnitedStatesautomakersencouragedtheproductionofhugelotsofcarsinordertoutilizefullyexpensive,component-specificequipmentandtooccupyfullyworkerswhohavebeentrainedtoexecuteoneoperationefficiently.Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs.Automakerscouldscheduletheproductionofdifferentcomponentsormodelsonsinglemachines,therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto().
2.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofJapaneseautomobileworkers?
3.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraph?
4.Whatistheproblemthatisassociatedwiththeproductionofhugelotsofcarsiswhichofthefollowing?
5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationstatedinthepassage?
問題1選項
A.presentthemajorstepsofaprocess
B.clarifyanambiguity
C.chronicleadispute
D.correctmisconceptions
問題2選項
A.TheirproductivitylevelsdidnotequalthoseofUnitedStatesautomobileworkersuntilthelateseventies.
B.Theirhighefficiencylevelsareadirectresultofculturalinfluences.
C.Theyoperatecomponent-specificmachinery.
D.Theyaretrainedtodomorethanonejob.
問題3選項
A.Atopicalthemeispresentedfollowedbysupportingexamples.
B.Opposingviewsarepresented,classifiedandthenreconciled.
C.Afactisstated,andanexplanationisadvancedandthenrefuted.
D.Atheoryisproposed,consideredandthenamended.
問題4選項
A.Theneedtomanufactureflexiblemachineryandequipment
B.Theneedtostoreextracomponentsnotrequiredforimmediateuse
C.Theneedforexpensivetrainingprogramsforworkers,whichemphasizethedevelopmentoffacilityinseveralproductionjobs.
D.Theneedtoalterconventionalmass-productionprocesses
問題5選項
A.JapaneseandUnitedStatesautomakersdifferintheirapproachtoproductionprocesses.
B.Japaneseautomakershaveperfectedtheuseofsingle-functionequipment.
C.JapaneseautomakersinvestmorecapitalperemployeethandoUnitedStatesautomakers.
D.UnitedStates-ownedfactoriesabroadhavehigherproductionlevelsthandoJapaneseownedplantsintheUnitedStates.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:B
第5題:A
【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章開頭提出了話題:在世界汽車行業(yè)中日本公司的生產(chǎn)效率最高。第一段、第二段分別探討了針對此話題的兩種觀點并一一駁斥。第三段再提出正確觀點。因此,D項“更正錯誤的想法”比較能概括文章目的。
第2題:細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:Japaneseautomakerschosetomakesmall-lotproductionfeasiblebyintroducingseveraldeparturesfromUnitedStatespractices,includingtheuseofflexibleequipmentthatcouldbealteredeasilytodoseveraldifferentproductiontasksandthetrainingofworkersinmultiplejobs(日本汽車制造商選擇通過引入幾項與美國不同的做法,使小批量生產(chǎn)成為可能,包括使用靈活的設(shè)備,這些設(shè)備可以很容易地改變,以完成幾項不同的生產(chǎn)任務(wù),并培訓(xùn)從事多種工作的工人),因此,D項“他們(即日本汽車工人)被培訓(xùn)去做不止一項工作”正確。
第3題:判斷推理題。第一段先陳述事實:日本企業(yè)在世界汽車企業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率中達到最高水平,隨后針對這個事實進行解釋,最后反駁:情況不是這樣。因此,C項“陳述一個事實;接著進行解釋,然后進行反駁”正確。
第4題:細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:therebyeliminatingtheneedtostorethebufferstocksofextracomponentsthatresultwhenspecializedequipmentandworkersarekeptconstantlyactive(從而消除了去儲存額外部件緩沖庫存的需要,而該需求產(chǎn)生于特定的設(shè)備和工人被保持不斷工作時)。因此,B項“需要儲存不被立刻需要的額外部件”正確。
第5題:細節(jié)事實題。最后一段指出:AmorefruitfulexplanationmayliewithJapaneseproductiontechniques.Japaneseautomobileproducersdidnotsimplyimplementconventionalprocessesmoreeffectively:theymadecriticalchangesinUnitedStatesprocedures(一個更有成效的解釋可能在于日本人的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。日本汽車生產(chǎn)商并沒有簡單地更有效地實施傳統(tǒng)流程:他們在美國的做法上進行了重大的變革),由此可知A項“日本和美國汽車制造商在他們的生產(chǎn)流程上有差異”正確。
2.單選題
問題1選項
A.Animalabuseorcruelty.
