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BUILDINGRESILIENCEOFTHEURBANPOOR:RECOMMENDATIONSFORSYSTEMICCHANGENOVEMBER2022ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANKBUILDINGRESILIENCEOFTHEURBANPOOR:RECOMMENDATIONSFORSYSTEMICCHANGENOVEMBER2022ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK?CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)?2022AsianDevelopmentBank6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila,PhilippinesTel+6326324444;Fax+6326362444Somerightsreserved.Publishedin2022.ISBN978-92-9269-806-5(print);978-92-9269-807-2(electronic);978-92-9269-808-9(ebook)PublicationStockNo.TCS220444-2DOI:/10.22617/TCS220444-2TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“country”inthisdocument,ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.ThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.Byusingthecontentofthispublication,youagreetobeboundbythetermsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsandtermsofuseat/terms-use#openaccessThisCClicensedoesnotapplytonon-ADBcopyrightmaterialsinthispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedtoanothersource,pleasecontactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial.Pleasecontactpubsmarketing@ifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttocontent,orifyouwishtoobtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesnotfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousetheADBlogo.CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundat/10.22617/TCS220444-2.CoverdesignbyLowilFredEspada.Onthecover(fromlefttoright):(i)ATyphoonUlysses-affectedresidentofSanMateo,Rizal,PhilippinescarryingthesupportshereceivedundertheBayanBayanihanprogram;(ii)CommunitymembersinIndonesiaparticipatinginthedecision-makingprocess(photobyRISEProgram);and(iii)Theconstructionsiteofathree-storymultipurposecycloneshelteratSurikataGovernmentPrimarySchoolinAmtaliPourashava,BargunaDistrict,Bangladesh.PrintedonrecycledpaperContentsAcknowledgmentsvDefinitionofKeyTermsandConceptsviAbbreviationsviiiExecutiveSummaryix1TheCaseforaChangeinApproachtoBuildingtheResilience1oftheUrbanPoor1.1TheNeedforChange21.2AFrameworkforChange41.3TheBenefitsofChange72ThePathwaytoaChangeinApproachtoBuildingtheResilience9oftheUrbanPoor2.1APathwaytoChange102.2EntryPointstoChange113StrategicInterventionsonthePathwaytoBuildingtheResilience15oftheUrbanPoor3.1StrategicInterventionsStartingattheHousehold163.2StrategicInterventionsStartingattheNeighborhood203.3StrategicInterventionsStartingattheCity223.4InterventionstoStrengthentheEnablingEnvironment244Conclusion27APPENDIXES29APPENDIX1BackgroundtotheSynthesisReport29APPENDIX2TheNeedforChangeAssociatedwithKeyPolicyAreas30APPENDIX3TheNeedforChangeAssociatedwiththeEnablingEnvironment37REFERENCES41BuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoorFigures1AContinuumofAdaptationStrategies32AFrameworkforSystemicChange53IntegratedandComplementaryActionwiththeHouseholdasanEntryPoint174IntegratedandComplementaryActionwiththeNeighborhoodasanEntryPoint215IntegratedandComplementaryActionwiththeCityasanEntryPoint23 vAcknowledgmentsThisregionalreportisoneoftheoutputsoftheregionaltechnicalassistanceprojectoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)forAdvancingInclusiveandResilientUrbanDevelopmentTargetedattheUrbanPoor.TheprojectisfinancedbytheUrbanClimateChangeResilienceTrustFund(UCCRTF),administeredbyADBandwithfinancialsupportfromTheRockefellerFoundationandthegovernmentsofSwitzerlandandtheUnitedKingdom.TheregionalreportdistillsthefindingsandrecommendationsoftheResiliencefortheUrbanPoorForum2021(RUP2021),thecountrydiagnosticstudiesonbuildingclimateanddisasterresilienceoftheurbanpoorinIndonesiaandthePhilippines,andthebackgroundstudiesundertakenfortheupcomingCoastalTownsClimateResilienceSectorProjectinBangladesh,whichwereundertakenbytechnicalassistanceincloseconsultationwithgovernmentsandrelevantstakeholders.Itdiscussestheimportanceofnewapproachestobuildingresilienceoftheurbanpoor,aswellastherecommendationsforsystemicchangebyidentifyingopportunitiesandentrypoints.KirstenMcDonald,associateprincipalofAruppreparedthereportundertheoverallguidanceandsupervisionoftechnicalassistanceco-teamleadersArghyaSinhaRoy,principalclimatechangespecialist(climatechangeadaptation),SustainableDevelopmentandClimateChangeDepartment(SDCC),andYukikoIto,principalsocialdevelopmentspecialist,SDCC.ThereportgainedadditionalinputsfromdiscussionsduringtheRUP2021eventheld16-18November2021,whichtackledthefindingsandrecommendationsofthecountrydiagnosticstudiesandidentifiedopportunitiesforscalinguppro-poorpoliciesandinvestmentsatdifferentscalestostrengthenresilienceoftheurbanpoor.Thereportbenefitedfromthetechnicalinputs,comments,andfeedbackprovidedbyDavidDodman,director,InternationalInstituteforEnvironmentandDevelopment,alongsidemembersoftheUCCRTFteam.TheseincludedVirinderSharma,principalurbandevelopmentspecialist,SDCC,andJoyAmorBailey,consultant.TechnicalassistancepersonnelandconsultantsCristinaGregorio,AnnaMarieKaraos,RowenaMantaring,andFatimaAngelaMarifosquealsocontributedtothereportThisreportwaseditedbyLaylaTanjutco-Amar,proofreadbyLeviRodolfoLusterio,andpageproofcheckedbyMarjorieCelis.GraphicsandlayoutweredonebyLowilEspadaincollaborationwithMelanieSison,knowledgemanagementandcommunicationsconsultant.BuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoorDefinitionofKeyTermsandConceptsAdaptivesocialprotection

