考研考博-英語-山東力明科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東力明科技職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Childrenalwaysare（）aboutthingstheydonotknow.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.curious

B.queer

C.strange

D.quaint

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。Curious“好奇的”；queer“奇怪的”；strange“奇怪的”；quaint“離奇有趣的”。句意：孩子們往往對(duì)他們所不知道的事情感到好奇。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Abilitiesofhumanbabies.

B.Adults’influenceonchildren.

C.Cognitivefeaturesofdifferentnewlybornmammals.

D.Similaritiesbetweenhumanbabiesandbabyanimals.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theylovehappymelodiesmorethansadones.

B.Theyfallasleepeasilywhilelisteningtomusic.

C.Theyarealreadysensitivetobeatsandrhythms.

D.Theycandistinguishahappytunefromasadone.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Babies’emotions.

B.Infants’behaviors.

C.Babies’interactionwithadults.

D.Infants’facialexpressions.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

【解析】RecordingTwo

Inlastweek’slecture,wediscussedthecharacteristicsofthenewlybornoffspringofseveralmammals.Youprobablyrememberthathumaninfantsarelessdevelopedphysicallythanothermammalsofthesameage.[19]Butintoday’slecture,we’lllookatthreeveryinterestingstudiesthathintatthesurprisingabilitiesofhumanbabies.

Inthefirststudy,3-year-oldswatchtwovideosshownsidebyside,eachfeaturingadifferentresearcher,oneofwhomthey’dmetonce,twoyearsearlier.Thechildrenspentlongerwatchingthevideoshowingtheresearchertheyhadn’tmet.Thisisconsistentwithyoungchildren’susualtendencytolooklongeratthingsthataren’tfamiliar.Andreallythisisamazing!Itsuggeststhechildrenrememberedtheresearcherthey’dmetjustonetimewhentheywereonlyone-year-olds.Ofcourse,asmostofusforgetmemoriesfromourfirstfewyearsaswegrowolder,theseearlylong-termmemorieswilllikelybelostinsubsequentyears.

Oursecondstudyisaboutmusic.Forthisstudyresearchersplayedmusictobabiesthroughspeakerslocatedoneithersideofahumanface.Theywaiteduntilthebabiesgotboredandinvertedtheirgazefromtheface.Andthentheychangedthemoodofthemusic—eitherfromsadtohappy,ortheotherwayaround.Thismoodswitchmadenodifferencetothe3-month-olds,butforthe9-month-oldsitwasenoughtorenewtheirinterestandtheystartedlookingagaininthedirectionoftheface.[20]Thissuggeststhatbabiesofthatagecantellthedifferencebetweenahappymelodyandasadtune.

Ourfinalstudyisfrom1980,butit’sstillrelevanttoday.[21]Infact,it’soneofthemostfamouspiecesofresearchaboutinfantemotioneverpublished.Thestudyinvolvedordinaryadultswatchingvideoclipsofbabies9-monthoryounger.Inthevideoclips,thebabiesmadevariousfacialexpressionsinresponsetoreallifeevents,includingplayfulinteractionsandpainfulones.Theadultobserverswereabletoreliablydiscernanassortmentofemotionsonthebabies,faces.Theseemotionsincludedinterest,joy,surprise,sadness,anger,disgust,contempt,andfear.

Nextweek,we’llbelookingatthislaststudymoreclosely.Infact,wewillbeviewingsomeofthevideoclipsfromthatstudy.Andtogether,seehowwellwedoindiscerningthebabies’emotions.

19.Whatarethethreeinterestingstudiesabout?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問這三項(xiàng)有趣的研究是關(guān)于什么的？錄音開頭提到“在今天的講座中，我們將看到三個(gè)非常有趣的研究，它們暗示了人類嬰兒驚人的能力（abilitiesofhumanbabies）”，因此A選項(xiàng)“人類嬰兒的能力”正確。B選項(xiàng)“成年人對(duì)兒童的影響”，三個(gè)研究雖有成年人參與，但這些研究并不是研究成年人對(duì)兒童的影響，因此B選項(xiàng)不正確；C選項(xiàng)“不同新生哺乳動(dòng)物在認(rèn)知方面的特征”是上周的講座所討論的內(nèi)容，而不是本周；D選項(xiàng)“人類嬰兒和動(dòng)物嬰兒之間的相似之處”，錄音中未提及相關(guān)信息。