B.Theevolutionofanimals.
C.Thehistoryofanimalhunting.
D.Anendangeredanimalspecies.
【答案】D
【解析】2.W:TheSiberiantigersarethelargestlivinganimalsinthecatfamily.Unfortunately,thereareonlyafewhundredalivenow.
M:Mygreatgrandfatherwasahunter,andheusedtohuntSiberiantigers.Ireallywishhehadn’t.
Q:Whatarethetwospeakerstalkingabout?
【試題答案】D
【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干為:這兩個人在談?wù)撌裁??由文中“TheSiberiantigersarethelargestlivinganimalsinthecatfamily.Unfortunately,thereareonlyafewhundredalivenow.(西伯利亞虎是現(xiàn)存最大的貓科動物。不幸的是,現(xiàn)在只有幾百只還活著。)”,可知他們在談?wù)摰氖恰盀l臨滅絕的野生動物”,所以D選項“Anendangeredanimalspecies(一種瀕臨滅絕的動物)”符合原文。A選項“殘酷的虐待動物”;B選項“動物的進化”;C選項“動物狩獵的歷史”不符合原文。
3.單選題
Manandwomendothinkdifferently,atleastwheretheanatomyofthebrainisconcerned,accordingtoanewstudy.Thebrainismadeprimarilyoftwodifferenttypesoftissue,calledgraymatterandwhitematter.Thisnewresearchrevealsthatmenthinkmorewiththeirgraymatter,andwomenthinkmorewithwhite.Researchersstressedthatjustbecausethetwosexesthinkdifferently,thisdoesnotaffectintellectualperformance.
PsychologyprofessorRichardHaieroftheUniversityofCalifornia,IrvineledtheresearchalongwithcolleaguesfromtheUniversityofNewMexico.Theirfindingsshowthatingeneral,menhavenearly6.5timestheamountofgraymatterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithwomen,whereaswomenhavenearly10timestheamountofwhitematterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithmen.“Thesefindingssuggestedthathumanevolutionhascreatedtwodifferenttypesofbrainsdesignedforequallyintelligentbehavior,”saidHaier,addingthat,“bypinpointingthesegender-basedintelligenceareas,thestudyhasthepotentialtoaidresearchondementiaandothercognitive-impairmentdiseasesinthebrain.”
TheresultsaredetailedintheonlineversionofthejournalNeuroImage.Inhumanbrains,graymatterrepresentsinformationprocessingcenters,whereaswhitematterworkstonetworktheseprocessingcenters.Theresultsfromthisstudymayhelpexplainwhymenandwomenexcelatdifferenttypesoftasks,saidco-authorandneuropsychologistRexJungoftheUniversityofNewMexico.Forexample,mentendtodobetterwithtasksrequiringmorelocalizedprocessing,suchasmathematics,Jungsaid,whilewomenarebetteratintegratingandassimilatinginformationfromdistributedgray-matterregionsofthebrain,whichaidslanguageskills.Scientistsfinditveryinterestingthatwhilemenandwomenusetwoverydifferentactivitycentersandneurologicalpathways,menandwomenperformequallywellonbroadmeasuresofcognitiveability,suchasintelligencetests.
Thisresearchalsogivesinsighttowhydifferenttypesofheadinjuriesaremoredisastroustoonesexortheother.Forexample,inwomen84percentofgraymatterregionsand86percentofwhitematterregionsinvolvedinintellectualperformancewerelocatedinthefrontallobes,whereasthepercentagesoftheseregionsinaman’sfrontallobesare45percentandzerorespectively.Thismatchesupwellwithclinicaldatathatshowsfrontallobedamageinwomentobemuchmoredestructivethanthesametypeofdamageinmen.BothHaierandJunghopethatthisresearchwillsomedayhelpdoctorsdiagnosebraindisordersinmenandwomenearlier,aswellasprovidehelpdesigningmoreeffectiveandprecisetreatmentsforbraindamage.