Socialprotectionthatdeliversonresilienceoutcomes—reducedrisk,strengthenedcapacitytoadapt,andenhancedresidualriskmanagementstrategiestohelprecoverfromtheadverseimpactsofclimatechangeanddisaster-relatedshocksandstresses(ADB2018).Anticipatoryadaptation

Adaptationthattakesplacebeforeimpactsofclimatechangeareobserved;alsoreferredtoasproactiveadaptation(McCarthyetal.2001,p.982).Autonomousadaptation

Adaptationthatdoesnotconstituteaconsciousresponsetoclimaticstimulibutistriggeredbyecologicalchangesinnaturalsystemsandbymarketorwelfarechangesinhumansystems;alsoreferredtoasspontaneousadaptation(McCarthyetal.2001,p.982).Business-as-usual

Business-as-usualinthecontextofthisdocumentreferstoactionstostrengthentheresilienceofurbanpoorandnearpoorwhichdonotaddresstheunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilitytoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.Cascadingrisk

Cascadingriskistypicallyunderstood“asachainofcausalitythatemergeswhenhazards,riskandaccumulatedvulnerabilitiesconnectacrossmultiplescalestoproduceadisaster”(Zaidi2018,p.307).Climatechange

Achangeinthestateoftheclimatethatcanbeidentifiedbychangesinthemeanand/orthevariabilityofitsproperties,andthatpersistsforanextendedperiod,typicallydecadesorlonger(IPCC2018,p.544).Climatedeparture

Thepointatwhichtheaveragetemperatureofthecoolestyearfromthenonisprojectedtobewarmerthantheaveragetemperatureofitshottestyearbetween1960and2005(Fujii2016).Climaterisk

Theriskstonaturalandhumansystemsinducedbyclimatechange;onsetcanbebothslow(suchasdroughtsandincreasesintemperature)orrapid(suchasstormsandflashfloods).Compoundingrisk

Interactionofmultiplehazardsthathaveanimpactthatisextremeandgreaterthanthesumoftheparts.(Zaidi2018).Copingstrategies

Copingstrategies(ormechanisms)areawayofrespondingtoanexperiencedimpactthatenableshort-termsurvival.Copingdoesnotaddressunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilitybutbringsaboutshort-termchangethatenablesasystemtosurviveexperiencedshocksandstresses.Covariateevents

Shocksandstressescanbereferredtoascovariateoridiosyncratic.Covariateeventsarewidespread,infrequenteventsthatdirectlyaffectlargenumbersofpeopleinagivengeographicarea.Entrypoint

Inthecontextofthisreport,entrypointsaretheopeningsoropportunitiesfornationalgovernmentsorcitiesandurbanmunicipalitiestostrategicallyinvestinactionsthatcontributetobuildingresilienceofurbanpoorandnearpoortoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.DefinitionofKeyTermsandConcepts viiHigh-regretapproach

