考研考博-英語-安徽涉外經(jīng)濟職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-安徽涉外經(jīng)濟職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Hishumorousremark（

）thetensionatthemeeting.

問題1選項

A.released

B.replaced

C.relieved

D.retained

【答案】C

【解析】句意:他幽默的言辭緩和了會議上的緊張氣氛。

考查動詞辨析。四個選項均為對應(yīng)動詞的過去式。Release釋放,放出,發(fā)泄;replace代替,取代,更新;relieve緩和,解除,減輕;retain保持。由關(guān)鍵詞thetension(緊張局勢)可知C符合句意。

2.不定項選擇題

ThecountryinwhichIlivehaslawsforbiddingdiscriminationonthegroundsofethnicity,religion,sexualityorsex.We’vecomealongwaysincethedayswhenthereversewastrue—whenhomosexualitywasillegal,forinstance,orwhenwomenwerebarredfromvoting.Butthisdoesn’tmeanthatprejudiceisover,ofcourse.Nowadaysweneedtobeasconcernedaboutsubtlerstrainsofprejudiceasthekindofloud-mouthedracismandsexismthatmakesusashamedofthepast.

Subtleprejudiceisthedomainofunjustifiedassumptions,dog-whistles,andplainfailuretomaketheefforttoincludepeoplewhoaredifferentfromourselves,orwhodon’tfitourexpectations.Onewordfortheexpressionsofsubtleprejudiceis‘‘microaggression”.Thesearethingssuchasrepeatingathoughtlessstereotype,ortooreadilydismissingsomeone’sviewpoint—actionsthatmayseemunworthyofcomment,butcanneverthelessmarginaliseanindividual.

Thepeopleperpetratingthesemicroaggressionsmaybecompletelyunawarethattheyholdaprejudicedview.Psychologistsdistinguishbetweenourexplicitattitudes—whicharethebeliefsandfeelingswe’lladmitto—andourimplicitattitudes—whichareourbeliefsandfeelingswhicharerevealedbyouractions.So,forexample,youmightsaythatyouarenotasexist,youmightevensaythatyouareanti-sexist,butifyouinterruptwomenmorethanmeninmeetingsyouwouldbedisplayingasexistimplicitattitude—onewhichisverydifferentfromthatnon-sexistexplicitattitudeyouprofess.

Thethingaboutsubtleprejudiceisthatitisbydefinitionsubtle—lotsofsmalldifferencesinhowpeoplearetreated,smallasides,littlejibes,ambiguousdifferencesinhowwetreatonepersoncomparedtoanother.Thismakesithardtomeasure,andhardtoaddress,and—forsomepeople—hardtotakeseriously.

Thisistheskepticallineofthought:whenpeoplecomplainaboutbeingtreateddifferentlyinsmallwaystheyarebeingoverlysensitive,tryingtolayclaimtoacultureofvictimhood.Smalldifferencesarejustthat—small.

Nowyouwillhaveyourownintuitionsaboutthatview,butmyinterestisinhowyoucouldtesttheideathatathousandsmallcutsdoaddup.Aclassicexperimentonthewayraceaffectsourinteractionsshowsnotonlythemyriadwaysinwhichracecanaffecthowwetreatpeople,butshowsinacleverwaythateventhemostprivilegedofuswouldsufferifwewereallsubjectedtosubtlediscrimination.

54.Thefirstparagraphimpliedthatprejudices________.

55.“marginaliseanindividual”inParagraph2probablymeans________.

56.Someonewoulddenyhistruefeelingsandbeliefsbut________.

57.InParagraph4,theauthorimpliesthatsubtleprejudice________.

58.AccordingtoParagraph5,sufferersofsubtlediscrimination________.

59.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorstressesthat________.