21.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtoparagraph1?
22.Accordingtoparagraph2,thisdiscoveryissignificantbecause________.
23.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaboutgraybrainmatter?
24.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalseaboutwhitebrainmatter?
25.Thefinalparagraphsuggeststhat________.
問題1選項
A.Thebrainisamonolithicorgan.
B.Intellectualabilitydependsonwhichpartofthebrainisused.
C.Intellectualabilityvariesbetweenmenandwomen.
D.Theanatomyofmen’sbrainsandwomen’sbrainsdiffer.
問題2選項
A.itisnecessarytounderstandtheanatomyofthebrainwhendealingwithdiseasesthataffectthoughtprocesses
B.itshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligent
C.itshowsthatmenandwomenareequallyintelligentoverall,butspecializeindifferentwaysofthinking
D.manydiseasesofthebrainarespecifictogenderortheother
問題3選項
A.Ithelpsputtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.
B.Itisusedforprocessinginformation.
C.Thereislessofitinmen’sbrains.
D.Thereisadirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofgraybrainmatterandmathematicalability.
問題4選項
A.Womenhavemoreofitthanmen.
B.Itisusedforputtingtogetherinformationfromdifferentpartsofthebrain.
C.Thereisdirectcorrelationbetweentheamountofwhitebrainmatterandlinguisticability.
D.Theamountofwhitebrainmatterisnotdirectlyrelatedtooverallintelligence.
問題5選項
A.menandwomenareequallyintelligent
B.menandwomenhavedifferentfrontallobes
C.headinjuriescanhavevariedeffects,accordingtowhetherapersonismaleorfemale
D.theresearchwillbeusefultootherscientists
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】21.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Manandwomendothinkdifferently,atleastwheretheanatomyofthebrainisconcerned,accordingtoanewstudy.(根據(jù)一項新的研究,男人和女人的想法確實不同,至少在大腦解剖方面是這樣。),可知男女在大腦結(jié)構(gòu)上不同,所以D選項“男性大腦和女性大腦的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)不同”正確。A選項“大腦是一個整體器官”:文章沒有單獨提出來,故錯誤。B選項“智力能力取決于大腦的哪一部分被使用了”,C選項“男人和女人的智力不同”:根據(jù)第一段第三、四句Thisnewresearchrevealsthatmenthinkmorewiththeirgraymatter,andwomenthinkmorewithwhite.Researchersstressedthatjustbecausethetwosexesthinkdifferently,thisdoesnotaffectintellectualperformance.(這項新研究表明,男性用灰質(zhì)思考更多,而女性用白質(zhì)思考更多。研究人員強調(diào),僅僅因為男女思維方式不同,并不會影響智力表現(xiàn)。),可知男女的智力沒有不同,也不會因為使用大腦方式的不同而產(chǎn)生智力差距,故錯誤。因此D選項正確。
22.事實細節(jié)。根據(jù)第二段最后一句Thesefindingssuggestedthat…bypinpointingthesegender-basedintelligenceareas,thestudyhasthepotentialtoaidresearchondementiaandothercognitive-impairmentdiseasesinthebrain.(這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明……通過精確定位這些基于性別的智能區(qū)域,這項研究有可能幫助研究癡呆和其他大腦認知障礙疾病。),可知這個對大腦結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)實意義是可以用來幫助治療大腦認知障礙的疾病,所以A選項“在處理影響思維過程的疾病時,有必要了解大腦的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)”正確。B選項“它表明男人和女人是同樣聰明的”和C選項“它表明男人和女人在整體上同樣聰明,但思考方式不同”:根據(jù)第二段第二句Theirfindingsshowthatingeneral,menhavenearly6.5timestheamountofgraymatterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithwomen,whereaswomenhavenearly10timestheamountofwhitematterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithmen.(他們的研究結(jié)果顯示,總體而言,男性與智力有關(guān)的灰質(zhì)是女性的近6.5倍,而女性與智力有關(guān)的白質(zhì)是男性的近10倍。),這表明男女思考方式不同,但并不能表明男女智力一樣,故錯誤。D選項“許多大腦疾病跟特定性別或其他因素有關(guān)”:文章沒有提到,故錯誤。因此A選項正確。