High-regretapproachesarehigh-riskinvestmentsthatyieldbenefitsorpositivereturnsinthelong-termunderspecificfutureclimatescenarios.High-regretapproachesrespondtofutureclimatevariabilityandcontributetobuildingthecapacitytoadapttofutureuncertainty.High-regretapproachesrequireplanningandconsiderationofuncertainty.Investmentinrelocatingcriticalinfrastructureortheconstructionofprotectiveinfrastructureareexamplesofahigh-regretapproach.Idiosyncraticevents

Shocksandstressescanbereferredtoascovariateoridiosyncratic.Idiosyncraticeventsaresignificanteventsthataffectspecificindividualsorhouseholdswithinacommunity.Incrementaladaptation

Incrementaladaptationincludesinterventionsthataddresstheproximatecausesofvulnerabilityratherthantheunderlyingdriversofvulnerability.Incrementaladaptationcanbeconsideredbusiness-as-usual(ADB2020)asitdoesnotsignificantlychangeexistingdriversofvulnerability.Incrementaladaptationbringsaboutsmall-scalechangethatenablesasystemtorespondtoimmediateandanticipatedshocksandstresses.Low-regretapproach

Low-regretapproachesarelow-riskinvestmentsinadaptationthatyieldbenefitsorpositivereturnsintheshort-,medium-,andlong-termundermanyfutureclimatescenarios.Low-regretapproachesrespondtobothcurrentandfutureclimatevariabilityandcontributetobuildingthecapacitytoadapttofutureuncertainty.No-regretapproach

No-regretapproachesareverylow-riskinvestmentsinadaptationthatyieldbenefitsorpositivereturnsintheshort-termwithoutconsiderationoftherisksassociatedwithfutureclimatescenarios.No-regretapproachesrespondtocurrentclimatevariabilityandcontributetobuildingthecapacitytoadapttofutureuncertainty.No-regretapproachescanbeimplementedimmediately.Plannedadaptation

Adaptationthatistheresultofadeliberatepolicydecision,basedonanawarenessthatconditionshavechangedorareabouttochangeandthatactionisrequiredtoreturnto,maintain,orachieveadesiredstate(McCarthyetal.2001,p.982).Resilience

“(T)heabilityofcountries,communities,businesses,andindividualhouseholdstoresist,absorb,recoverfrom,andreorganizeinresponsetonaturalhazardevents,withoutjeopardizingtheirsustainedsocioeconomicadvancementanddevelopment”(ADB2013,p.5).Transformationaladaptation

Transformationaladaptationinvolvesinterventionsthataddresstheunderlyingdriversofvulnerability.Transformationaladaptation“challengesandsignificantlychangesfundamentalattributesofexistingsocialstructuresandpowerrelations”(ADB2020,p.3).Transformationaladaptationbringsaboutchangethatenablesasystemtolearnfromandtransforminresponsetofutureanduncertainshocksandstresses.Urbanpoverty

Income-basedurbanpoverty,whichuseseithertheinternationalornationalpovertylineasabenchmarkorthemultidimensionalpovertyindex,thelatterrecognizingthatpovertygoesbeyondincometoincludeaccesstobasicservices,education,andsocialprotectionaswellasrights.BuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoorAbbreviationsADBMFIMSMENGORUP2021SDCCUCCRTF