問題1選項

A.havevanished

B.havebeenimplicit

C.havebeennoticeable

D.havebeenunderstandable

問題2選項

A.forcingsomeonetowork

B.stoppingoffendingsomeone

C.firingsomeonefromworkplace

D.stoppingassociatingwithsomeone

問題3選項

A.hisattitudecouldbehiddeninhisdeed

B.hisprejudicemightbeconveyedconsciously

C.hisprejudicemightbedisplayedwhentalkingtowomen

D.hisviewpointcouldberevealedfromhisaggressiontowardsothers

問題4選項

A.tendstobeneglected

B.causesalotofargument

C.issuretobescoffedat

D.makespeoplecompetewitheachother

問題5選項

A.shouldgetmoreattention

B.fallvictimtotheirculture

C.exaggeratetheirsufferings

D.havetherighttocomplain

問題6選項

A.racialdiscriminationisclearlyproved

B.subtlediscriminationinflictsseriousdamage

C.peoplewithhighstatusgetmoreprotection

D.peopledonotknowhowtotestsubtlediscrimination

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:C

第6題:B

【解析】54.【選項釋義】

Thefirstparagraphimpliedthatprejudices________.第一段暗示，歧視________。

A.havevanishedA.已經(jīng)消失了

B.havebeenimplicitB.一直是微妙的

C.havebeennoticeableC.一直被注意到

D.havebeenunderstandableD.一直可以理解

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞firstparagraph可以定位到文章第1段，由本段第3、4句“當(dāng)然，這并不意味著歧視已經(jīng)結(jié)束。如今，我們不僅需要關(guān)注那些讓我們?yōu)檫^去感到羞愧的大吼大叫的種族主義和性別歧視，還需要關(guān)注那些更微妙的歧視（subtlerstrainsofprejudice）?！笨芍?，歧視一直都存在，而且有些歧視是更加微妙的，需要更多的關(guān)注。因此B選項“一直是微妙的”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“已經(jīng)消失了”，文章中說的是歧視沒有結(jié)束，屬于反向干擾；

C選項“一直被注意到”，文章中說的是需要關(guān)注那些更微妙的歧視，屬于反向干擾；

D選項“一直可以理解”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

55.【選項釋義】

“marginaliseanindividual”inParagraph2probablymeans________.第2段中的“marginaliseanindividual”可能意味著________。

A.forcingsomeonetoworkA.強迫某人工作

B.stoppingoffendingsomeoneB.停止得罪某人

C.firingsomeonefromworkplaceC.將某人從工作場所開除

D.stoppingassociatingwithsomeoneD.停止與某人交往

【考查點】詞匯推斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞marginaliseanindividual可以定位到文章第2段最后1句“這些微歧視包括重復(fù)一種輕率的刻板印象，或過于輕易地否定某人的觀點——這些行為可能看起來不值一提，但卻會marginaliseanindividual。”，上文說到微妙的歧視即不接納與我們不同或不符合我們期望的人，也就是不和這些人交往，將他們邊緣化，具體體現(xiàn)在輕易否定他們觀點等行為上。因此D選項“停止與某人交往”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“強迫某人工作”，B選項“停止得罪某人”和C選項“將某人從工作場所開除”在文章中均沒有提及。屬于無中生有。

56.【選項釋義】

Someonewoulddenyhistruefeelingsandbeliefsbut________.有人會否認(rèn)他的真實感覺和信念，但________。

A.hisattitudecouldbehiddeninhisdeedA.他的態(tài)度可能隱藏在他的行為中

B.hisprejudicemightbeconveyedconsciouslyB.他的歧視可能會有意識地表達出來

C.hisprejudicemightbedisplayedwhentalkingtowomenC.他的歧視可能會在與女性交談時表現(xiàn)出來

D.hisviewpointcouldberevealedfromhisaggressiontowardsothersD.他的觀點可以從他對別人的攻擊性中顯示出來

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞feelingsandbeliefs可以定位到文章第3段第2句“心理學(xué)家區(qū)分了外顯態(tài)度和內(nèi)隱態(tài)度，外顯態(tài)度是指我們承認(rèn)的信念和感覺，內(nèi)隱態(tài)度是指我們的行為揭示的（revealedbyouractions）信念和感覺。”，說明即使有人否認(rèn)了自己的信念和感覺，但他的態(tài)度會從他的行為中揭示出來。因此A選項“他的態(tài)度可能隱藏在他的行為中”正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“他的歧視可能會有意識地表達出來”，文章說的是犯下這些微歧視的人可能完全沒有意識到他們持有歧視的觀點，說明他們不會有意識地表達歧視，屬于反向干擾；