23.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Inhumanbrains,graymatterrepresentsinformationprocessingcenters,whereaswhitematterworkstonetworktheseprocessingcenters.(在人腦中,灰質(zhì)代表著信息處理中心,而白質(zhì)則負責(zé)將這些處理中心連接起來。),可知灰質(zhì)用來處理信息,所以B選項“用來處理信息”正確,A選項“有助于將來自大腦不同部位的信息整合在一起”是白質(zhì)的功能,故錯誤。C選項“男人的大腦中沒有那么多”:根據(jù)第二段第二句menhavenearly6.5timestheamountofgraymatterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithwomen(男性與智力有關(guān)的灰質(zhì)是女性的近6.5倍),可知男性的灰質(zhì)更多,故錯誤。D選項“大腦灰質(zhì)的數(shù)量和數(shù)學(xué)能力之間有直接的關(guān)系”:根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句Forexample,mentendtodobetterwithtasksrequiringmorelocalizedprocessing,suchasmathematics(例如,男性在需要更多本地化處理的任務(wù)上表現(xiàn)得更好,比如數(shù)學(xué)),用灰質(zhì)思考更多的男性在數(shù)學(xué)方面表現(xiàn)更好,不代表灰質(zhì)數(shù)量和數(shù)學(xué)的直接關(guān)系,故錯誤。因此B選項正確。
24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段倒數(shù)第二句womenarebetteratintegratingandassimilatinginformationfromdistributedgray-matterregionsofthebrain,whichaidslanguageskills(女性在整合和吸收來自大腦分布灰質(zhì)區(qū)域的信息方面表現(xiàn)得更好,這有助于語言技能),這里沒有表明白質(zhì)和語言能力的直接關(guān)系,所以C選項“腦白質(zhì)的數(shù)量和語言能力之間有直接的關(guān)系”不符合文章意思,正確。A選項“女性比男性擁有更多”:根據(jù)第二段第二句womenhavenearly10timestheamountofwhitematterrelatedtointelligencecomparedwithmen(女性與智力有關(guān)的白質(zhì)是男性的近10倍),可知符合文章意思,故錯誤。B選項“是用來把來自大腦不同部位的信息放在一起”:根據(jù)第三段第二句Inhumanbrains,graymatterrepresentsinformationprocessingcenters,whereaswhitematterworkstonetworktheseprocessingcenters.(在人腦中,灰質(zhì)代表著信息處理中心,而白質(zhì)則負責(zé)將這些處理中心連接起來。),可知符合文章意思,故錯誤。D選項“腦白質(zhì)的數(shù)量與整體智力沒有直接關(guān)系”:根據(jù)第一段第三、四句Thisnewresearchrevealsthatmenthinkmorewiththeirgraymatter,andwomenthinkmorewithwhite.Researchersstressedthatjustbecausethetwosexesthinkdifferently,thisdoesnotaffectintellectualperformance.(這項新研究表明,男性用灰質(zhì)思考更多,而女性用白質(zhì)思考更多。研究人員強調(diào),僅僅因為男女思維方式不同,并不會影響智力表現(xiàn)。),可知腦白質(zhì)數(shù)量和智力沒有直接關(guān)系,符合文章意思,故錯誤。因此C選項正確。
25.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Thisresearchalsogivesinsighttowhydifferenttypesofheadinjuriesaremoredisastroustoonesexortheother.(這項研究還揭示了為什么不同類型的頭部損傷對男性或女性更具災(zāi)難性。),可知頭部受傷對男女的影響可能不同,所以C選項“根據(jù)性別不同,頭部受傷可能有不同的影響”正確。B選項“男人和女人有不同的額葉”:根據(jù)第四段第二句Forexample,inwomen84percentofgraymatterregionsand86percentofwhitematterregionsinvolvedinintellectualperformancewerelocatedinthefrontallobes,whereasthepercentagesoftheseregionsinaman’sfrontallobesare45percentandzerorespectively.(例如,女性額葉中84%的灰質(zhì)區(qū)域和86%的白質(zhì)區(qū)域與智力活動有關(guān),而男性的額葉中這兩個區(qū)域的比例分別為45%和零。),這里說的是男女額葉在灰質(zhì)與白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的不同,而不是說男女額葉本身的不同,故錯誤。A選項“男性和女性一樣聰明”和D選項“這項研究將對其他科學(xué)家有用”:最后一段沒有提到,故錯誤。因此C選項正確。
4.單選題
Therehavebeenseveralattemptstointroducegayercolorsandstylesinmen’sclothing,butnoneofthem().