20.Whatdoesthesecondstudyfindabout9-month-oldbabies?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】題目問關(guān)于9個(gè)月大的嬰兒，第二項(xiàng)研究有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)？在第二項(xiàng)研究中，提到音樂氛圍的變化對(duì)3個(gè)月大的嬰兒沒有影響，但對(duì)于9個(gè)月大的嬰兒來說，這足以重新引起他們的興趣，這表明該年齡段的嬰兒能夠區(qū)分快樂的旋律和悲傷的旋律。因此D選項(xiàng)“他們能分辨出快樂的曲調(diào)和悲傷的曲調(diào)”符合原文。A選項(xiàng)“他們喜歡快樂的旋律勝過悲傷的旋律”和B選項(xiàng)“他們聽音樂時(shí)很容易睡著”在錄音中沒有信息提及；C選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)節(jié)拍和節(jié)奏已經(jīng)很敏感了”。beatsandrhythms在錄音中并未出現(xiàn)，因此C選項(xiàng)可排除。

21.Whatisthe1980studyabout?

【試題答案】A

【試題解析】題目問1980年那項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于什么的？錄音中提到，該項(xiàng)研究是迄今為止發(fā)表的關(guān)于嬰兒情緒（infantemotion）的最著名的研究之一，因此A選項(xiàng)“嬰兒的情緒”正確。B選項(xiàng)“嬰兒的行為”并沒有提及；C選項(xiàng)“嬰兒和成人的互動(dòng)”，利用錄音的playfulinteractions設(shè)干擾，但錄音是說嬰兒看到playfulinteractions時(shí)臉部的表情，不是嬰兒自己的interactions，因此C選項(xiàng)不正確；D選項(xiàng)“嬰兒的面部表情”是最具有干擾性的一項(xiàng)。事實(shí)上，facialexpressions在這項(xiàng)研究中很重要，但這是為研究嬰兒情緒服務(wù)的，因此D選項(xiàng)不選。

3.翻譯題

緊跟世界新軍事革命加速發(fā)展的潮流，積極穩(wěn)妥進(jìn)行國(guó)防和軍隊(duì)改革，推動(dòng)中國(guó)特色軍事變革深入發(fā)展。堅(jiān)持以創(chuàng)新發(fā)展軍事理論為先導(dǎo)，著力提高國(guó)防科技工業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力，深入推進(jìn)軍隊(duì)組織形態(tài)現(xiàn)代化，構(gòu)建中國(guó)特色現(xiàn)代軍事力量體系。高度關(guān)注海洋、太空、網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間安全，積極運(yùn)籌和平時(shí)期軍事力量運(yùn)用，不斷拓展和深化軍事斗爭(zhēng)準(zhǔn)備，提高以打贏信息化條件下局部戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)能力為核心的完成多樣化軍事任務(wù)能力。

【答案】答：

Weshouldcloselyfollowthenewglobalmilitaryrevolutionthatisgatheringpace,advancereformofournationaldefenseandarmedforcesinabothactiveandprudentway,anddeepenmilitarytransformationwithChinesecharacteristics.Withinnovativemilitarytheoriestakingthelead,weshouldenhanceourcapacityforinnovationindefense-orientedresearchandindustries,modernizethemilitaryorganizationalstructure,andbuildasystemofmodernmilitaryforceswithChinesecharacteristics.Weshouldattachgreatimportancetomaritime,spaceandcyberspacesecurity.Weshouldmakeactiveplanningfortheuseofmilitaryforcesinpeacetime,expandandintensifymilitarypreparedness,andenhancethecapabilitytoaccomplishawiderangeofmilitarytasks,themostimportantofwhichistowinlocalwarinaninformationage.