C選項“他的歧視可能會在與女性交談時表現(xiàn)出來”，文章只是用與女性交談作為例子，并不是說他們都會在與女性交談時表達歧視，屬于曲解原文；

D選項“他的觀點可以從他對別人的攻擊性中顯示出來”，文章中沒有提到攻擊性，屬于無中生有。

57.【選項釋義】

InParagraph4,theauthorimpliesthatsubtleprejudice________.在第4段中，作者暗示微妙的歧視________。

A.tendstobeneglectedA.往往被忽視

B.causesalotofargumentB.引起大量的爭論

C.issuretobescoffedatC.肯定會被嘲笑

D.makespeoplecompetewitheachotherD.使人們相互競爭

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph4可以定位到文章第4段，由本段第2句“這使得它難以衡量，難以解決，對一些人來說，也難以認(rèn)真對待（hardtotakeseriously）?！笨芍髡哒J(rèn)為人們很難重視這些微妙的歧視。因此A選項“往往被忽視”正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“引起大量的爭論”，C選項“肯定會被嘲笑”和D選項“使人們相互競爭”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

58.【選項釋義】

AccordingtoParagraph5,sufferersofsubtlediscrimination________.根據(jù)第5段，遭受微妙歧視的人________。

A.shouldgetmoreattentionA.應(yīng)該得到更多的關(guān)注

B.fallvictimtotheircultureB.成為他們文化的受害者

C.exaggeratetheirsufferingsC.夸大他們的痛苦

D.havetherighttocomplainD.有權(quán)投訴

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph5可以定位到文章第5段第1句“當(dāng)人們抱怨在小的方面受到區(qū)別對待時，他們是過度敏感（overlysensitive）”，說明遭受微妙歧視的人會放大自己所受到的歧視。因此C選項“夸大他們的痛苦”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“應(yīng)該得到更多的關(guān)注”在第5段中沒有體現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有；

B選項“成為他們文化的受害者”，文章中說的是“試圖宣稱一種受害者文化（cultureofvictimhood）”，而不是真的成為了受害者，屬于曲解原文；

D選項“有權(quán)投訴”在文章中沒有提及，屬于無中生有。

59.【選項釋義】

Inthelastparagraph,theauthorstressesthat________.在最后一段中，作者強調(diào)________。

A.racialdiscriminationisclearlyprovedA.種族歧視被明確證明

B.subtlediscriminationinflictsseriousdamageB.微妙歧視造成了嚴(yán)重的傷害

C.peoplewithhighstatusgetmoreprotectionC.地位高的人得到更多的保護

D.peopledonotknowhowtotestsubtlediscriminationD.人們不知道如何測試微妙歧視

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞lastparagraph可以定位到文章最后1段，由本段第1句“一千個小傷口累加起來”可知，微妙歧視造成的傷害是日積月累的，同時第2句說到“如果我們都受到微妙歧視，即使是我們中擁有最多特權(quán)的人也會遭受痛苦（wouldsuffer）?！?，由此可知微妙歧視會對所有人都造成傷害。綜合理解，微妙歧視造成的傷害是十分嚴(yán)重的。因此B選項“微妙歧視造成了嚴(yán)重的傷害”正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“種族歧視被明確證明”，文章中說的是顯示了種族如何影響我們對待他人的方式，而不是證明種族歧視的存在，屬于曲解原文；

C選項“地位高的人得到更多的保護”，文章中說的是擁有最多特權(quán)的人也會遭受痛苦，由此可知地位高的人也不會得到更多保護，屬于反向干擾；

D選項“人們不知道如何測試微妙歧視”，第2句中提到的關(guān)于種族的實驗就論證了第2句中的“如何測試”，說明人們知道測試的方法，屬于反向干擾。

3.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

一個人的生命究竟有多大意義，這有什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以衡量嗎?提出一個絕對的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)當(dāng)然很困難；但是，大體上看一個人對待生命的態(tài)度是否嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，看他對待勞動、工作等等的態(tài)度如何，也就不難對這個人的存在意義做出適當(dāng)?shù)墓烙嬃恕?/p>