問題1選項
A.hascaughton
B.hascaughthimout
C.hascaughtup
D.takeroots
【答案】A
【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項原形是catchon“理解,明白,變得流行”;B選項原形是catchout“發(fā)現(xiàn)……有錯誤”;C選項原形是catchup“趕上”;D選項takeroots“生根,扎根”。句意“曾有幾次嘗試在男裝中引入更鮮艷的顏色和風(fēng)格,但都沒有流行起來”。選項A符合語境。
5.單選題
What,besideschildren,connectsmothersaroundtheworldandacrosstheseasoftime?It'schickensoup,oneprominentAmericanfood,expertsays.
FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspiritMotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece.ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.
Amongtheancients,Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearthChickensgotanotherboostintheBookofGenesis,whereitiswrittenthatbirdsandfishwerecreatedonthefifthday,adaybeforefour-leggedanimals.
ButaccordingtoMimiSheraton,whohasspentmuchofthepastthreeyearsexploringtheworldofchickensoup,muchofthereasonforchicken'srealorimaginedcurativepowerscomesfromitscolor.
HerbookTheWholeWorldLovesChickenSouplooksatthebelovedandmysteriousbrew,withdozensofrecipesfromaroundtheworld.Throughouttheages,shesaid,“therehasbeenalotoffeelingthatwhite-coloredfoodsareeasiertoeatfortheweakwomenandtheill.”
Inaddition,“soups,oranythingforthatmattereatenwithaspoon,”areconsidered"comfortfoods"Sheratonsaid,“IlovesoupandIlovemakingsoupandasIwascollectingrecipesIbegantoseethisasaninternationaldish...Ithasauniversalmystiqueassomethingcurative,astrengthbuilder,”SheratonsaidfromherNewYorkhome.
Herbooktreatstheoldestremedyasifitwasbrandnew.
TheNationalBroilerCouncil,thetradegrouprepresentingthechickenindustry,reportedthat51%ofthepeopleitsurveyedsaidtheyboughtchickenbecauseitwashealthier,50%saiditwasversatile,41%saiditwaseconomicaland46%saiditwaslowinfat.
1.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?
2.Sinceancienttimes,thevalueofchickensouphasbeen(
).
3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?
4.Itcanbesaidfromthesurveythatchickenis(
).
問題1選項
A.ProminentAmericanFoods
B.ChickenSoup,aUniversalCure-all
C.ChickenSoupRecipes
D.HistoryoftheChickenSoup
問題2選項
A.widelyacknowledged
B.over-estimated
C.appreciatedonlybyphilosophers
D.knownonlytomothers
問題3選項
A.Chickensouphasaverylonghistory.
B.Sinceancienttimes,chickensouphasbeenahomeremedy.
C.Poultryusuallystandshigherthanfour-leggedanimals.
D.Four-leggedanimalsweresaidtobecreatedonthesixthday.