4.單選題

（）hewasintheUnitedStatesasstudentstudyingcomputerscience,butinrealityhewasspyingonSiliconValleyfirmsforGunDapSystems,hisemployer.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Disingenuously

B.Discretely

C.Officiously

D.Ostensibly

【答案】D

【解析】副詞詞義辨析。disingenuously“不誠(chéng)實(shí)地”；discretely“離散地”；officiously“過分殷勤地，非官方地”；ostensibly“表面上，外表”。句意：表面上他在美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，但實(shí)際上，他是在為他的雇主GunDapSystems監(jiān)視硅谷的公司。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.單選題

Thedestructionofthesetreasureswasalossformankindthatnoamountofmoneycould（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.standupfor

B.makeupfor

C.comeupwith

D.putupwith

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組。A:standupfor“支持；堅(jiān)持”；B:makeupfor“補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)”；C:comeupwith“追趕上；提出”；D:putupwith“忍受，容忍”。句意：對(duì)人類而言，這些寶物的破壞是一種無法用金錢彌補(bǔ)的損失。結(jié)合此處語境，后文寫道沒有金錢可以彌補(bǔ)，故B為正確答案。

6.單選題

Ⅶ.(CivilandCommercialLaw)

Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.Thesefactssuggestthatweneedtobemorepreciseaboutwhichchangesworryus.Americansworryaboutfamilychangeforatleastthreekindsofreasons,whichwewilllabeleconomic,developmental,andmoral.

Fromaneconomicperspective,themosttroublingfeatureoffamilychangehasbeenthespreadoffamiliesheadedbyasinglemotherwhoisnotlivingwithanotheradultwhohelpssupportherandherchildren.Singlemothersseldomcommandhighwages.Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.

NotallchildrenfromdisruptedfamilieslivewithwhattheEnglishcallalonemother,butotherlivingarrangementsarelesslikelytoleavechildreninpoverty.Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown,althoughitisnotclearhowmuchofthetypicalboyfriend’sincomeisavailabletosupportthemother’schildren.Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelatives,theytoofacefewereconomicproblemsthanwhentheylivealone.Ifwearemainlyconcernedwithreducingchildpoverty,allthesealternativesreduceitsincidence.

DavidT.EllwoodandChristopherJencks:TheSpreadof

Single-ParentFamiliesintheUnitedStatessince1960

75.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothe1stparagraph?

76.Fromthe2ndparagraph,weknowthattheeconomicproblemofsingle-parentfamilyis___.

77.Whichofthefollowingsituationisnotmentionedincomparingwithalonemother?

78.Theunderlinedsentenceinthe2ndparagraphdoesNOTmeanthat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Out-of-wedlockbirthisnottheonlycauseforsingle-parentfamilies.

B.Nearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbornebabiesarenowlivingwiththeirparents.

C.Lessthanhalfofallmotherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separationordeath.

D.Out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamiliesaretwoseparateissues.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.poverty

B.thelow-incomemother

C.lackofgovernmentassistance

D.lackofsupportfromthechild’sfather

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Motherswhodivorceandremarry.

B.Motherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.

C.Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriend.

D.Unmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparents.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.morekidsofpoorfamiliesarelivinginsingle-parentfamiliesnow

B.morethanhalfofthepoorfamilieswithchildrenaresingle-parentfamilies

C.therateofpoorsingle-parentfamilieshasdoubledsincethelate1970s

D.thedivorceratehasdoubledsince1964

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】75.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段Yetmorethanhalfofallfatherlessfamiliesarecreatedbydivorce,separation,death,orimprisonment,andnearlyhalfofallout-of-wedlockbirthsarenowtocohabitingfathersandmothers.（然而，半數(shù)以上的無父家庭是由離婚、分居、死亡或監(jiān)禁造成的，近一半的非婚生孩子現(xiàn)在是由同居的父親和母親產(chǎn)生的）可知C選項(xiàng)“在所有無母親家庭中，只有不到一半是由離婚、分居或死亡造成的”和原文不符以及B選項(xiàng)“近一半的非婚生嬰兒現(xiàn)在和父母住在一起”和原文相符；第一段Whenlegislators,policyanalysts,andopinionleadersdiscussfamilychangetheyusuallyfocusontwoissues:out-of-wedlockbirthsandfatherlessfamilies.Inmanycasestheydiscussthesetwoissuesasiftheywereidentical.（當(dāng)立法者、政策分析人士和意見領(lǐng)袖討論家庭變化時(shí)，他們通常關(guān)注兩個(gè)問題：非婚生育和無父家庭。在許多情況下，他們討論這兩個(gè)問題，仿佛它們是相同的）可知A選項(xiàng)“非婚生育并不是單親家庭的唯一原因”；結(jié)合上文所提到的內(nèi)容可知D選項(xiàng)“非婚生育和無父家庭是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的問題”符合原文。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

