新高考高二英語下學(xué)期期末考試分類匯編閱讀理解之議論文

歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！歡迎閱讀本文檔，希望本文檔能對您有所幫助！專題04閱讀理解之議論文（一）（2021·遼寧葫蘆島·高二期末）Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseasoncouldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingsick,anewAmericanstudysuggests.Inanexperimentthatexposedhealthyvolunteerstoacoldorfluvirus,researchersfoundthatpeoplewithagenerallysunnycharacterwerelesslikelytofailill.Thefindings,publishedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,buildonevidencethata“positiveemotionalstyle”canhelpwardoffthecommoncoldandotherillness.“Peoplewithapositiveemotionalstylemayhavedifferentimmune（免疫的）responsestothevirus,”explainedleadstudyauthorDrSheldonCohenofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburgh.“Andwhentheydogetacold,theymayinterprettheirillnessasbeinglesssevere.”Cohenandhiscolleagueshasfoundinapreviousstudythathappierpeopleseemedlesslikelytocatchacold,butsomequestionsremainedastowhethertheemotionalqualityitselfhadtheeffect.Forthenewstudy,theresearchershad193healthyadultscompletestandardmeasuresofpersonalityqualities,physicalshealthand“emotionalstyle”.Thosewhotendedtobehappy,energeticandeasy–goingwerejudgedashavingapositiveemotionalstyle,whilethosewhowereoftenunhappy,tenseandhostile（敵意的）hadanegativestyle.Afterwards,theresearchersgavethemnosedropscontainingeitheracoldvirusoraparticularfluvirusthatcausesflu-likesymptoms.Overthenextsixdays,thevolunteersreportedonanyaches,pains,sneezingtheyhad.Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthathappypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopacold.What`smore,whenhappyfolksdiddevelopacold,theirsymptomswerelessseverethanexpectedbasedonobjectivemeasures.Incontrast,peoplewithnegativecharacterswerenotatincreasedriskofdevelopingacoldbasedonobjectivemeasures,thoughtheydidtendtogetdownabouttheirsymptoms.“Wefindthatit`sreallypositiveemotionsthathavethebigeffect,”Cohensaid,“notthenegativeones.”Socanabad-temperedpersonfightacoldbydecidingtobehappy?1．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"wardoff"inparagraph3mean?A．Getcloseto. B．Keepawayfrom.C．Getusedto. D．Goonwith.2．WhatwasthepurposeofCohen'snewstudy?A．Tofindeffectivewaystofightillnesses.B．Totestpeople'sdifferentimmuneresponsestocoldvirus.C．Totelldifferencesbetweenhappypeopleandunhappypeople.D．Toexaminewhetherhealthwasrelatedtoemotionalstyles,3．HowdidCohenreachhisconclusion?A．Bycomparingdifferentexperimentalresults.B．Byaskingthevolunteerstocompletenform.C．Bycollectingdataamongpeoplewithncold.D．Byobservingthevolunteers'symptoms.4．Whatcanweconcludefromthetext?A．Successisthetwinofpositivespirits.B．Wegetmorebybeingmorepositive.C．Thehappierweare,thefewercoldswewillsuffer.D．Physicalhealthismoreimportantthanmentalhealth.【答案】1．B2．D3．A4．C【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章提出，在寒冷的季節(jié)保持積極的心態(tài)可能是你預(yù)防生病的最好方法，并通過實驗研究的方式來證明這一觀點。1．詞義猜測題。A.Getcloseto.靠近，接近；B.Keepawayfrom.遠(yuǎn)離；C.Getusedto.習(xí)慣于；D.Goonwith.繼續(xù)。根據(jù)文章第一句“Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseasoncouldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingsick（在寒冷的季節(jié)保持積極的心態(tài)可能是你預(yù)防生病的最好方法，）”可知，積極的心態(tài)可以讓人少生病，劃線詞所在句子“thata“positiveemotionalstyle”canhelpwardoffthecommoncoldandotherillness.