古來一切有成就的人，都很嚴(yán)肅地對待自己的生命，當(dāng)他活著一天，總要盡量多勞動、多工作、多學(xué)習(xí)，不肯虛度年華，不讓時間白白地浪費掉。我國歷代的勞動人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。

【答案】Whatisthesignificanceoflife?Isthereanycriterionforitsmeasurement?Difficultasitistoadvanceanabsoluteone,itwillnotbesotojudgetheverymeaningofone’sexistencegenerallyfromwhetherheisseriousaboutlifeandwhathisattitudeistowardsworkandlife.

Throughouttheages,allpeopleofaccomplishmenttaketheirlivesseriously.Aslongastheyarealive,theywouldratherdevotethemselvestomoreworkandstudythanletasingleminuteslipbyinvain.Andthesameistrueofthecommonlabourersaswellasthegreatstatesmenandthinkersinourcountry.

4.單選題

Thecapturedcriminalswere（）inchainthroughthestreets.

問題1選項

A.exhibited

B.displayed

C.paraded

D.revealed

【答案】C

【解析】exhibited展出,表現(xiàn)出；displayed展示,陳列；paraded游行,閱兵；revealed透漏。句意：被捕的犯人帶著鎖鏈在街上游行。

5.單選題

Scientificevidencefromdifferent（）demonstratesthatinmosthumansthelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolslanguages.

問題1選項

A.principles

B.grounds

C.disciplines

D.rules

【答案】C

【解析】principles原則；grounds根據(jù),理由；disciplines紀(jì)律,學(xué)科；rules規(guī)則,條例。句意：來自不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,大多數(shù)人的左腦控制著語言。選項C符合語境。

6.單選題

Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding-Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Whatismore,becausepeptidehormonescannotcrosstheblood-brainbarrier;researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.

Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.Furthermorethismethodcannotbeusedtodeterminethelocationinthebodywherethedetectedsubstancesareactuallyproduced.

Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.Ifbraincellsaremakingthehormones,thecellswillcontainthesemRNA’s.Iftheproductsthebraincellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecDNA’sshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.ThecellscontainingthesemRNA’scanthenbeisolatedandtheirmRNA’sdecodedtodeterminejustwhattheirproteinproductsareandhowcloselytheproductsresemblethetruepeptidehormones.

ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.Roberts,expressingthesentimentofmanyresearchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyinput.Theprocessofgrindingoutproteinpurificationsisjusttooslow.”

If,astheinitialtestswithcDNAprobessuggest,peptidehormonesreallyaremadeinthebraininareasotherthanthehypothalamus,atheorymustbedevelopedthatexplainstheirfunctioninthebrain.Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.Anumberofotherresearchersproposethattheymightbeusedforintercellularcommunicationinthebrain.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatasubstancedetectedinbrainbyuseofantiserumstopeptidehormonesmay（

）.

3.Thepassageimpliesthat,indoingresearchonratbrains,Rosendiscoveredthat

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisawayinwhichtheimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesdiffersfromthemolecularmethod?

問題1選項

A.IsMolecularBiologytheKeytoUnderstandingIntercellularCommunicationintheBrain?

B.MolecularBiology:CanResearchersExploitItsTechniquestoSynthesizePeptideHormones?

C.TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheImmunologicalApproachtoDetectingPeptideHormones.

D.PeptideHormones:HowScientistsAreAttemptingtoSolveProblemsofTheirDetection.

問題2選項

A.havebeenstoredinthebrainforalongperiodoftimeandtoUnderstandTheirFunction

B.playnoroleinthefunctioningofthebrain

C.havebeenproducedinsomepartofthebodyotherthanthebrain

D.playanimportantroleinthefunctioningofhypothalamus

問題3選項

A.peptidehormonesareusedforintercellularcommunication

B.complementaryDNA’sdonotbindtocellsproducingpeptidehormones

C.productscloselyresemblingpeptidehormonesarenotidenticaltopeptidehormone

D.somepeptidehormonesdonotfunctionasgrowthregulators

問題4選項

A.Theimmunologicalmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithproductsofhormone-producingcells,whereasthemolecularmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithaspecificcomponentofthecellsthemselves.

B.Theimmunologicalmethodhasproducedresultsconsistentwithlong-heldbeliefsaboutpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodhasproducedresultsthatupsetthesebeliefs.

C.Theimmunologicalmethodusesprobesthatcanonlybindwithpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodusesprobesthatbindwithpeptidehormonesandsubstancessimilartothem

D.Theimmunologicalmethodcanonlybeusedtotestforthepresenceofpeptidehormoneswithinthehypothalamus,whereasthemolecularmethodcanbeusedthroughoutthebrain.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。解答此類題必須找到文章主旨，文章第一段說到了之前關(guān)于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段開頭就出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系詞but，本文的討論點必然是在but之后出現(xiàn)。第一句說到“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，這些關(guān)于肽激素的觀點受到了質(zhì)疑，因為一個又一個的實驗室都發(fā)現(xiàn)，抗血清肽激素被注射進大腦后，會在下丘腦以外的地方結(jié)合，這表明要么是激素，要么是與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)?！币虼讼挛牟粫懻揂選項中分子生物學(xué)與大腦間通訊，也不會研究B選項技術(shù)合成肽激素，也不是討論C選項檢測肽激素的優(yōu)缺點，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎樣去檢測它的位置，因此D選項“肽激素:科學(xué)家如何試圖解決他們的檢測問題”符合文意。

2.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵信息定位到文章第二段首句“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，這些關(guān)于肽激素的觀點受到了質(zhì)疑，因為一個又一個的實驗室都發(fā)現(xiàn)，抗血清肽激素被注射進大腦后，會在下丘腦以外的地方結(jié)合，這表明要么是激素，要么是與抗血清發(fā)生交叉反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)。”說明這些物質(zhì)是在下丘腦以外的地方結(jié)合形成的，因此C選項“是在身體的其他部位產(chǎn)生的，而不是大腦”符合題意。

3.判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“ratbrains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.有些人認(rèn)為這些激素都是生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，但Rosen對老鼠大腦的研究表明這不是真的。”Rosen的研究表明這些激素并不是生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，因此D選項“有些肽激素沒有生長調(diào)節(jié)劑的功能”符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。題干中提到了兩個檢測肽激素的方式對比，文章第二段詳細說明了第一種方法“Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.然而，用抗血清來測定肽激素的免疫學(xué)方法是不精確的，可能產(chǎn)生交叉反應(yīng)。而且這種方法不能確定抗血清檢測到的物質(zhì)是否真的是激素，有可能僅僅是近親?！泵庖邔W(xué)的方法是用能和產(chǎn)生激素的細胞的產(chǎn)物發(fā)生反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)檢測。第二個方法的描述出現(xiàn)在第三段中“Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.然而，分子生物學(xué)的新技術(shù)為這些問題提供了答案?？茖W(xué)家可以制造出特異的(specific)互補DNA’s(CDNA’s)，以此作為分子探子(molecularprobe)，探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)?！贝颂幷f的“問題”就是第一種方法中說到的“近親”問題，分子生物學(xué)的新技術(shù)可以用能和細胞本身的某個特定成分發(fā)生反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)來檢測。因此A選項“免疫學(xué)方法使用與產(chǎn)生激素的細胞產(chǎn)生反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)，而分子方法使用與細胞自身特定成分發(fā)生反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)”符合文意。

7.單選題

Asadevelopingcountry,wemustkeep（）withtherapiddevelopmentoftheworldeconomy.

問題1選項

A.pace

B.move

C.step

D.speed

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組的固定搭配。A選項pace表示“步速，步伐，速度”；B選項move表示“行動，舉措，改變”；C選項step表示“腳步，步驟，步伐”；D選項speed表示“速度，進展”。詞組keeppacewith是一個固定搭配，表示“與并駕齊驅(qū)，保持一致”。因此本題正確答案為A選項。

8.單選題

Theunemployedmanis（）aboutstreetswithacigarinhishandandamiserablefeelinginmind.