問題4選項
A.apopularfood
B.amaindish
C.cheaperthananyotherfood
D.alloftheabove
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:A
【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit.MotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece,ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.從俄羅斯的村莊到非洲和亞洲,雞湯一直是那些身體和精神虛弱的人的良藥。母親們把她們的知識傳給了古希臘,中國和羅馬的作家,甚至12世紀的哲學(xué)家和醫(yī)生摩西?邁蒙尼德都贊美它的優(yōu)點。”全文都在贊頌雞湯的治愈力。答案B。其他選項不能體現(xiàn)文章主旨。
第2題:推理判斷題。由第一段以及第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit…MosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.從俄羅斯的村莊到非洲和亞洲,雞湯一直是那些身體和精神虛弱的人的良藥。母親們把她們的知識傳給了古希臘,中國和羅馬的作家,甚至12世紀的哲學(xué)家和醫(yī)生摩西?邁蒙尼德都贊美它的優(yōu)點?!笨芍u湯的價值流傳已久,廣為人知。故A項正確。
第3題:細節(jié)事實題。從文章第三段“Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearth.亞里士多德認為家禽應(yīng)該比四條腿的動物站得更高,因為空氣的密度比地球小?!边@只是亞里士多德的猜想,并非事實,故C項內(nèi)容錯誤。答案C
第4題:細節(jié)事實題。從最后一段可知,調(diào)查表明雖然人們購買雞肉的原因不同,但卻側(cè)面說明雞肉是一種受歡迎的食物。C和D不符合常識,B項文中未提及。答案A
6.單選題
(
)eatriceratherthanpotatoes.
問題1選項
A.Mostofpeople
B.Mostofthepeople
C.Themostofpeople
D.Themostpeople
【答案】B
【解析】考查固定搭配。most后面可以直接跟可數(shù)或者不可數(shù)名詞,意思是“大多數(shù)”;mostof后面接有定冠詞、指示代詞或物主代詞所修飾的名詞,表示“特定范圍中的大多數(shù)”;themost后面通常跟形容詞,表示最高級。因此選項B符合題意。
7.單選題
TheinternationalOlympicGames,regardedastheworld’smostprestigiousathleticcompetition,takeplaceonceeverythefouryears.
問題1選項
A.regarded
B.prestigious
C.takeplace
D.thefouryears
【答案】D
【解析】固定短語錯誤,選項D應(yīng)該是everyfouryears“每四年”,句意:國際奧林匹克運動會,被認為是最著名的運動競賽,每四年舉辦一次。選項D符合題意。
8.單選題
Theprotestwentaheaddespitegovernmentassurancesthattheywouldpressfor(
)withtheneighboringcountryintheissuingofvisas.
問題1選項
A.reciprocity
B.show-off
C.payoff
D.intimacy
【答案】A
【解析】考察名詞詞義辨析。reciprocity“相互作用;互惠主義”;show-off“愛炫耀的人”;payoff“付清”;intimacy“性行為;親密”。句意:盡管政府保證將壓制與鄰國的互惠簽證頒發(fā),但是抗議仍然在繼續(xù)。選項A符合題意。
9.單選題
Thetwocountrieshave()friendlyrelationsformanyyears.
問題1選項
A.retained
B.sustained
C.maintained
D.remained
【答案】C
【解析】句意:這兩個國家多年來保持著友好關(guān)系。
考查動詞辨析。四個選項均為對應(yīng)動詞的過去分詞形式。Retain持有,保留;sustain維持(生命、生存),使穩(wěn)定持續(xù),遭受;maintain維持,保持,維修;remain仍然是,保持不變,剩余,遺留,續(xù)存在。因此C符合句意。
10.單選題
AfewyearsagoaloneAmericancampaignerwroteabookinwhichhesetoutthemainpointofhisfascinateingocampaign—toabolishtelevision.Hismanifest“FourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTelevision”isanAmericanbestseller,andaftereighteditionsisstillgeneratinggreatconcernanddebateintheUSA.