(“積極情緒”有助于wardoff感冒和其他疾病。”的主語是apositiveemotionalstyle，賓語是thecommoncoldandotherillness，可推斷，該句中的wardoff意為：遠(yuǎn)離，故選B項。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Cohen所說的話“Wefindthatit`sreallypositiveemotionsthathavethebigeffect（我們發(fā)現(xiàn)積極的情緒有很大的影響）”可推斷，他們做這項研究的目的就是為了檢查健康是否與情緒類型有關(guān)。故選D項。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第五段中“Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthathappypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopacold.（科恩和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，快樂的人不容易患感冒。）”和倒數(shù)第四段“What`smore,whenhappyfolksdiddevelopacold,theirsymptomswerelessseverethanexpectedbasedonobjectivemeasures.（更重要的是，當(dāng)快樂的人們真的患了感冒時，根據(jù)客觀測量他們的癥狀比預(yù)期的要輕。）”可知，他們觀察到了快樂的人們對感冒的反應(yīng)；又根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段“Incontrast,peoplewithnegativecharacterswerenotatincreasedriskofdevelopingacoldbasedonobjectivemeasures,thoughtheydidtendtogetdownabouttheirsymptoms.（相比之下，根據(jù)客觀測量，性格消極的人患感冒的風(fēng)險并不會增加，盡管他們確實傾向于對自己的癥狀表達(dá)不滿。）”可知，他們通過對比的方式發(fā)現(xiàn)性格消極的人對感冒的反應(yīng)。綜上所述，他們是通過對比兩種實驗結(jié)果而得出“積極的情緒對健康有很大的影響”這一結(jié)論的，故選A項。4．主旨大意題。文章第一段開篇點題“Stayingpositivethroughthecoldseasoncouldbeyourbestdefenseagainstgettingsick（在寒冷的季節(jié)保持積極的心態(tài)可能是你預(yù)防生病的最好方法）”，后面整篇文章通過介紹科學(xué)研究的過程及結(jié)論來證明第一段提出的論點，因此我們可以從文章中得出“我們越快樂就越少受感冒的折磨”這一結(jié)論。故選C項。（二）（2021·遼寧沈陽·高二期末）Adecadeago,attheendofmyfirstsemesterteachingatCaptain,mystudentJackstoppedbyforofficehours.Hesatdownandburstintotears.Mymindstartedcyclingthroughalistofeventsthatcouldmakeacollegejuniorcry:Hisgirlfriendhadbrokenupwithhim;hehadbeenaccusedofcheatinginexams;heforgottoturninpapersbeforethedeadline."IjustgotmyfirstAminus,"hesaid.Yearafteryear,IwatchindepressionasstudentsarecrazyaboutgettingstraightA's.Somesacrificetheirhealth;afewhaveeventriedtochargetheirschoolafterfailure.Theybelievetopmarksareatickettoelitegraduateschoolsandrewardingjobopportunities.Iwasoneofthem.IstartedcollegewiththegoalofgraduatingwithaGPAof4.0.Itwouldbeareflectionofmybrainpowerandwillpower,showingthatIhadtherightthingstosucceed.ButIwaswrong.Theevidenceisclear:Acrossindustries,researchshowsthattheassociationbetweengradesandjobperformanceismodestinthefirstyearaftercollegeandinsignificantwithinahandfulofyears.Forexample,atMicrosoft,onceemployeesaretwoorthreeyearsoutofcollege,theirgradeshavenothingtodowiththeirperformance.(Ofcourse,itmustbesaidthatifyougotD's,youprobablywouldn'tendupatMicrosoft.)Academicgradesrarelyassessqualitieslikecreativity,leadershipandteamworkskills,orsocial,emotionalandpoliticalintelligence.Yes,straightAstudentsmasterlargeamountsofinformationandreproduceitinexams.Butcareersuccessisrarelyaboutfindingtherightsolutiontoaproblem—it'smoreaboutfindingtherightproblemtosolve.ThismightexplainwhySteveJobsfinishedhighschoolwithaGPAof2.65,andMartinLutherKingJr.gotonlyoneAinhisfouryearsatMorehouse.5．WhydidJackfeelsad？A．Hisgirlfriendabandonedhim. B．Hewascaughtcheatinginexams.C．HefailedtogetstraightA's. D．Hedidn'thandinhispaperintime.6．Whatdidtheauthoroncebelieve？A．Itwaswrongtocaretoomuchaboutmarks. B．Failurewasschools'fault.C．Marksdidn'treflectwillpowerandbrainpower. D．Topmarksmeantwell-paidjoboffers.7．