76.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第二句Theyalsofinditunusuallydifficulttoworklonghours,sincetheymustalsocarefortheirchildren.Manygetverylittlechildsupportfromtheabsentfather,andevengenerouschildsupportpaymentsprovidelessmoneythanaresidentfatherwiththesameincomewouldnormallyprovide.Whilesinglemothersareeligibleforvariousformsofpublicassistance,neitherlegislatorsnorvotershavewantedtomakesuchassistanceatallgenerous,lestgenerosityencouragestillmorewomentoraisechildrenontheirown.（她們還發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作異常困難，因?yàn)樗齻冞€要照顧孩子。許多人從缺席的父親那里得到的子女撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)非常少，即使是慷慨的子女撫養(yǎng)費(fèi)也比收入相同的常住父親通常提供的錢要少。雖然單身母親有資格獲得各種形式的公共援助，但立法者和選民都不想讓這種援助慷慨，以免慷慨會(huì)鼓勵(lì)更多的女性獨(dú)自撫養(yǎng)孩子）有涉及到B選項(xiàng)“低收入母親”，C選項(xiàng)“缺乏政府的幫助”以及D選項(xiàng)“缺乏來自孩子父親的支持”，但是結(jié)合下文Thespreadofsingle-motherfamilieshasthereforeplayedamajorroleinthepersistenceofpovertyintheUnitedStates.（因此，單親母親家庭的蔓延對(duì)美國(guó)貧困的持續(xù)存在起到了重要作用）可以推斷出貧困才是導(dǎo)致這些問題的回答，A選項(xiàng)“貧困”包括了B，C，D選項(xiàng)在內(nèi)。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

77.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第三段Motherswhodivorceandremarrytendtobeaboutaswelloffeconomicallyasmotherswhoremainmarriedtotheirchildren’sbiologicalfather.（離婚后再婚的母親在經(jīng)濟(jì)上與孩子生父保持婚姻關(guān)系的母親差不多）可知A選項(xiàng)“離婚后再婚的母親”有提及；第三段Unmarriedmotherswhocohabitwithaboyfriendalsotendtohavesignificantlyhigherhouseholdincomesthanthosewholiveontheirown…（與男友同居的未婚母親的家庭收入也明顯高于獨(dú)自生活的母親……）可知C選項(xiàng)“與男朋友同居的未婚母親”有提及；第三段Andwhenunmarriedmotherslivewiththeirparentsorotherrelative…（而且，當(dāng)未婚母親與父母或其他親戚住在一起時(shí)……）可知D選項(xiàng)“和父母住在一起的未婚媽媽”有提及；B選項(xiàng)“與孩子的生父保持婚姻關(guān)系的母親”原文未涉及。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

78.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段劃線句子處In1964,whenLyndonJohnsondeclaredawaronpoverty,only30percentofpoorfamilieswithchildrenwereheadedbysinglemothers.Sincethelate1970sthefigurehasbeenabout60percent.（1964年，當(dāng)林登?約翰遜宣布向貧困宣戰(zhàn)時(shí)，只有30%的有孩子的貧困家庭由單身母親撫養(yǎng)。自20世紀(jì)70年代末以來，這個(gè)數(shù)字一直在60%左右）可知選C選項(xiàng)“20世紀(jì)70年代末以來，貧困單親家庭的比例翻了一番”；A選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在越來越多的貧困家庭的孩子生活在單親家庭”，B選項(xiàng)“有孩子的貧困家庭一半以上是單親家庭”以及D選項(xiàng)“離婚率自1964年以來翻了一番”原文都未提及，排除。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Whenthedoctordoesageneralexperimentaboutthehumanmind,heselectspeople（）andasksthemalotofquestions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.atrandom

B.atlength

C.inessence

D.inbulk

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)atrandom“胡亂地；隨便地；隨意地”；B選項(xiàng)atlength“最后，終于；詳細(xì)地”；C選項(xiàng)inessence“本質(zhì)上；其實(shí)；大體上”；D選項(xiàng)inbulk“散裝；大量”。句意：當(dāng)醫(yī)生對(duì)人類的大腦做一個(gè)綜合性實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)，他隨意挑選人且問他們很多問題。結(jié)合句意，A選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

Thewestistraditionallythelandofthepioneersandthecowboys,where____couldbeeasilymadeincattleorland.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fortunes