問題1選項

A.plunging

B.patrolling

C.lounging

D.lingering

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項plunging“驟降；投入”；B選項patrolling“巡邏；偵查”；C選項lounging“懶洋洋地站著”；D選項lingering“徘徊；磨蹭”。句意：那個失業(yè)的人手里拿著雪茄在街上……，心里愁悶不安。D選項符合語境語義，故選D。

9.單選題

Thecouplehasdonatedanot（）amountofmoneytothefoundation.

問題1選項

A.inconsiderable

B.inconsiderate

C.inaccurate

D.incomparable

【答案】A

【解析】句意:這對夫婦為這個基金會己經(jīng)捐獻了不少錢。

考查形容詞辨析。inconsiderable小的,不値得考慮的,微不足道的；inconsiderate輕率的,不顧別人的;inaccurate不精確的,不準(zhǔn)確的；incomparable無可匹敵的,不能比較的。故A符合句意。

10.單選題

Thepresidentplacedawreathonthemonumenttotheheroesandthenmadeaspeechtopay（）tothegreatachievementsofthemartyrs.

問題1選項

A.compliment

B.gratitude

C.tribute

D.commendation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A:compliment“恭維；敬意”；B:gratitude“感激”；C:tribute“致敬；悼念”；D:commendation“表揚；嘉獎狀”。句意：總統(tǒng)在紀(jì)念碑上放了一個花圈敬給英雄們，然后，發(fā)表講話，以致敬烈士的偉大成就。根據(jù)語境和句意，C最合適。

11.單選題

Perhapsmostimportant,thereportcould_______morelight,thoughitdoesgivesome,onhowchildwelfareischangingovertime.

問題1選項

A.glance

B.reckon

C.cast

D.resort

【答案】C

【解析】glance掃視,匆匆一看;reckon估計,猜想;cast投,拋,計算;resort求助。castlighton使明白,使真相大白。句意：也許最重要的是,雖然報告中涉及了一些,但報告應(yīng)該讓我們明白,隨著時間的推移兒童福利正在發(fā)生怎樣的變化。選項C符合句意。

12.填空題

Pesticides,themostcost-effective（1）ofpestandweedcontrol,allowthemaintenanceofcurrentyieldsandsocontribute（2）economicviability.Concernabouttheenvironmentalimpactofrepeatedpesticideusehaspromptedresearchintotheenvironmentalfateoftheseagents,which（3）emigratefromtreatedfieldstoair,otherlandandwaterbodies.How（4）thepesticideremainsinthesoildependsonhowstronglyitisboundbysoilcomponentsandhowreadilyitisdegraded.It（5）dependsontheenvironmentalconditionsatthetimeofapplication,e.g.oilwatercontent.Pesticideusemustensurepublicsafetyandenvironmentalprotectionwith（6）toboththechemicalitselfandtheirpotentiallyharmfulmetabolites.Thispaperreviewswhatisknownofthe（7）ofthephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofthesoilsystem,suchasmoisturecontent,organicmatterandclaycontents,andpH,onthesorption/desorptionanddegradationofpesticidesandtheiraccesstogroundwaterandsurfacewaters.Anunderstandingofthefateofpesticidesisessentialforrationaldecision-takingregardingtheirauthorization.Toreachanadequateunderstandingwillrequiretheconcourse（8）soilscience,claymineralogy,physicalchemistry,surfacechemistry,environmentalmicrobiology,plantphysiologyand,nodoubt,otherdisciplines.

（9）throughamultidisciplinaryapproachtoenvironmentalresearchwillitbepossibletoplan,manage,pursueandintegratetheresultsofthestudiesthatwillbenecessaryforthedevelopmentoftoolsandtechniquesallowingeffectiveenvironmentaldecision-making.Thereseemstobeagreatpotentialtodevelopmicrobiallyderivedpesticides,whichareeffective,reliableandhavea（10）environmentalrisk.Inaddition,newapplicationtechniques,forexampleprecisionbandspraying,canreducethedose,whichcanbeaveryeffectivewaytominimizetransportandemissionbutalsotoavoidabuild-upofresistanceintargetorganisms.Improvedformulationswillalsobeneededtoreduceoff-targetdeposition,improveretentionontarget,andenhanceuptakeandtranslocation.