WhyaretheemployeesatMicrosoftmentioned？A．Toindicateacademicperformanceisimportant.B．Tostressthecompanyvaluesemployeeswithtopmarks.C．Tointroducesuccessfulexamplesinthetechnologyindustry.D．Toshowacademicexcellenceisn'tastrongpredictorofcareerperformance.8．Whatshouldpeoplefocusmoreontosucceed？A．Howtosolveaproblem. B．Whatproblemtobesolved.C．Howtobeacreativeleader. D．Whattodowithdetailedinformation.【答案】5．C6．D7．D8．B【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要介紹很多學(xué)生熱衷于考試得A，但是作者認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)成績優(yōu)異并不能代表未來的成功，并說明了原因。作者最后指出事業(yè)上的成功并不在于找到解決問題的正確方法，更多的是找到需要解決的正確問題。5．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“‘IjustgotmyfirstAminus,’hesaid.(“我第一次得了A-”他說)”可知，杰克因為沒有得到A+而感到難過。故選C。6．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Theybelievetopmarksareatickettoelitegraduateschoolsandrewardingjobopportunities.Iwasoneofthem.IstartedcollegewiththegoalofgraduatingwithaGPAof4.0.Itwouldbeareflectionofmybrainpowerandwillpower,showingthatIhadtherightthingstosucceed.ButIwaswrong.(他們認(rèn)為高分是進(jìn)入精英研究生院和獲得有價值的工作機(jī)會的門票。我就是其中之一。我開始大學(xué)生涯的目標(biāo)是以4.0的GPA畢業(yè)。這將是我的智力和意志力的反映，表明我有獲得成功的正確的事情。但我錯了)”可知，作者曾經(jīng)相信高分意味著高薪的工作機(jī)會。故選D。7．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Theevidenceisclear:Acrossindustries,researchshowsthattheassociationbetweengradesandjobperformanceismodestinthefirstyearaftercollegeandinsignificantwithinahandfulofyears.Forexample,atMicrosoft,onceemployeesaretwoorthreeyearsoutofcollege,theirgradeshavenothingtodowiththeirperformance.(Ofcourse,itmustbesaidthatifyougotD's,youprobablywouldn'tendupatMicrosoft.)”可知證據(jù)很明顯：在各個行業(yè)中，研究表明，成績和工作表現(xiàn)之間的聯(lián)系在大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的第一年是適度的，在幾年內(nèi)也不顯著。例如，在微軟，一旦員工從大學(xué)畢業(yè)兩三年，他們的成績和他們的表現(xiàn)沒有任何關(guān)系(當(dāng)然，必須要說的是，如果你得了D，你可能就去不了微軟了)。由此可推知，提到微軟的員工是為了說明卓越的學(xué)歷并不是職業(yè)表現(xiàn)的強(qiáng)有力預(yù)測。故選D。8．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Butcareersuccessisrarelyaboutfindingtherightsolutiontoaproblem—it'smoreaboutfindingtherightproblemtosolve.(但是事業(yè)上的成功并不在于找到解決問題的正確方法，更多的是找到需要解決的正確問題)”可推知，要想成功，人們應(yīng)該更多地專注要解決什么問題。故選B。（三）（2021湖南省岳陽市高二期末）Asstay-at-homeordersrelieveandcitiesreopenforbusiness,manydoctorsandhospitaladministratorsarecallingforaquickreturnofhealthcaretopre-pandemiclevels.Formonthsnow,routinecarehasbeenpostponed.Electiveprocedures—bigmoneymakers—werestoppedsothathospitalscouldtransferresourcestotreatingCovid-19patients.Routineclinicvisitswerecanceledorreplacedbyonlinesessions.Thishasresultedingreatfinanciallossesforhospitalsandclinics.Hospitalshavebeenforcedtoreduceemployeesorcutpay.Mostpatients,ontheotherhand,atleastthosewithstablechronic(慢性的)conditions,seemtohavedoneOK.Inarecentsurvey,onlyoneintenrespondentssaidtheirhealthorafamilymember’shealthhadworsenedasaresultofdelayedcare.Eighty-sixpercentsaidtheirhealthhadstayedaboutthesame.Admittedly,postponinghealthcarehadterriblehealthconsequencesforsomepatientswithnon-Covid-19illnesses.Still,amajorityofpatientsseemtohavedonebetterthanwhatmostdoctorsexpected.Itwillprobablytakeyearstounderstandwhy.However,perhapsAmericansdon’trequirethevolume(體積)ofcarethattheirdoctorsareusedtoproviding