AsianDevelopmentBankmicrofinanceinstitutionmicro,small,andmedium-sizedenterprisenongovernmentorganizationResiliencefortheUrbanPoorForum2021SustainableDevelopmentandClimateChangeDepartmentUrbanClimateChangeResilienceTrustFund ixExecutiveSummaryClimatechangeanddisasterriskareincreasingandwhiletheimpactsarealreadybeingfeltglobally,peoplelivingbeloworjustabovethepovertylineinurbanareasarehighlyvulnerableandatrisk.Withoutactiontoaddressthestructuralinequalitiesthataretheunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilityandbuildresiliencetoclimatechangeanddisasters,thereisariskthatthenumberofpoorandnear-poorhouseholdsinurbanareasinAsiawillriseovertime,increasingthevulnerabilityofentireurbanandcountrysystems.Theactionneededrequiresachangefromthebusiness-as-usualapproachestoaddressingrisk,tonewapproachesthathaveanexplicitfocusontheurbanpoorandnearpoor,andthatputtheurbanpoorandnearpooratthecenterofdecision-making.Crucialtothesenewapproachesisanexplicitfocusonthedriversofvulnerabilityoftheurbanpoorandnearpoortoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.Thekeytochangeisintegratedactionacrossspecificpolicyareasthatbridgeshouseholds,neighborhoods,andcities,aswellassectors,andjurisdictionalboundariesandthatiscomplementaryovertime.Nationalgovernmentsinpartnershipwithotherstakeholdershaveacriticalroleinsupportingurbanareasleadingthechangetonewapproachesthathaveanexplicitfocusonthedriversofvulnerabilityandbringaboutsystemicchange.Bychangingtheirapproachtosixpolicyareas—urbanplanninganddevelopment,socialprotection,housing,livelihoods,health,andintegratedinfrastructure—fromfragmentedandsiloedtointegratedandcoordinatedthroughrisk-informedandinclusivegovernance,andbymakingavailablefinanceatthehousehold,neighborhood,andcitylevels,nationalgovernmentscancreateanenablingenvironmentforsecuringandsustainingresilienceinindividualurbanareas,andforfacilitatingtheinnovationandpartnershipsnecessarytoscaleupnationally.Severalkeyopeningsoropportunitiesexistineachcountryandineachcitytobringaboutsystemicchange.Households,neighborhoods,andcitiesarekeyopeningsoropportunities—entrypoints—fornationalgovernmentsandurbanlocalgovernmentstobegininvestinginnewapproachesinwaysthatareintegrated,complementary,andultimately,transformational.Eachofthesethreeentrypointsisanopportunitytostrategicallyinvestincreatingorstrengtheningverticallinkages,bybridginghousehold,neighborhood,andcitylevels,andhorizontallinkages,byintegratingpolicyareas.Associatedwitheachentrypointareseveralstrategicinterventions,eachwithanexplicitfocusonaddressingtheunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilityofurbanpoorandnear-poorpopulationstoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.Whiletheentrypointsarecommonforallcitiesandcountries,theopportunitiesforstrategicinterventionineachcountrywilldependonthespecificpolicycontextandenablingenvironment;thelevelofclimateanddisasterrisk;andexistingBuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoorinterventionsinreducingriskandbuildingtheresilienceofurbanpoorandnear-poorpopulations,includingtheexistingcopingandadaptationstrategiesoftheurbanpoorandnearpoorthemselves.Thisdocumentsetsoutopportunitiesstartingatthelevelofthehouseholdtostrengthenadaptivesocialprotectionpoliciesandprogramsincombinationwithlivelihoodprogramsusingawhole-of-governmentapproach.Thisisdesignedtohelphouseholdsmanageresidualriskwhenashockoccursandstrengthenfinancingforhousingthatisacceptable,aspirational,andaffordable.Thisshouldbecombinedwithrobustplanning,design,andmaintenancetocontributetoreducingexposureandvulnerability.Thiscanimproveaccesstoessentialservicesviaintegratedinfrastructuredesignedtoreduceriskand,duringtimesofshock,functionatalevelacceptabletothecommunitypluscontributetoimprovingthehealthofurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholds.Thisdocumentsetsoutopportunitiesstartingattheleveloftheneighborhoodtostrengthentheplanning,design,delivery,operations,andmaintenanceofcommunity-ledinfrastructure—includingnature-basedsolutions.Theseopportunitiesaimtoimprovethehealth,productivity,andsocialinclusionoftheurbanpoorandnearpoor,addressingunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilityandimprovingthecapacitytoadapttochangingshocksandstresses.Theyarealsodesignedtostrengthenlivelihood-relatedinterventionsattheneighborhoodleveltoincreaseresilienceandatthesametimeaddressdriversofvulnerability.Thisdocumentalsosetsoutopportunitiesstartingatthelevelofthecitytostrengthenurbanplanningsothatitisrisk-informedtherebyreducingexposureandvulnerability;strengthencitywideearlywarningsystems,providingearlywarningandimprovingrecovery;networkcitywideinfrastructuretoenhanceresiliencetoensurecontinuousaccesstoservicesduringandafteranevent;andimprovefinancialpreparednesstoensurecontinuousaccesstofundsduringandafteranevent.Finally,thisdocumentsetsoutopportunitiesforinterventiontostrengthentheenablingenvironmentsothatgovernanceiscapable,accountable,andresponsive;urbanandclimatedataareaccurateandaccessible;andurbanandclimatefinancingisdirectedtohouseholds,neighborhoods,cities,andurbanmunicipalitiestomeettheirdifferentrequirementsandbridgebetweenlevels,andthereisthecapacitytomanageandmonitortheuseofthesefinances.Insummary,thisdocumentmakesthecaseforsystemicchange,andprovidesaframeworkforandpathwaytochangeforpro-poorresilienturbandevelopment.TheCaseforaChangeinApproachtoBuildingtheResilienceoftheUrbanPoorChapter 1BuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoor1.1 TheNeedforChangeUrbanpopulationsinAsiaandthePacificareincreasing—from375millionin1970to1.84billionin2017.Thishasresultedinanincreaseinurbanization—fromaround20%to46%(AfDBetal.2019).Urbanareas,specificallycitiesinmostcountriesinAsia,contributemorethan80%ofgrossdomesticproduct(ADBn.d.).Theseurbanareasarecomplexsystems.Climateanddisasterriskisincreasing.Theimpactofclimatechangeanddisastersononepartoftheurbansystemcanhaveacascadingandcompoundingimpactonanother.Urbanpopulationslivingbeloworjustabovethepovertylineinurbanandruralareasarehighlyvulnerableandatrisk.Withinurbanenvironments,theurbanpoorandnearpoorareusuallythemostvulnerabletoincreasingriskduetohigherexposuretohazardsandarangeofstructuralinequalities,notleastincomepovertyandinformality.Withoutactiontoaddressthesestructuralinequalitiesalongwithreducingexposureandbuildingclimateresilience,theAsiaandPacificregionislikelytoseeanincreaseinitsurbanpoorpopulation,increasingthevulnerabilityofentireurbanandcountrysystems.Systemicchangeisneededtoaddressthestructuralinequalitiesthatarethedriversofvulnerabilityofurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdstoclimatechangeanddisasterriskandbuildresilience.Structuralinequalitiessuchasincomepoverty;gendernorms;age;disability;healthstatus;insecurityoflandtenure;andinformalityofsettlements,housing,andlivelihoodsreducetheabilityofurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdstoresist,absorb,recoverfrom,andreorganizeinresponsetoclimatechangeanddisastereventswithoutthreateningtheirsocioeconomicadvancementanddevelopment(ADB2013).Existingstrategiestocopewithandadapttoclimatechangeandreducedisasterrisk