B.property

C.opportunities

D.treasure

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析與固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)fortunes“一大筆錢”；B選項(xiàng)property“（某人的）財(cái)產(chǎn)；不動(dòng)產(chǎn)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)歸屬；C選項(xiàng)opportunities“機(jī)會(huì)”；D選項(xiàng)treasure“金銀財(cái)寶，指金銀珠寶一類”。句意：傳統(tǒng)上西部是拓荒者和牛仔的領(lǐng)地，在那里可以很容易的用?；蛘咄恋貏?chuàng)造___。根據(jù)句意，此處是指用牛和土地就可以創(chuàng)造財(cái)富，排除C選項(xiàng)；不強(qiáng)調(diào)財(cái)富的歸屬，排除B選項(xiàng)；不是特指金銀珠寶一類，排除D選項(xiàng)。另外，原文____couldbeeasilymade，考查固定搭配makeafortune/makefortunes“發(fā)大財(cái)；賺大錢；創(chuàng)造財(cái)富”，A選項(xiàng)最符合語境。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

9.翻譯題

Stanfordopeneditsdoorsin1891,andmorethanacenturylater,itremainsdedicatedtofindingsolutionstothegreatchallengesofthedayandtopreparingourstudentsforleadershipintoday’scomplexworld.

Stanfordstudentsstandoutfortheiracademicexcellence.TheycomefromthroughouttheUnitedStatesandtheworld,representingdemographic,economicandculturaldiversity.Studentsareadmittedonaneed-blindbasis,andtheuniversityensuresthatnoadmittedstudentisunabletoattend.Oncehere,studentsdiscoverthatexploration,challengeandcuriosityarelimitedonlybytheirdesires.

Stanfordisunusualamonggreatuniversitiesinhavingsevenschoolsononecampus:HumanitiesandSciences,Law,Medicine,Business,EarthSciences,EngineeringandEducation.Thisbreadthprovidesstudentswithunparalleledfreedomtocrossdepartmentalboundariesanddiscoverintellectualandpersonalpassions.Creativethinking,problem-solving,andresearcharecentraltotheacademicprogramsatStanfordandlearningtakesplaceinanenvironmentofintimatecollaboration.

FromNobelPrizewinnerstoundergraduates,allmembersofStanfordareengagedincreatingnewknowledge,whetherinsciences,business,artsorwherevertheirinterestslie.Stanfordisparticularlynotedforitsopennesstomultidisciplinaryresearchnotonlywithinitsschoolsanddepartments,butalsoinitslaboratories,institutes,librariesandresearchcenters.

LivingandlearningareintimatelyintertwinedatStanford.Extra-curricularprograms,organizations,performances,forumsandathleticsbeckonstudents,facultyandstaff,aswellasneighborsfromthecommunitiesaroundus.

Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChineseandwritetheansweronyourANSWERSHEET.

【答案】【參考譯文】斯坦福大學(xué)成立于1891年，在之后的一個(gè)多世紀(jì)，一直致力于尋求應(yīng)對(duì)如今巨大挑戰(zhàn)的方法并且為學(xué)生在當(dāng)今復(fù)雜世界中成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階層而做準(zhǔn)備。

斯坦福大學(xué)的學(xué)生因其優(yōu)異的學(xué)業(yè)而引人注目。他們來自于美國(guó)及世界各地，體現(xiàn)著人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的多樣性。該校招生不考慮學(xué)生支付能力，并確保所有被錄取學(xué)生都能上學(xué)。只要進(jìn)入這里，學(xué)生們發(fā)現(xiàn)探索、挑戰(zhàn)和好奇的唯一制約因素就是自身的渴望。

和其他著名大學(xué)的不同在于，斯坦福大學(xué)一個(gè)校區(qū)有七所學(xué)院：人文科學(xué)院、法律學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、商學(xué)院、地球科學(xué)院、工程學(xué)院和教育學(xué)研究院。這使得學(xué)生可以自由跨越不同的學(xué)院界限，發(fā)掘個(gè)人的求知欲。在斯坦福大學(xué)的課程體系中，創(chuàng)造性思維、問題解決和研究能力是非常重要的，而學(xué)習(xí)也是在一種密切協(xié)作的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行的。