.ItiswellrecognizedthatasubstantialamountofhealthcareinAmericaiswasteful,accountingforhundredsofbillionsofdollarsofthetotalhealthcarebudget.Wastefulcareisdrivenbymanyforces:“defensive”medicinebydoctorstryingtoavoidlawsuits;thehighpricesthatAmericandoctorsandhospitalscharge;alackofconsensusaboutwhichtreatmentsareeffective;andthewidespreadbeliefthatnewer,moreexpensivetechnologyisalwaysbetter.Inasurveyafewyearsago,two-thirdsofdoctorsintheUnitedStatesadmittedthatbetween15percentand30percentofhealthcareisprobablyunnecessary.Studiessuggestthatupto20percentofsurgeriesinsomespecialtiesareunnecessary.Ifyoursurgerywaspostponedbecauseofthepandemic,itisworthhavingaconversationwithyourdoctoraboutwhetheritisstillneeded.Manyinstitutionsareusingthisdifficulttimeinournation’shistorytomakechanges.Thehealthcaresystemshoulddothesame.9．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．HospitalsandclinicsinAmericaaresufferingagreatloss.B．DoctorsandhospitalsinAmericaarecallingforthereturnofhealthcare.C．AlargeamountofhealthcareinAmericaisunnecessary.D．Mostpatients’healthinAmericahadbecomeworsebecauseofstay-at-homeorders.10．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_________.A．hospitalsandclinicsinAmericausedtomakealotofmoney.B．mostpatientsseemtohavebeeninstableconditionswithoutanytreatment.C．mostdoctorsareprovidingtoolittlehealthcareonpurpose,D．mostpeopledonotneedasurgeryifitispostponedbecauseofthepandemic.11．Whatis“defensive”medicineinparagraph4mean?A．Themedicinetodefendthedisease.B．Themedicinetoprotectthepatients.C．Themedicinetohelpthedoctorsavoidtroubles.D．Themedicinetohelpthedoctorstreatpatientsbetter.12．Theauthormentions“Manyinstitutionsareusingthisdifficulttimeinournation’shistorytomakechanges”inthelastparagraphtoindicatethat_________.A．itisdifficulttomakeachangein.history.B．manyinstitutionshavemadechangesinhistory.C．thehealthcaresystemmaygothroughahardtime.D．thehealthcaresystemneedstomakesomechanges.【答案】9．C10．A11．C12．D【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了新冠疫情造成的后果，一方面給醫(yī)院和診所造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，另一方面，盡管推遲醫(yī)療保健對一些患有非Covid-19疾病的患者造成了可怕的健康后果，但是，大多數(shù)患者的表現(xiàn)似乎比大多數(shù)醫(yī)生預(yù)期的要好。由此得出結(jié)論：也許美國人并不需要他們的醫(yī)生一直提供大量醫(yī)療服務(wù)。9．主旨大意題。通過閱讀文章內(nèi)容可知，文章第一段至第三段內(nèi)容揭示了新冠疫情對于美國醫(yī)療結(jié)構(gòu)和病人帶來的影響：一方面給醫(yī)院和診所造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失；另一方面，盡管推遲醫(yī)療保健，但是大多數(shù)患者的表現(xiàn)似乎比大多數(shù)醫(yī)生預(yù)期的要好。從而在文章第三段末尾引出了本文的主要話題“However,perhapsAmericansdon’trequirethevolumeofcarethattheirdoctorsareusedtoproviding.(然而，也許美國人并不需要他們的醫(yī)生一直提供大量醫(yī)療服務(wù)。)”，即文章主要講述了“在美國，大量的醫(yī)療保健是不必要的”這一主要內(nèi)容，并在后文用調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)解釋。故選C項。10．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容“Formonthsnow,routinecarehasbeenpostponed.Electiveprocedures—bigmoneymakers—werestoppedsothathospitalscouldtransferresourcestotreatingCovid-19patients.Routineclinicvisitswerecanceledorreplacedbyonlinesessions.Thishasresultedingreatfinanciallossesforhospitalsandclinics.(幾個月來，常規(guī)護(hù)理被推遲了。為了使醫(yī)院能夠?qū)①Y源轉(zhuǎn)移到治療Covid-19患者，選擇性手術(shù)——最賺錢的手術(shù)——被停止。常規(guī)門診就診被取消或被在線會診取代。這給醫(yī)院和診所造成了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。)”