Resilienceisdefinedas“theabilityofcountries,communities,businesses,andindividualhouseholdstoresist,absorb,recoverfrom,andreorganizeinresponsetonaturalhazardevents,withoutjeopardizingtheirsustainedsocioeconomicadvancementanddevelopment.”Source:ADB.2013.InvestinginResilience:EnsuringaDisaster-ResistantFuture.Manila.ensureshort-termsurvivalandaddresstheimmediatecausesofvulnerability,butdonottypicallyenabletransformationbytargetingthestructuralinequalitiesthataretheunderlyingdriversofvulnerability.Strategiesthattargetstructuralinequalitiesareneededtocomplementexistingcopingandadaptivemeasuresifnationalandurbanlocalgovernmentsaretoreducethevulnerabilityofurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdsandenabletheiradvancementanddevelopment(Figure1).Tobringaboutsystemicchangeandtransformthelivesoftheurbanpoorandnearpoorsotheyaremoreresilient,newapproachesareneededtobridgeexistingpolicysilosandovercomepolicyfragmentation.Thesenewapproachesincludeimprovinggovernanceandremovinginstitutionalimpedimentstotakinganintegratedandcoordinatedapproachtourbanplanninganddevelopment.TheCaseforaChangeinApproachtoBuildingtheResilienceoftheUrbanPoor3Figure1:AContinuumofAdaptationStrategiessurvival—proximatecauses—rootcausesVulnerabilityShort-term