斯坦福大學(xué)的所有成員，從諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主到在校本科生，都致力于創(chuàng)造新知識(shí)，不論是在科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)還是藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域，還是在任何其興趣所在的領(lǐng)域。斯坦福大學(xué)因其公開性的多領(lǐng)域研究而著名。研究既可以在院校范圍之內(nèi)進(jìn)行，也可以在實(shí)驗(yàn)室、研究所、圖書館或者研究中心進(jìn)行。

在斯坦福大學(xué)，生活和學(xué)習(xí)是互為一體的。課外活動(dòng)、組織機(jī)構(gòu)、表演、論壇以及體育運(yùn)動(dòng)不僅吸引著學(xué)生和教職員工，也吸引著附近社區(qū)的鄰居。

10.單選題

Thecomputercanbeprogrammedto（

）awholevarietyoftasks.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assign

B.tackle

C.realize

D.solve

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意:計(jì)算機(jī)可以通過編程來各種各樣的任務(wù)。

assign指派,分配;tackle處理;realize意識(shí)到;solve解決。故B項(xiàng)符合句意。

11.單選題

WhileitmaybedebatablewhetherSuezmarkedtheendofBritain’simperialera,itundoubtedlyblewawaythe（）ofcoequalityintheAnglo-Americanpartnership.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mirage

B.disillusion

C.conjuration

D.deception

【答案】A

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。mirage“幻想，妄想”；disillusion“幻滅，醒悟”；conjuration“祈禱，咒語”；deception“欺騙，欺詐”。句意：盡管蘇伊士運(yùn)河是否標(biāo)志著英國(guó)帝國(guó)主義的結(jié)束存在爭(zhēng)議，但是毫無疑問它吹走了英美伙伴關(guān)系中平等的幻想。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

12.單選題

Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.Wewanttoknowwhethercigarettesreallydocauselungcancer.Whatcausesmalnutrition,thedecayofcities,orthedecayofteeth?Weareequallyinterestedineffects:whatistheeffectofleadintheatmosphere,ofstayinguplateonthenightbeforeanexamination.

Causalreasoningmaygofromcausetoeffectorfromeffecttocause.Eitherway,wereasonfromwhatweknowtowhatwewanttofindout.Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.Thus,ifwereasonthatbecausethelightshavegoneout,therefrigeratorwon’twork,wefirstrelatetheeffect(lightsout)tothecause(poweroff)andthenrelatethatcausetoanothereffect(refrigeratornotworking).Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.Itisquitecommontoreasonthroughanextensivechainofcausalrelations.Whenthelightsgooutwemightreasoninthefollowingcausalchain:lightsout—poweroff—refrigeratornotworking—temperaturewillrise—milkwillsour.Inotherwords,wediagnoseasuccessionofeffectsfromthepowerfailure,eachbecomingthecauseofthenext.

Causesareclassifiedasnecessary,sufficient,orcontributory.Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustion(燃燒)isnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.

1.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout________.

2.Accordingtothepassage,todothe“effecttoeffect”reasoningistoreason________.

3.Anecessarycauseis________.

4.Yourrefrigeratorisnotworkingandyouhavefoundthattheelectricpowerhasbeencutoff.Thepowerfailureisa________.

5.Thispassagemainlydiscusses________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.someothercommontypesofreasoning

B.somespecialtypeofreasoning

C.relationshipsbetweencausesandresults

D.classificationofreasoning

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.fromeffecttoeffectandontocause

B.fromeffecttocauseandontoanothereffect

C.fromcausetoeffect

D.fromeffecttocause

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.onethatisenoughtomaketheeffectoccur