【答案】（1）Means。

（2）to。

（3）can。

（4）long。

（5）also。

（6）regards。

（7）influence。

（8）of。

（9）Only。

（10）low。

【解析】1.語義連接。句意：農(nóng)藥是除害蟲和雜草的最有效的（）。means：方式，手段。

2.固定搭配。contributeto：有助于。

3.語義連接。句意：農(nóng)藥重復(fù)使用對環(huán)境造成污染，此現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)引起了研究機構(gòu)的注意，污染治理的范圍將不僅僅局限于土壤本身，可能轉(zhuǎn)向其他領(lǐng)域。

4.語義連接。howlong：多久，表示時間長度。句意：農(nóng)藥在土壤中殘留多久，取決于它的強度。

5.語義連接。前句提到農(nóng)藥在土壤中殘留程度取決于多方面因素，接著講述也取決于……

6.固定搭配。Withregardsto：關(guān)于，考慮到。

7.語義連接。句意：本文綜述了土壤系統(tǒng)的物理和化學(xué)特性（如含水量、有機質(zhì)和粘土含量、pH值）對農(nóng)藥的吸附/解吸和降解及其進入地下水和地表水的影響。influence：影響。

8.語義題。concourse：綜合?？崭裉幪罱樵~of，此處表示各學(xué)科的綜合。

9.固定搭配。句子是部分倒裝句，狀語提前放到句首，謂語動詞放在主語前面。表示：只有通過……才……。

10.邏輯分析。微生物源農(nóng)藥更effective，reliable（有效，可靠），應(yīng)該對應(yīng)alowenvironmentalrisk（低風(fēng)險）。

13.問答題

AStheplanetwarms,floods,storms,risingseasanddroughtwilluprootmillionsofpeopleandwithdirewiderconsequences.BarackObama,collectinghisNobelpeaceprize,saidthatclimaticchange“willfuelmoreconflictfordecades”.HetooktheanalysisnotfromenvironmentalscaremongersbutfromagroupofAmericangenerals.

Theforecastisclose（1）becomingreceivedwisdom.Aflurryofnewbookswithtitlessuchas“GlobalWarring”and“ClimaticConflict”offernear-apocalypticvisions.CleoPascal,attheRoyalInstituteofInternationalAffairsinLondon,predictsthosefloods,storms,thefailureoftheIndianmonsoonandagriculturalcollapsewillbring“enormousmadspecificgeopolitical,economicandsecurityconsequencesforallofus...theworldoftomorrowlookschaoticandviolent”.JeffreyMazooftheInternationalInstituteforStrategicStudies,alsoinLondon,callsclimaticchangean“existentialthreat”andfearsitcouldusher（2）“statefailureandinternalconflict”inexposedplaces,notablyAfrica.

Yetsurprisinglyfewfactssupportthesealarmingassertions.Widelytoutedforecastssuchas

for200mclimaticrefugeesinfirenextfewdecadesseemtohavebeenplucked（3）theair.

LittleornoacademicresearchhaslookedatquestionssuchaswhetherBangladeshisdisplacedbyarisingseawouldmoveaseriesofshortdistancesoveralongperiod,or(moredisruptively)agreaterdistanceimmediately.

SoscientistspreparingthefifthreportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,duein2013,areforthefirsttimeincludingachapteronthreatstohumansecurity.Anearlyeffort

cameataconferencelastmonthinNorway,

（4）

theauspicesofthePeaceResearchInstituteinOslo.

Oneideaistofindpreviousoccasionswhenbigenvironmentalchangescame

（5）

social,

politicalandmilitaryshifts.DroughtsintheCentralAsiansteppe,forexample,ledtomasswestwardmigrationandthe“barbarian”invasionsthathelpedtoppletheRomanEmpire.HungeranddroughtledtothecollapseofMayancivilizationamillenniumago.SuddencoolingwipedoutanearlyEuropeansettlementonGreenland.TheDustBowlofthe1930sforcedover2mpeopletomigratewithintheUnitedStates.

