英語 上海市普陀區(qū)2021-2022學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期質(zhì)量調(diào)研（一模）英語試題

普陀區(qū)2021學(xué)年第一學(xué)期高三英語質(zhì)量調(diào)研考生注意：

英語試卷考試時(shí)間120分鐘，試卷滿分140分。本次考試設(shè)試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（）或?qū)懀ㄟx擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。答題前，務(wù)必在答題紙上填寫準(zhǔn)考證號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反面清楚地填寫姓名。ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Inalibrary.B.InastudyhallC.Inarestaurant.D.Inafurniturestore.2.A.Haveameeting.B.Haveameal.C.Gotowork.D.Dosomecooking.3.A.$5.B.$7.5.C.$10.D.$15.4.A.Tiring.B.Relaxing.C.DullD.Worthy.5.A.Thewoman’sbootsdon’tfitherfeet.B.Thewoman’spullovermatchesherboots.C.Thewomanshouldn’thaveworntheboots.D.Thewomanshouldbuythepulloverinsteadoftheboots.6.A.Workinginagarden. B.Searchinginaship.C.Wanderinginastreet. D.Exploringinacave.7.A.Discouraged. B.Annoyed C.Impressed D.Disturbed.8.A.Theclothesaremadefromplants.B.Themodelsarewearingrealleather.C.Themodelsaredressedupwithpineappleleaves.D.Theclothesaredesignedbysomebiologyscientists.9.A.Hewilladjusthisschedule.B.Hedoesn'tlikefootballlessons.C.Hewastoobusytotakethelessons.D.Hefindsthefootballfieldcrowded.10.A.Shemaygetataxrefundfortheskirt.B.Sheislikelytopaythebillbyherself.C.Shewillloseweighttofitintotheskirt.D.Shemaychangetheskirtforalargerone.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Long-distancerunnersshouldhavelight,thinbodies.B.Traininginmountainousregionsgivesrunnersadvantages.C.Manyfactorscontributetothesuccessofmarathonrunners.D.Runnersfrommountainousareasaregoodmarathoners.12.A.Efficientuseofoxygen. B.Motivationtorun.C.Slowbreathingrate. D.Lightandslimbodies.13.A.Theygivetrainerspositivefeedback.B.Theyseldomgetfinancialrewards.C.Theymostlyliveinpoorconditions.D.Theygainnationwidepopularity.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14A.Thefirstcompletemapoftheworld'scoralreefshasbeenlaunched.B.ArizonaStateUniversityhassupportedthecoralscienceactivities.C.PaulAllen'sprivatecompanycreatedsupercoraltohelpsavereefs.D.GregAsnerwillcreatethefirstworldwide,detailedcoralreefmap.15.A.AresearcherfromArizonaStateUniversity.B.Thelateco-founderofMicrosoftCorporation.C.Themanagerofaprivatefinancialcompany.D.AprofessorfromtheUniversityofQueensland.16.A.Togainfreeaccesstoreefdata.B.TojoinAsner’steam.C.Tomaketheirworkmoreeffective.D.Toseethedevelopmentofthemaps.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Thediaryhisgrandfatherkept.B.Thestorieshisgrandfathertoldhim.C.Hisimaginationofhowhisgrandfatherworked.D.Hisobservationofhowhisgrandfatherworked.18.A.Repetitionofwordsandphrases.B.Scenerypaintedingreyandbrown.C.Longpauseswithinconversations.D.Coldatmosphereinthewaitingroom.19.A.Hecopeswellwithstress.B.Helikestohaveclearguidelines.C.Heispatientandcooperative.20.D.Hethinksheisagoodleader.A.Anactorforgettinghislines. B.Anequipmentfailure.C.Thewheelchairstuckonthestage. D.Theinjuryofacharacter.andVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.BillionairesRacetoSpaceInlateJuly2021,JeffBezosachievedanout-of-this-worldambition.ThebillionairefounderofAmazon（23 (fly)totheedgeofspace—62milsaboveEarth'ssurface—onarocketdesignedbyhiscompanyBlueOrigin.