JerryMander,aformeradvertisingexpertisconvincedthatforthesakeofourfreedom,andmentalandphysicalhealth,weshouldlearntolivewithoutTV.ThroughhisadvertisingbackgroundManderisawareofhowmuchoftelevisionisconcernedwithadvertisingandmoneymaking.Heseestheplantingofvaluesforprofitas“adeep,profoundanddisturbingactbyfewagainstthemany,foratrivialpurpose.”And,evenwithoutcommercials,heseesTVasdisturbingbecauseitcramspeople’sheadswithimageswhichalterthewaytheyfeelandbehave.Picturesformedby300,000tinydancingdotsaltering30timespersecond,bombardtheireyesaspeoplescantheimages10timesasecond.Thebrainregistersandstoresall30images,buttheconsciousmindregistersfarfewer.But,arguesMander,evenifyourejectordoubtwhatyouseeconsciously,itistoolate.
HefurtherarguesthatTVisadeadeningexperienceasitisrestrictedtojusttwosenses—sightandsound.Perceptionisdulledandflattened,saysMander,whenyoucan’tfeelandsmellandtotallyexperienceanevent.Peoplearejustsittingpassivelyforuptofourhoursanightwatchingascreenandlisteningtoartificialsound.“Nocultureinhistoryhasspentsuchanenormousamountoftimelookingatartificiallight,”saysMander,“andanotherworryingfactisthatprolongedexposuretoartificiallightaltershumancells,whichiswhyitisbeingusedforcertainmedicaltreatment”Researchersdonotknowiflife-longTVexposureisaphysicalriskornot,butasManderwouldargue,whyruntherisk?Itisimportantthatpeoplegetupnowandwithitoffbeforetheharmisdone—theymightalsobecomebrain-washed,orwhoknows.
1.FourArgumentsfortheEliminationofTedlevisionisabookwhich(
).
2.JerryManderobjectstoTVadvertisingmainlybecause(
)
3.Manderthinkspeople’sfeelingsandbehaviorsarechangedbecause(
).
4.BywatchingTVforseveralhourseverynight,Manderimpliesthat(
).
5.MandersuggeststhatviewingTVoverlongperiodsoftime(
).
問題1選項
A.causeddistresstomanyAmericans
B.achievedgreatsuccessoverseas
C.becameaverypopularbooktoread
D.expressedtheviewsofafascinatingman
問題2選項
A.theunderlyingprinciplesconcernmoney-making
B.itisineffectualingettingitsmessageacross
C.afewpeoplearedeeplydisturbedbyit
D.thevaluesitconveysareacceptedbyall
問題3選項
A.thebrainisabletomakeconsciousdecisions
B.theconsciousmindisaffectedbyTVimages
C.theireyesscanaTVscreen10timesasecond
D.theconsciousmindisunabletorejecttheimagesitsees
問題4選項
A.peoplewouldlosetheirothersenses
B.peoplewouldbeveiyimaginative
C.peoplewillbecomeverypassive
D.peoplewouldcometodependononlywatching
問題5選項
A.couldleadtodeath
B.mightcausebraindamage
C.couldendangerpeople’shealth
D.wouldmakecellsmalignant
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】1.細節(jié)題。第一段:…aftereighteditionsisstillgeneratinggreatconcernanddebateintheUSA:這本書自從幾年前出版以來已經(jīng)出了八版。并且還在引起廣泛的關(guān)注和激烈的爭論。由此可知,C項(成為了很受歡迎的書)為正確答案。A:給美國人帶來了痛苦。與原文不符。B:在海外取得很大成功。文章只提到在美國引起人們的關(guān)注與爭議,故與原文不符。D:介紹一個有魅力者的觀點。與原文不符。
2.細節(jié)題。第二段:...howmuchoftelevisionisconcernedwithadvertising
andmoneymaking...;Heseestheplantingofvaluesforprofitas“adeep,profoundanddisturbingactbyfewagainstthemany,foratrivialpurpose.杰里反對電視中的廣告并不是因為電視廣告帶來的利潤太少。而是他認為對于以利益為導(dǎo)向的價值觀的灌輸是少數(shù)人對于公眾的不負責(zé)任的行為。