B.oneofthecausethatcanproducetheeffect

C.onewithoutwhichitisimpossiblefortheeffecttooccur

D.noneofthem

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.contributorycause

B.sufficientcause

C.necessarycause

D.noneofthem

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.classificationofcauses

B.thecausalprocess

C.causalreasoning

D.varioustypesofreasoning

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一種常見的推理方式是尋找原因和結(jié)果。），可知前面的內(nèi)容和這一部分的內(nèi)容屬于同一個(gè)層面和分類，都是常見的推理方式，A選項(xiàng)“一些其他的常見推理類型”正確。B選項(xiàng)“某種特殊類型的推理”，C選項(xiàng)“原因和結(jié)果的關(guān)系”和D選項(xiàng)“推理的分類”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第三句Sometimeswereasonfromaneffecttoacauseandthenontoanothereffect.（有時(shí)我們從一個(gè)結(jié)果推理到一個(gè)原因，然后再推理到另一個(gè)結(jié)果。）和第五句Thiskindofreasoningiscalled,inshort,effecttoeffect.（這種推理，簡(jiǎn)而言之，叫做效果對(duì)效果。），可知效果對(duì)效果指的是B選項(xiàng)“從結(jié)果到原因，再到另一個(gè)結(jié)果”。A選項(xiàng)“從結(jié)果到結(jié)果，再到原因”，C選項(xiàng)“從原因到結(jié)果”和D選項(xiàng)“從結(jié)果到原因”錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

3.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是為將要導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果而存在，就像燃燒對(duì)于啟動(dòng)汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)很必要。），可知C選項(xiàng)“沒有它就不可能產(chǎn)生解結(jié)果”正確。A選項(xiàng)“足以產(chǎn)生結(jié)果”，B選項(xiàng)“能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的原因之一”和D選項(xiàng)“都不是”不符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句Asufficientcauseisonethatcanproduceaneffectunaided(asanemptygastankisenoughtokeepacarfromstarting),thoughtheremaybemorethanonesufficientcause.（充分原因是一個(gè)可以在沒有幫助的情況下產(chǎn)生效果的原因，就像一個(gè)空的油箱足以阻止汽車發(fā)動(dòng)一樣，盡管可能有不止一個(gè)充分的原因。），可知充分原因會(huì)導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的發(fā)生，但不是唯一的原因，電源被切斷會(huì)導(dǎo)致冰箱停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，但其他原因也會(huì)讓冰箱停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，B選項(xiàng)“充分原因”正確。A選項(xiàng)“附帶原因，原因之一”：根據(jù)文章最后一句Acontributorycauseisonewhichhelpstoproduceaneffectbutcannotdosobyitself,asrunningthrougharedlightmayhelpcauseanaccident,thoughotherfactorsmustalsobepresent.（附帶原因有助于導(dǎo)致結(jié)果，但單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)不能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果，就像闖紅燈可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致事故，盡管其他因素也必須存在。），可知附帶原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果的發(fā)生，電源被切斷這一個(gè)因素會(huì)導(dǎo)致冰箱停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的結(jié)果，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“必要原因”：根據(jù)第三段第二句Anecessarycauseisonewhichmustbepresentfortheeffecttooccur,ascombustionisnecessarytodriveagasolineengine.（必要原因是為將要導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果而存在，就像燃燒對(duì)于啟動(dòng)汽油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，電源沒有被切斷冰箱依然有可能停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“都不是”：B選項(xiàng)符合題意，故非正確答案。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Anothercommontypeofreasoningisthesearchforcausesandresults.（另一種常見的推理方式是尋找原因和結(jié)果。），隨后文章圍繞這一句話展開討論，所以本文主要在講因果的推理，C選項(xiàng)“因果推理”正確。A選項(xiàng)“原因的分類”，B選項(xiàng)“因果過程”和D選項(xiàng)“各種類型的推理”不符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

SectionA

Everyhealthsysteminaneconomicallydevelopedsocietyisfacedwiththeneedtodecide(eitherformallyorinformally)whatproportionofthecommunity’stotalresourcesshouldbespentonhealth-care;howresourcesaretobeapportioned;whatdiseasesanddisabilitiesandwhichformsoftreatmentaretobegivenpriority;whichmembersofthecommunityaretobegivenspecialconsiderationinrespectoftheirhealthneeds;andwhichformsoftreatmentarethemostcost-effective.

SectionB

Whatisnewisthat,fromthe1950sonwards,therehavebeencertaingeneralchangesinoutlookaboutthefinitudeofresourcesasawholeandofhealth-careresourcesinparticular,aswellasmorespecificchangesregardingtheclienteleofhealth-careresourcesandthecosttothecommunityofthoseresources.Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfortheprovisionoffossilfuelenergywerefiniteandexhaustibleandthatthecapacityofnatureortheenvironmenttosustaineconomicdevelopmentandpopulationwasalsofinite.Inotherwords,webecameawareoftheobviousfactthattherewere“l(fā)imitstogrowth”.Thenewconsciousnessthattherewerealsoseverelimitstohealth-careresourceswaspartofthisgeneralrevelationoftheobvious.Lookingback,itnowseemsquiteincrediblethatinthenationalhealthsystemsthatemergedinmanycountriesintheyearsimmediatelyafterthe1939-45WorldWar,itwasassumedwithoutquestionthatallthebasichealthneedsofanycommunitycouldbesatisfied,atleastinprinciple;the“invisiblehand”ofeconomicprogresswouldprovide.