100kilometers）“Bestdayever,”BezossaidovertheradiotomissioncontrolafterlandingsafelybackonEarth,（22） othersweren'tsoimpressed.Theycalledthemissionanenormouswasteofmoney.Bezos,theyargued,（23） bespendinghisbillionstoimprovethingsonEarth.Bezoswasn'tthefirstbillionairetosethissightsonspace.Norwashethefirst（24）__________（criticize）aboutwastingenormouspersonalwealth.Aweek（25）__________theAmazonfoundermadehistory,businessownerRichardBransondid,too.Bransonbecamethefirstpersontoflytospaceonarockethehelpedfund,（26）__________（develop）byhiscompanyVirginGalactic.Criticssaythatthemoney（27）__________（go）towardcommercialspacetravelwouldbebetterspenton（28）__________theyseeasmoreimportantpursuits.Theseincludeworkingtocurediseases,reducingpoverty,andhelpingtosolvetheclimatecrisis.Besides,launchingspacecraftsisharmfultotheplanet,criticsdeclare.（29）__________naturalistHollyHaworthpointedoutinSierramagazine,"travelinginrocketsisarguablythemostcarbon-emittingthinganindividualcando.”Butsupportersofcommercialspacetravelarguethatitdoesbenefithumanity.（put）towardhigh-payingjobsandanewindustry.That'smoneytheycouldhavespentonnewlimousinesorvillasforthemselves,supporterssay.Plus,theircompaniesareinvestinginnewtechnologiesthatincreaseaccesstospaceanddriveinnovationinotherareasaswell.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.displaced B.featureC.groupedD.headlinesE.houseF.inevitable G.neutralK.withstandH.projectedI.solutionJ.sustainableRainwaterpouringintotheNewYorkCitysubway.TownsandroadsinPennsylvaniaovertakenbyfloodwater.Thesedramaticscenesmade31inSeptember2021.Asmanyas40.5millionpeoplehavealreadybeen32bytheeffectsoftheclimatecrisis.Risingsealevels,alongwithextremeflooding,areputtingmoreandmorecoastalresidentsandothersatrisk.By2050,morethan1billionpeoplewillliveincountriesthatlackthebasicsystemsandservicesto33sea-levelrise,accordingtotheInstituteforEconomicsandPeace.Andalltheseclimaterefugeeswillneedtoseekoutnewhomesondryland.Onesolutionarchitectsandothershavebeenexploringwithmoreurgencyinrecentyearsistobuildfloatingcities.In2019,theUnitedNationsbroughttogetheragroupofinnovators.scientists,andmarineengineerstodiscussthefutureof35sea-basedcommunities.“Asourclimateandwaterecosystemsarechanging,thewayourcitiesretaketowaterneedstochange,too,”saidU.N.DeputySecretary-GeneralAminaJ.Mohammed.“Floatingcitiesareameansofensuringclimateadaption,asbuildingscanrisealongwiththesea.”Thesecitiescanbedesignedasclimate36.Theycantakeadvantageofplentifulwindandwaterpowerforelectricity,andgrowfoodusinghydroponics（水耕法）.“Fromtraditionalhouseboatcommunitiestohigh-techexperiments,therearemanyexamplestolearnfrom,”sheadded.Someoftheseexperimentalfloatingcitiesarealreadyindevelopment.Anotherplannedcommunitythat'sattractingalotofattentionisOceanixCity,whichis37tohaveone-thirdofits118islandsbelowsealevelwithin60years.PlansforOceanixCity38groupsofhexagon-shaped（六邊形）islandspoweredbysolarandwaterenergy.Tiedtotheseafloor,eachhuman-madeislandwould39around300people;theislandswouldbe40togetherincommunitiesofabout10,000residents.Oceanixcitizenswoulddrinkprocessedoceanwaterandextractedhumidityfromtheair,anddineonareadysupplyofseafood.