可知，在新冠疫情下，醫(yī)院和和診所的常規(guī)工作流程被迫發(fā)生改變，以致醫(yī)院和診所遭受巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損傷，由此可推知，美國的醫(yī)院和診所曾經(jīng)（新冠疫情之前）賺了很多錢。故選A項。11．詞義猜測題。分析語境語法可知，短語“‘defensive’medicinebydoctorstryingtoavoidlawsuits”中，“‘defensive’medicine”是由醫(yī)生開出的某種藥物，這種藥物是為了避免醫(yī)生與患者之間產(chǎn)生醫(yī)療訴訟的藥物，對醫(yī)生來說是“保護(hù)性和防御性”的。由此可推知，“‘defensive’medicine”可以理解為“幫助醫(yī)生避免麻煩的藥”。故選C項。12．推理判斷題。后文“Thehealthcaresystemshoulddothesame.(醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)也應(yīng)該這樣做。)”是承接句子“Manyinstitutionsareusingthisdifficulttimeinournation’shistorytomakechanges(許多機(jī)構(gòu)正在利用國家歷史上的這一困難時期進(jìn)行變革)”的進(jìn)一步解釋，結(jié)合語境可知，“thesame”應(yīng)是指代句子中的“makechanges(變革)”，由此可推知，作者提出該句應(yīng)是為了表明醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)也需要像其他機(jī)構(gòu)一樣在這樣的時期做出一些變革（以減少沒有必要的醫(yī)療保?。?。故選D項。（四）（2018湖北省黃岡市高二期末）Therewasatimewhenaneventwouldnotbeginwithoutaphotographer.“Irememberthedayswheneventorganiserswouldevendelayashowifthephotographerwasrunninglate,”saysBalachandraRaju,aphotographerofSathyamstudio,astillsurvivingphotostudioinIndia’ssoutherncityofChennai.Photostudiosarefacingextinctioninthedigitalage.Butastheystruggletocontinuedoingthebusiness,oneresearchprojectislookingatwaystopreservetheirlegacy(遺產(chǎn))bydigitisingarchival(檔案的)pictures.Theproject,fundedbytheBritishLibrary,visitedaround100photostudiosacrossthesouthIndianstateofTamilNaduanddigitised10,000prints.Manyofthephotosweretakenbetween1880-1980,andtheyrangedfrompicturesoffamiliesandfamousstarstoweddingsandfunerals.“Thedigitalarchivewillbeanasset(有用之物)forthoseinterestedinhistory,”saidZoeEHeadley,oneoftheresearchers.RameshKumar,anotherresearcherontheproject,calledita“goldmine”forphotographers.“Theresearchwe’vedonealsohighlightsproductiontechniquesusedbeforedigitalphotographyarrivedinourcitiesandtowns,”hesaid.However,theresearcherswouldoftenfindoldphotosstacked(難疊)ontopofoneanotherinthestorageroomofastudio.“Noonehadbotheredtocleanthem,”Kumarsaid,addingthatmanyphotoshadbeendamagedduetothehotandwetweatherinTamilNadu.TheownerofNallapillaistudioincentralTamilNadusaidhespendsabout20,000rupees(￡230;$310)eachmonthtorunthestudiothatwasfoundedbyhisgreatgrandfatheralmost150yearsago.Tosurviveinthisdigitalagehasbeenastruggle.“Manycustomersdon’tbookusforspecialeventsanymore,”hesaid,addingthattheyhaveallgotsmartphonestodothejob.“I’mnotsureifphotostudioswillexistfiveyearsfromnow,”hesaid.Butthisiswhy,accordingtoMrRaju,thisarchivalprojectissoimportant.“Whentheresearchersspenthoursinmystudio,Isawthemgetexcitedoveralloftheseoldphotos,anditwasliketheyhadgiventhesepicturesasecondchance,”Rajusaid.13．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph1?A．Photographerswerelazy.B．Photographywasvalued.C．Expertphotographerswerefew.D．Eventorganiserswerethemostimportant.14．Howmighttheprojectpreservephotostudioslegacy?A．Photostudioscanattractmanyvisitors.B．Photographerscanhaveagoodworkingplace.C．Photographersgettolearnaboutoldphotographytechniques.D．Photostudioshavethechancetotakepicturesoffamousstars.15．Whathastheresearchersfound?A．Somephotostudiosaredoingwell.B．Photostudiosarebookedforspecialevents.C．Somephotostudiossufferfrombadweather.D．Photostudiosgiveoldpictureslittleprotection.16．