SectionC

However,atexactlythesametimeasthisnewrealizationofthefinitecharacterofhealth-careresourceswassinkingin,anawarenessofacontrarykindwasdevelopinginWesternsocieties:thatpeoplehaveabasicrighttohealth-careasanecessaryconditionofaproperhumanlife.Likeeducation,politicalandlegalprocessesandinstitutions,publicorder,communication,transportandmoneysupply,health-carecametobeseenasoneofthefundamentalsocialfacilitiesnecessaryforpeopletoexercisetheirotherrightsasautonomoushumanbeings.Peoplearenotinapositiontoexercisepersonallibertyandtobeself-determiningiftheyarepoverty-stricken,ordeprivedofbasiceducation,ordonotlivewithinacontextoflawandorder.Inthesameway,basichealth-careisaconditionoftheexerciseofautonomy.

SectionD

Althoughthelanguageof“rights”sometimesleadstoconfusion,bythelate1970sitwasrecognizedinmostsocietiesthatpeoplehavearighttohealth-care(thoughtherehasbeenconsiderableresistanceintheUnitedStatestotheideathatthereisaformalrighttohealth-care).Itisalsoacceptedthatthisrightgeneratesanobligationordutyforthestatetoensurethatadequatehealthcareresourcesareprovidedoutofthepublicpurse.Thestatehasnoobligationtoprovideahealth-caresystemitself,buttoensurethatsuchasystemisprovided.Putanotherway,basichealth-careisnowrecognizedasa“publicgood”,ratherthana“privategood”thatoneisexpectedtobuyforoneself.Asthe1976declarationoftheWorldHealthOrganizationputit:“Theenjoymentofthehighestattainablestandardofhealthisoneofthefundamentalrightsofeveryhumanbeingwithoutdistinctionofrace,religion,politicalbelief,economicorsocialcondition.”Ashasjustbeenremarked,inaliberalsocietybasichealthisseenasoneoftheindispensableconditionsfortheexerciseofpersonalautonomy.

SectionE

Justatthetimewhenitbecameobviousthathealth-careresourcescouldnotpossiblymeetthedemandsbeingmadeuponthem,peopleweredemandingthattheirfundamentalrighttohealth-carebesatisfiedbythestate.Thesecondsetofmorespecificchangesthathaveledtothepresentconcernaboutthedistributionofhealth-careresourcesstemsfromthedramaticriseinhealthcostsinmostOECDcountries,accompaniedbylarge-scaledemographicandsocialchangeswhichhavemeant,totakeoneexample,thatelderlypeoplearenowmajor(andrelativelyveryexpensive)consumersofhealth-careresources.ThusinOECDcountriesasawhole,healthcostsincreasedfrom3.8%ofGDPin1960to7%ofGDPin1980,andithasbeenpredictedthattheproportionofhealthcoststoGDPwillcontinuetoincrease.(IntheUSthecurrentfigureisabout12%ofGDP,andinAustraliaabout7.8%ofGDP.)

Asaconsequence,duringthe1980sakindofdoomsdayscenario(analogoustosimilardoomsdayextrapolationsaboutenergyneedsandfossilfuelsoraboutpopulationincreases)wasprojectedbyhealthadministrator,economistsandpoliticians.Inthisscenario,ever-risinghealthcostswerematchedagainststaticordecliningresources.

1.therealizationthattheresourcesofthenationalhealthsystemswerelimited

2.asharpriseinthecostofhealth-care

3.abeliefthatallthehealth-careresourcesthecommunityneededwouldbeproducedbyeconomicgrowth

4.anacceptanceoftheroleofthestateinguaranteeingtheprovisionofhealth-care

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.between1945and1950

B.between1950and1980

C.after1980

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)SectionB中第二句，“Thus,inthe1950sand1960s,thereemergedanawarenessinWesternsocietiesthatresourcesfo