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Imaginesittinginsideawindowlesstrainthat’sshootingthroughatubeattwicethespeedofanairplane.Yourtrainhasnowheels,producesno41,makesitsownelectricity,andisn’taffectedbybadweather.Thisisthehyperloop,anewvisionfortheworld's42,safest,andgreenestformoftransportation.Manyhave43thisnewtechnology,butotherssaythehyperloopvisionisjustabunchofhotair.Hyperloopdevelopersplantousethepropertiesofmagnetstofloat,stabilize,anddrivethecapsulesorpodsforhundredsofmitesthrough44tubes.Withoutairorgroundtoslowdownthevehicles,whatwasonceafive-hourjourneywouldbecomeahalf-hourexcursion,engineerspromise.Supportersofthetechnologypromoteadditional45oftransportingpassengersandcargobyhyperloop.Forexample,theyfirmlystatethatunlikeothercity-to-citytransportthat's46,suchasplanesortrains,hyperloopvehicleswouldleaveasneeded,likeUbersandtaxis.Whilethe47wouldholdonly28to50passengerseach,developersplanforthemtodepartstationsingroupseveryminuteorsowhichtheysaycouldamounttoshuttling50,000peopleanhour.That’smorethantwicethepassenger48oftheworld'sfastesttrains.Developersalsosaythathyperlooptubeswouldbe49sotheywouldn'tinterferewithothertrafficorthreatenwildlife.Andtubeswouldbecoveredwithsolarpanelstopowerthehyperloop'ssystems.50,advocatesregardthehyperloopasthetransportationchoiceforthefuture.Butnoteveryoneisonboard.Engineershavecalculatedthatthehigh-speedvehicleswillneedtomakemuchwiderturnsthancurrentlyenvisioned,andotherwisetheywon’tbe51forpassengers.Thiswouldaddseveralmilestotheproposedtubetracks,Engineersalsosayplannershaven'tincludedenoughtimeforvehiclestosafelybrakeandtakeoffatstations.Someengineersbelieveitwilltakemuchlongerthanclaimedtopumpthe52outofthetubesbeforeeachvehicle’sdeparture.Criticsthussayhyperloopscan'tgoasfastorserveasmanypassengersperhourasadvertised,makingthem53existinghigh-speedtransportationoptions.Hyperloopcompaniessaythey're54theseconcerns.Theyclaimthattheycansafelymaintainhighspeedsbyhavingthevehiclesbankaroundtheturnsasaplanedoes.Andtheirhyperloopswillrelyonthesplit-secondreactiontimesofacomputerto55vehiclesquickly,frequently,andsafely.41.A.pollutionB.soundC.energyD.wind42.A.cleanestB.lightestC.latestD.fastest43.adaptedB.exploredC.embracedD.developed44.totallyhollowB.nearlyairlessC.steadilynarrowD.highlyflexible45.advantagesB.costsC.qualitiesD.situations46.A.inconstantdemandsB.onstricttimetablesC.inchangeableD.onessentialservices47.A.cabinsB.lorriesC.tubesD.vehicles48.A.fareB.capacityC.speedD.comfort49.A.undergroundB.parallelC.elevatedD.shared50.A.HoweverB.ThereforeC.BesideD.Otherwise51.A.availableB.economicC.easyD.safe52.A.forceB.airC.heatD.water53.mostpopularofB.superiortoC.nobetterthanD.leastprofitable54.addressingB.causingC.voicingD.releasing55.rideB.pilotC.parkD.alertSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)FridaKahlowasoneofthemostinfluentialLatinAmericanfiguresofthe20thcentury.AsthedaughterofaGermanfatherandaMexicanmother,shewasbornonJuly6,1907.ShegrewupinCoyoacan,ontheoutskirtsofMexicoCity.Whenshewasseven,aviraldiseasecalledpoliomadeherverysick,weakeningthemusclesinherrightleg.Whileinschool.KahlowitnessedanumberofbloodystrugglesbetweenarmedgroupsinMexicoCityduringtheMexicanRevolution.Itwasessentiallyafightforbetterlivingconditionsforthedisadvantaged.BecauseofherexperiencesinMexicoCity,Kahlobecameastrongsupporterofpeasants'rights.Later,in1925,shewasinabusaccidentthatbrokeherbackbone,dislocatedhershoulder,andcausedotherterribleinjuries.Torelievetheboredomofrecoveryandtohelpdealwiththepainandsadnessoftheaccident,hebegantopaint.Inherpaintings,Kahloreallyexploredheridentity.HerWorkdealswitherstatusasawoman,hermixedancestry,herturbulentmarriagetoMexicancommunistpainterDiegoRivera,thepainofherinjuries,andhercommitmenttorevolutionarypolitics.Manypeopleconsiderherpaintingsexamplesofsurrealism,sincemuchofwhatshepaintedwasfantastical,butKahloneverconsideredherselfasurrealist.Kahlo'sworkisuniquebecauseshetookthebrightcolorsanddramaticsymbolismofMexicancultureandcombinedthemwithtraditionsfromEuropeanart.Inthemostfamouspaintingcalled"TwoFridas,"shepaintstwoversionsofherself,oneintraditionalMexicanclothesandanotherinEuropeanclothesofanearliercentury.Avei（靜脈connectstheheartsofthetwowomen,andbloodisdrippingoutfromoneend.ThiswaspaintedjustaftersheandRiveragotdivorced.Ifyoulookclosely.youcanseethattheMexicanKahloholdsaportraitofRivera.SymbolssuchastheexposedheartsandstormyskysuggestthepainthatKahlofelt.Checkouthowoneoftheheartsisbroken.andtheotherone'swhole.SheseemstobesuggestingthatRiveraonlylovedtheMexicanpartofhers.Inalotofways,Kahlohadanunhappylife.Shediedwhenshewasonly47yearsold.Herartisfilledwithsadness,butitalsoexpressesprideinherMexicanheritageandthejoyofbeingawoman.WhatledKahlotosupporttherightsofpoorlaborers?ThefactthatherfatherwasaGermanmigrantlaborer.Thetimeshespentworkingasalaborerduringthe1920s.HermarriagetotheMexicannationalistpainterDiegoRivera.HerexperiencesinMexicoCityduringtheMexicanRevolution.Place the following events in time order:①Kahlowas hurt in a busaccident;②KahlowitnessedtheMexicanRevolution;③Kahlobeganpainting.A.①②③B.②①③C.②③①D.③①②Theunderlinedword"turbulent"inParagraph3mostprobablymeans _.artisticallywell-matchedfantasticandextremelylovingfilledwithdramaticupsanddownsverypoliticallyconsciousHowwereFridaKahlo'spaintingssimilartothoseofthesurrealists?Theybothfocusedongenderidentity.Theybothpromotedsocialistpolitics.TheybothcontaineddreamlikeimageryTheybothcombinedMexicanandEuropeanart.（B）AussieWalkaboutExperienceGobehindthescenesatAucklandZooandcomeeyetoeyewithsomeofourAustralianneighbors.Cometothezoobeforeopeninghoursandexperiencethemorningsightsandsounds.HelpthekeepersfeedthekangaroosandkoalaintheAussieWalkaboutandtakebreakfasttoawidevarietyofbirds.TourfeaturesAsmallgroupfullyaccompaniedbyanexperiencedguide.Yourguidewillphotographyouimmersedinyourtour.ThephotoswillberecordedontoacomplimentaryCD,whichyouwillreceiveatthetourconclusion.Afantasticvisualrecordofyourunforgettableexperience.PricingFamily:$220（2adults,2minors）Adult:$80Minor（6-15years）:$40TourdatesandtimesTheAussieWalkabouttourrunsonThursday,FridayandSaturday—departingfromtheInformationCentreat8:00am.Thistourisapproximatelyanhourandahalfinduration—finishingat9:30.Importantthingstoknow:Groupsizesvaryfromtwotofourpeople.Theminimumageforthistourissixyearsoldandifyouareunderfifteenyearsofageyoumustbeaccompaniedbyapayingadult.YoumayleaveyourkidsundersixwiththebabysittersatAussieFunNurserynexttotheInformationCenter.Thereisa$10chargeforheservce.arentalConsentFormrequired）Wearflat,enclosedshoesandappropriateclothingfortheweatherconditions.Pleasedonotwearanyloosejewelleryorredclothing.