WhatisRaju’sattitudetowardstheproject?A．Hopeful. B．AnxiousC．Disapproving. D．Opposed.【答案】13．B14．C15．D16．A【解析】本文是議論文。論述了如今的數(shù)碼時代，用智能手機(jī)拍照風(fēng)行，舊時的照相館是否還有存在的必要的論題。13．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的Irememberthedayswheneventorganiserswouldevendelayashowifthephotographerwasrunninglate可知，如果攝影師遲到，活動組織者甚至?xí)七t演出。由此可知，曾經(jīng)攝影師的地位很高，攝影備受尊崇。故選B項。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的RameshKumar,anotherresearcherontheproject,calledita“goldmine”forphotographers.“Theresearchwe’vedonealsohighlightsproductiontechniquesusedbeforedigitalphotographyarrivedinourcitiesandtowns,”hesaid.可知，得益于該項目，如今的攝影師們有機(jī)會了解舊時的攝影技術(shù)，這對保護(hù)這些照相館的遺產(chǎn)大有裨益。故選C項。15．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的However,theresearcherswouldoftenfindoldphotosstacked(難疊)ontopofoneanotherinthestorageroomofastudio.“Noonehadbotheredtocleanthem,”Kumarsaid,addingthatmanyphotoshadbeendamagedduetothehotandwetweatherinTamilNadu.可知，在研究過程中，研究人員經(jīng)常碰到的場景是：照相館里的老照片被隨意地堆放在一起，無人愿意清理它們，由于TamilNadu的天氣又濕又熱，很多照片甚至被損壞了。由此可推知，照相館對于老照片的保護(hù)力度不夠。故選D項。16．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的Butthisiswhy,accordingtoMrRaju,thisarchivalprojectissoimportant.“Whentheresearchersspenthoursinmystudio,Isawthemgetexcitedoveralloftheseoldphotos,anditwasliketheyhadgiventhesepicturesasecondchance,”Rajusaid.可知，Raju認(rèn)為這個項目很重要，研究人員對這些照片都很興奮。由此推知，Raju對這個項目充滿了希望。故選A項。（五）（2020遼寧師范大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)高二期末）Howcouldwepossiblythinkthatkeepinganimalsincagesinunnaturalenvironments－mostlyforentertainmentpurposes－isfairandrespectful?Zooofficialssaytheyareconcernedaboutanimals.However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.Zooskeepanimalsinsmallspacesorcages,andmostsignsonlymentionthespecies’name,diet,andnaturalrange(分布區(qū)).Theanimals’normalbehaviorisseldomnoticedbecausezoosdon’tusuallytakecareoftheanimals’naturalneeds.Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusuallyself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.Aworldwidestudyofzoosfoundthatzoochosisiscommonamonganimalskeptinsmallspacesorcages.Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.Furthermore,mostanimalsinzoosarenotendangered.Captivebreeding(圈養(yǎng)繁殖)ofendangeredbigcats,Asianelephants,andotherspecieshasnotresultedintheirbeingsentbacktothewild.Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.Infact,babyanimalsalsoattractalotofpayingcustomers.Haven’tweseenenoughcompetitionstonamebabyanimals?Actually,wewillsaveendangeredspeciesonlyifwesavetheirhabitatsandputanendtothereasonspeoplekillthem.Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.17．Inthestateofzoochosis,animals_________.A．remainincages B．behavestrangelyC．a(chǎn)ttackotheranimals D．enjoymovingaround18．Whatdoestheauthortrytoargueinthepassage?A．Zoosarenotworththepublicsupport.B．Zoosfailintheirattempttosaveanimals.C．Zoosshouldtreatanimalsashumanbeings.D．Zoosuseanimalsasameansofentertainment.19．Theauthortriestopersuadereaderstoaccepthisargumentmainlyby_________.A．pointingoutthefaultsinwhatzoosdoB．usingevidencehehascollectedatzoosC．questioningthewayanimalsareprotectedD．discussingtheadvantagesofnaturalhabitats20．Althoughhearguesagainstzoos,theauthorwouldstillagreethat__________.A．