TransformationaladaptationIncrementaladaptationCopingResilienceRecovery,constancy,resistance,stability—learning,experimentation,transformabilitySource:?ADB.2020.AdvancingInclusiveandResilientUrbanDevelopmentTargetedattheUrbanPoor:Pro-poorClimateChangeAdaptationforUrbanAreas.Consultant’sreport.Manila(TA9513-REG).Newapproachesthatimprovethedeliveryofsocialprotection,supportoflivelihoods,anddeliveryofhealthservices,aswellasaddresstheexposureandvulnerabilityofinformalsettlementsandhousingandintegratecommunity-ledinfrastructureintocity-levelsystemsareneeded.Gapsneedtobefilledindataonhazards,andtheirlikely

impacts,aswellasdataontheunderlyingdriversofvulnerabilitytoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.Gapsalsoneedtobefilledintheavailabilityandallocationoffundingandalllevelsofgovernmentsneedtobestrengthenedsotheyarecapable,accountable,andresponsive.BuildingResilienceoftheUrbanPoor1.2 AFrameworkforChangeToachievesystemicchange,nationalgovernmentsneedtostrengthenthewaytheycurrentlyenableactioninurbanareastobuildresiliencebyengagingwithurbanpoorcommunities,undertakingrisk-informedurbanplanning,anddeliveringadaptivesocialprotection.Theyshouldsupportresilientlivelihoods,deliverhealthservices,addresstheexposureandvulnerabilityofhousingandshelter,plusensuretheintegrationofcommunity-ledinfrastructureincity-levelsystems.Systemicchangerequiresfocusingonsixpolicyareasthatdeliverbenefitsatthreedifferentlevels—household,neighborhood,andcity—withcomplementaryactionsthataddresstherootcausesofsocioeconomicandecologicalvulnerabilitytoclimateanddisasterrisk.Systemicchangeisunderpinnedbyasupportiveenvironmentfeaturingacapable,accountable,andresponsivegovernment;accurateandaccessibleurbanandclimatedata;andurbanandclimatefinancedirectedtohouseholds,neighborhoods,citiesandurbanmunicipalities.1.2.1SixPolicyAreasforChangeTheframeworkforchangeidentifiessixpolicyareasforintegrationatthehousehold,neighborhood,andcitylevelsovertimeifimpactistobemaximizedandsustained(Figure2).Adaptivesocialprotectionisneededtotransformthesocialandeconomicdriversthatkeepurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdspoorandvulnerabletoclimatechangeanddisasterrisk.Socialprotectiondesignedwithadaptivefeaturesisneededtoenableurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdstoprepareforandwithstandcovariateshocksbyprotecting

householdconsumption,promotingthebuildingofhuman,physical,andfinancialassets,andpreventingtheuseofnegativecopingstrategies.Livelihoodsthatarestable,sustainable,andinformedbyclimateanddisasterriskconsiderationsenhancetheeconomicbaseonwhichurbanpoorandnear-poorhouseholdsrelyandprovidetheopportunityforadvancement,forindividualsandhouseholdstomovebeyondpoverty,aswellastheopportunitytoimprovetheenvironment,throughgreenjobs.Intimesofcrisis,incomefromlivelihoodsprovidesasafetynetandprotectsagainsttheerosionofassetsandcapabilitiesneededtocopeoradapt,andundernormalconditionsallowsaccesstohousing,education,health,andbasicservicesthatcontributetothehousehold’sresilience.Publichealthmeasuresinformedbychangingclimatepatterns,suchastheprovisionofcleanwaterandsanitationthroughresilientinfrastructure,secureessentialhealthcareincludingvaccinationandchildhealthservices,improvedhealthsurveillancesystems,andhealthemergencypreparednessarecritical.Theseenabletheurbanpoorandnear-poor,particularlyoutdoorworkers,children,olderpeople,andpersonswithdisabilitiesandexistinghealthconditions,copewithshort-termshocks.Thesealsohelpthemadapttolonger-termstressesassociatedwithclimatechangeanddisasters.Housingbuiltthroughparticipatoryprocesses,awayfromhazard-proneareasandfollowinghazard-resilientdesignconsiderations,iscrucialforreducingtheexposureoftheurbanpoorandnearpoorasitcanhelplimittheimpactofextremeheat,reducethedirectimpactofflooding,andprotectpeopleTheCaseforaChangeinApproachtoBuildingtheResilienceoftheUrbanPoor5Figure2:AFrameworkforSystemicChangeEnablingfactorsNationalgSPUCiConotelnuucResiliencemtCosfaIeanduranHfioahCaee,cntable,andre

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aadeamcdnabanSource:?AsianDevelopmentBank.fromcyclones.Housingwithsecurityoftenureandwithaccesstobasicservicescanhelpreducevulnerabilityandcanprovideabasisforhome-basedresi