ThoseexamplesmayberelevantinAfrica,whereinmanycountriesaroundthree-quartersofthepopulationsurvivebycultivatingafewvarietiesofcropswatereddirectlybyrain,theformof

farmingmostvulnerable

（6）

climaticchange.Africahaswarmedby0.5°Conaverageinthe

pasthalfcentury,andmayheatby1.5-4°Cmorethiscentury.Heathitscerealyields(speciallymaize),perhapsby10-20%fora1*Crise.Rainfallpatternswillalsoshift.

ThehardestevidenceforalinksofarcomesfromateamledbyMarshallBurkeoftheUniversityofCalifornia,whichstudiedAfricanwarsfrom1980to2002andfoundthatrisingtemperaturesarcindeedassociatedwithcropfailure,economicdeclineandasharpriseinthelikelihoodofwar.Itpredicteda“50%increase”inthechanceofcivilwarinAfricaby2030.

Butthatclaimisnowheavilyrevised,sinceresearchersredidtheirsumstotakeaccountofthemorepeacefulperiodof2002-08.Otherssaythatpoliticalandotherfactorssuchasethnicconflictandoutsideinterventionarefarbetterindicatorsofthelikelihoodoffighting.

TakethewidelycitedcaseofthewarinDarfur,thewesternregionofSudan.BanKi-moon,

theUNsecretary-general,describeditas“anecologicalcrisis,arisingatleast（7）partfrom

climatechange”.EnvironmentalproblemshaveprobablyworsenedtheDarfur’sdreadfulplight,offeringgristtothosewhocallclimatechangea“threatmultiplier5，.Averagerainfallintheregionfellabruptly(byathirdormore)intheearly1970sandDarfurrepeatedlysuffereddroughts.Clashesovergrazingandthendisplacementofvillagerswerefollowed,from2003,byhorrificwar.

Yettheconnectioniselusive.Roughlythreedecadeselapsedbetweentherainstoppingandwarstarting.Manyotherfactorspolitical,ethnic,demographicandeconomicconspiredtostokeviolence.ThosewerespecifictoDarfur,whereasthesharpdropinrainfallhitthewholeSahel,withoutintensifyingconflictelsewhere.

AnothercommonlycitedexampleisviolentcompetitionforscarcegrazingbetweennomadicherdsmenintheHomofAfrica.YetastudyoffightingamongpastoralistsontheborderbetweenKenyaandSomaliainthepast60years(presentedattheconference)showedinsteadthatconflictworsenedwhengrazingwasabundantandfell

（

8）

droughts.Hungrypeoplewaretoobusystayingalive,ortooexhausted,tofight.Bycontrast,whenrainsmadeherdsmen’sliveseasier,theycouldreleasesurplusyounglaborfortheviolentsportofraidingothergroups.

Otherresearcherslookatthepoliticalormilitaryconsequencesofphenomenaunrelatedtoweather,suchasrapidurbanization,migrationorearthquakes.Yettheevidenceheretooismixed（9）

best.Wherenaturaldisastersdoshowpredictablepoliticaloutcomes,theyareveryslight.

Astudyoftheshort-termimpactofhurricanesonHaitiandtheDominicanRepublicfrom1850-2007,forexample,suggeststhatthestormshavegrownmoreintense(ifnotmorefrequent),buttheirarrivalisnotassociatedwithmompoliticalviolence.Anotherstudyshowedthatnaturaldisastersusuallyproducedshort-termeconomicpainbutnosignofincreasedpoliticalviolence.Earthquakes,too,tendtoproducemixedoutcomes.AMexicanquakein1985mayhavestokedaninsui^ency.Butthetsunamiof2005offeredamomentforsecessionistsinAcehandthecentralIndonesiangovernmenttoco-operateClimatechangecouldindeedcausewoesaplenty.Thatisallthemorereasontobeprecise

（10）

them.

Fillineachblankinthearticlewithanappropriatepreposition(介詞).

Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthemeaningofthewordsaccordingtothecontext.

scaremonger(inparag