zooshavetokeepanimalsinsmallcagesB．mostanimalsinzoosareendangeredspeciesC．someendangeredanimalsarereproducedinzoosD．it’sacceptabletokeepanimalsawayfromtheirhabitats【答案】17．B18．A19．A20．C【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章講述了作者對動物園的看法，作者認(rèn)為動物園的動物并不快樂，而且呼吁我們?nèi)ブС帜切┱嬲秊楸Ｗo(hù)野生動物棲息地的工作。17．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Anotherstudyshowedthatelephantsspend22percentoftheirtimemakingrepeatedheadmovementsorbitingcagebars,andbearsspend30percentoftheirtimewalkingbackandforth,asignofunhappinessandpain.”可知，另一項研究顯示，大象花22%的時間重復(fù)頭部運動或咬籠子的柵欄，熊則花30%的時間來回走動，這是不快樂和痛苦的表現(xiàn)。由此可知，在動物精神病狀態(tài)下，動物的行為很奇怪。故選B項。18．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Insteadofsupportingzoos,weshouldsupportgroupsthatworktoprotectanimals’naturalhabitats.”可知，我們應(yīng)該支持保護(hù)動物自然棲息地的團(tuán)體，而不是支持動物園。由此可知，作者在文中試圖論證動物園不值得公眾支持。故選A項。19．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段However,mostzoosremain“collections”ofinteresting“things”ratherthanprotectivehabitats.Zoosteachpeoplethatitisacceptabletokeepanimalsbored,lonely,andfarfromtheirnaturalhomes.可知，然而，大多數(shù)動物園仍然是有趣的“東西”的“集合”，而不是保護(hù)性的棲息地。動物園告訴人們，讓動物感到無聊、孤獨和遠(yuǎn)離自然家園是可以接受的。根據(jù)第三段Zoosclaimtoeducatepeopleandsaveendangeredspecies,butvisitorsleavezooswithouthavinglearnedanythingmeaningfulabouttheanimals’naturalbehavior,intelligence,orbeauty.動物園聲稱教育人們和拯救瀕危物種，但游客離開動物園時卻沒有了解到動物的自然行為、智力或美麗。根據(jù)第四段Theanimalsarekepttogetherinsmallspaces,withnoprivacyandlittleopportunityformentalandphysicalexercise.Thisresultsinunusuallyself-destructivebehaviorcalledzoochosis.

動物們被關(guān)在一起的空間很小，很少有運動的機(jī)會。這導(dǎo)致了一種異常的自我毀滅行為，稱之為動物精神病。由此判斷出，作者主要通過指出動物園的錯誤行為試圖說服讀者接受他的觀點。故選A項。20．推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段Zoostalkalotabouttheircaptivebreedingprogramsbecausetheydonotwantpeopletoworryaboutaspeciesdyingout.可知，動物園經(jīng)常談?wù)撍麄兊娜︷B(yǎng)繁殖計劃，因為他們不希望人們擔(dān)心一個物種會滅絕。由此判斷出，盡管他反對動物園，但作者仍然同意一些瀕危動物在動物園里繁殖。故選C項。（六）（2020·山東濟(jì)南·高二期末）Teenagerswhotravelaroundtheworldalonehavebeenmakingheadlinesquiteoften.Ayoungpersonaloneinadangeroussituationattractsattentionandsponsors.Youngsailorsalsoattractvariousviews.Forexample,JessicaWatsonwasaskedbythegovernmenttocancelhervoyage,yetthePrimeMinistercalledher“aheroforyoungAustralians”whenshereturned.Itseemedthereisconfusionaboutthecompetenceandindependenceofyoungpeople.Thepopularpsychologiststellusthatteenagebrainsarelikelytomakewrongjudgments.Butsuchideasoftendonotapplytospecificindividuals.Betweentheagesof14and18,teenagersvarygreatlyintheirabilities.Theamountofindependencethateachisallowedshouldbedeterminednotsimplybytheiragebutbydiscussionwiththerelated,responsibleadults.Someteensarecertainlyinexperiencedandcapableofchildishmistakes,buttheoneswhoattemptdangerousjourneysnormallydosobywinningtheconfidenceofhard-headedandwell-qualifiedadultsupporters.Butit’salsowrongtothinkthatany16-year-oldcandesiretogetachievementsasunusualasJessicaWatson’s.Watsoncallsherself“anordinarygirlwhohadadream”.Herintentionistoencourageteenagersbutthisideacanhavetheoppositeeffectofmakingthemfeelnotgoodenoughbecausegreatachievementsarebeyondthem.Shouldallteenshavesuchdreams?Actually,individualsfacevaryingcircumstancesthatrestricttheirdreams.Teenagerswhotravelaroundtheworldaloneshouldnotbejudgedbypreconceived(事先形成的)viewsaboutyoungpeople.Norshouldyoung“ordinary”teenagersfeelpressuretolongforextraordinarypersonalgoals.Infact,Ibelievetheexampleofsolosailingoverstressesindividualism.Theteenageyearsarewhenmostofus“ordinary”peoplelearnthatwecanachievegreatthingsincooperationwithothers.21．