3.推斷題。第二段:...itcramspeople’sheadswithimageswhichalterthewaytheyfeelandbehave(電視使人們的腦子里充斥著大量的畫面和形象)。故選B項(意識受到電視畫面的影響)。
4.推斷題。第三段指出:Perceptionisdulledandflattened,...whenyoucan’tfeelandsmellandtotallyexperienceanevent.Peoplearejustsittingpassivelyforuptofourhoursanightwatchingascreenandlisteningtoartificialsound(感覺會變得遲鈍,人也變得沒精打彩,也就不能感受與體會到整個事件的過程。這樣人們就只能被動的一個晚上坐在那達四個小時,看著電視屏幕,聽著人工的聲音),因此選C項(人會變得很被動)。
5.推斷題。最后一段指出:...prolongedexposuretoartificiallightaltershumancells,whichiswhyitisbeingusedforcertainmedicaltreatment(長期暴露在人造光下會改變?nèi)梭w細胞,這就是為什么它被用于某種醫(yī)學(xué)治療的原因),不難看出長時間暴露在電視人工的光線也有可能威脅人們的健康。
11.單選題
WheatyieldinEuropeishighlysensitivetonaturalvariabilityintemperatureandrainfall.Inthesesimulations,climatechangealoneby2050resultsinsignificantincreasesinyieldunderbothscenariosonlyinthreenorthernEuropeancountries.ButaddingestimatedeffectsofhigherCO2concentrationsonplantgrowthincreasesthatyieldsconsiderably,withyieldincreasesnowbeingsignificantinallofthetencountriesincludedinthestudy.WhethersuchincreasesduetohigherCO2concentrationwouldactuallyberealizedisuncertain,becauseofproblemsinextrapolatingfromidealizedlaboratoryandmodelingresultstofieldconditions.
Theclearmessageofthisworkisthatgreatereffortsareneededtotakeaccountofthe“noise”ofnaturalclimatevariabilitywhenconsideringthe“signal”ofclimatechange.Inparticular,caremustbetakenininterpretingtheresultsofimpactassessments,especiallythosewhichuseclimatesimulationsovershortperiodsonly.
Muchmoreremainstobedone.Forexample,theuseofsimulatedmonthlyclimatedatabyHulmeetal,evenwheninterpolatedtodailydatabystatisticalmethods,leavesopenthepossibilityofsystematicchangesinday-to-dayvariabilityandextremesduetoclimatechange.Thesecouldwelldominatetheeffectsofclimatechangeonbothriverflowandwheatyield.Takingthemintoaccountwillrequiretheanalysisofdailyoutputfromtheclimatemodels,especiallyatfinespatialresolution.
Moreimportantly,inunderstandingthemessagefromHulmeetal,weneedtodistinguishbetweenconfidencelevelsusedforthedetectabilityofsimulatedorrealimpactsduetoclimatechange,andthoseneededtodecideiftheinformationaboutpossiblefutureimpactsisusefulfordecision-makers.Detectability,usedasevidenceofclimatechange,arguablyrequiresahighlevelofconfidence,say,atthe95%or99%level.Ontheotherhand,ifwetakeitasagiventhatclimatechangeisoccurring,andweareseekingusefuladviceastowhattheconsequencesmightbe,alowerlevelofconfidencemaysuffice.
Studiesofthelengthofadatasetisnecessarytodetectarealchangeinthemeanagainstabackgroundofvariability,forexamplefordetectionoftrendsintotalozoneorriverflow,indicatethatevenifthechangeisreal,itmayneedtohavehappenedfordecadesbeforeitcanbeshownstatisticallytohaveoccurred.Incasessuchasestimationoffloodfrequencyandoftheoccurrenceofmoisturestressincrops,whatisneededtoidentifyfuture“dangerous”levelsofclimatechange,ortoplanadaptationmeasures,isanestimateofchangesintheprobabilityofsucheffectsbeforetheyhappen.
1.Accordingtothestudy,highwheatyi
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