WhatcanwelearnaboutJessicaWatson?A．Shewascriticizedbythegovernment.B．Sheeventuallycanceledhervoyage.C．Shehastraveledaroundtheworld.D．Shemadeasuccessfulvoyage.22．Whatcanbeinferredaboutteenagersfromthetext?A．Theyhavesimilarabilities.B．Theymakedecisionsontheirown.C．Theyalwaysmakewrongjudgments.D．Theyneedsupportsofresponsibleadults.23．Whodoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph3referto?A．Parents. B．Teenagers.C．Psychologists. D．Adults.24．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．DividedOpinionsonYoungAdventurersB．ProblemsFacedbyAdventurousTeensC．VariousWaystoBecomeIndependentD．PressuretoAchievePersonalGoals【答案】21．D22．D23．B24．A【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要講述了獨自一人環(huán)游世界的青少年經(jīng)常成為頭條新聞，一個年輕人JessicaWatson成為了澳大利亞年輕人的英雄，為此各方有著不同的看法。21．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的“Forexample,JessicaWatsonwasaskedbythegovernmenttocancelhervoyage,yetthePrimeMinistercalledher“aheroforyoungAustralians”whenshereturned.”可知，政府要求JessicaWatson取消航行，但在她返回時總理稱她為澳大利亞年輕人的英雄。由此可知，JessicaWatson進(jìn)行了一次成功的航行。故選D。22．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Theamountofindependencethateachisallowedshouldbedeterminednotsimplybytheiragebutbydiscussionwiththerelated,responsibleadults.Someteensarecertainlyinexperiencedandcapableofchildishmistakes,buttheoneswhoattemptdangerousjourneysnormallydosobywinningtheconfidenceofhard-headedandwell-qualifiedadultsupporters.”可知，允許每個人獨立的程度不僅應(yīng)由他們的年齡決定，還需要與相關(guān)的負(fù)責(zé)任的成年人討論。有些青少年肯定是沒有經(jīng)驗的，并且容易犯幼稚的錯誤，但是那些嘗試危險旅行的青少年那樣做通常是得到了精明冷靜的和有學(xué)識的成人支持者的信任。由此可知，青少年需要負(fù)責(zé)任的成年人的支持。故選D。23．指代猜測題。根據(jù)第三段的“Butit’salsowrongtothinkthatany16-year-oldcandesiretogetachievementsasunusualasJessicaWatson’s.Watsoncallsherself“anordinarygirlwhohadadream”.Herintentionistoencourageteenagersbutthisideacanhavetheoppositeeffectofmakingthemfeelnotgoodenoughbecausegreatachievementsarebeyondthem.Shouldallteenshavesuchdreams?Actually,individualsfacevaryingcircumstancesthatrestricttheirdreams.”可知，認(rèn)為任何16歲的年輕人都渴望獲得JessicaWatson一樣出色的成就也是錯誤的。Watson稱自己為一個有夢想的普通女孩。她這樣做的目的是為了鼓勵青少年，但是這個想法可能產(chǎn)生相反的效果，使他們感到自己不夠好，因為在他們看來偉大的成就是他們不可觸及的。所有的青少年都應(yīng)該有這樣的夢想嗎？實際上，每個人面臨著各種不同的情況，這限制了他們的夢想。由此可知，劃線詞they指代的是前文提到的青少年。故選B。24．標(biāo)題判斷題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了獨自一人環(huán)游世界的青少年經(jīng)常成為頭條新聞，一個處境危險的年輕人JessicaWatson成為了澳大利亞年輕人的英雄，為此各方有著不同的看法。下文具體地分析了人們的不同看法。根據(jù)第二題的分析可知，第二段提到“青少年需要負(fù)責(zé)任的成年人的支持”。第三段提到“認(rèn)為任何16歲的年輕人都渴望獲得JessicaWatson一樣出色的成就也是錯誤的”。最后一段中提到作者的看法“不應(yīng)僅憑對年輕人的先入為主的看法來判斷在世界各地旅行的青少年。青少年也不應(yīng)感到壓力去渴望達(dá)到非凡的個人目標(biāo)。實際上，我相信單人航行的例子過分強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義。十幾歲的時候，我們大多數(shù)普通人都知道我們可以與他人合作來成就偉大的事情”。因此A項（對年輕冒險者的不同看法。）可以作為文章的標(biāo)題。故選A。（七）（2019·山東濟(jì)寧·高二期末）HighschoolbiologyteacherKellyChavisknewsmartphoneswereaprobleminherclass.Butnoteventhestuden