*ThisserviceisonlyforthosegueststhehavebookedtheAussieWalkabouttour.ArrivaldetailsParticipantsmustarriveatthezooby8:00am.Ifyouarriveafterthistimetherewillbenoopportunitytojointhegroup,sopleaseensureyouallowenoughtimefortravellingandparkinginthecarparkneartheentrance.Yourguidewillgivethegroupaninitialpersonalsafetybriefingbeforethetourstarts.Participantsshouldnotethisiscompulsory.Alltheparticipantsarerequiredto _.payforthephotosrecordedontoaCDattendatalkonsecuritybeforethetourpickuptheguideinthecarparkneartheentranceassistinthefeedingofdifferentspeciesduringthetourIfacouplewiththeirchildren,aged5.8.and10wanttotakepartinthisactivity,howmuchwilltheypay?A.$220. B.$230. C.$260. D.$270.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothebrochure?Thereisafreecarparkforvisitorstothezoo.Latecomerswillbegrantedentrytothenexttour.Aminimumoffourpeoplearepermittedoneachtour.Thetourtakesplacewhenthezooisclosedtothepublic（C）Afewyearsago,CharlesBarkleygotintoalotoftroubleformakingtheobservationthatsportsfiguresdidn'tneedtoberolemodels.Thousandsoffansandprofessionaljournalistswerecrossatthisattackonthefundamentalprinciplethatthepersonwhojumps.highestmustaimhighest.andthepersonwhohandlestherunningbackmustalsobeabletodealwithlife'sproblemswithgraceaswell.Theproblemisnotthatwelooktothesepeopleforperfectionwhentheytakeofftheiruniforms.It'sthatweexpectanyonetobeourrepresentativesforperfection.That'sstupidanditmakestherestofusdownherelazy.Igettheimportanceofhavingheroes,thepeoplewhoinspireustocultivatethebestpotentialwithinusandnurtureourbetterangels.Ipersonallyhavemanyheroes,frommymother,Lucy,tomyfavoritelawprofessor,Howard.Butthesearepersonalcontacts,peoplewhohave-actuallytouchedmyhandandmyheart,andwhooccupyapedestal（基座）builtofmyownexperiencesandaspirations.Tolookatanathleteoranactresswithhighsalaryanddemandthatheorshematchourdreamsisnotonlyawasteoftime,butit'sdangerous.Thedangercomesinhowthistypeofheroworshipdehumanizesboththeobjectofaffectionandthepersonwhoblindlyadores.ThatwasBarkley'spoint,notthatweshouldgivepublicfiguresapassforbeingfaultybutthatweshouldn'tabandonourownmoralcompassesandlooktothemfortruenorth.RecentlyonatelevisionprogramIparticipatedin,thediscussionturnedtoKathleenKane.Someonesuggestedthatthefactthatthefirstfemaleattorneygeneral

首席檢察官）inPennsylvaniawasreallymessingthingsupcouldhaveunfortunateconsequencesforwomenseekingelectedoffice.IofferedtheopinionthatKanewasunquestionablycriticizedandthatitwasnothatredtowardswomanbutincompetenceattherootoftheattacks.Aftertheshowaired,IhadpeopleemailingtotellmethatIwaseitheratraitor（叛徒forpubliclyattackingafellowfemalewhenweneedtostandtogetherbehindthis"rolemodel",orafoolfornotgoingastepfurthertosaythatthisincompetentlawyerhadmadeitharderforallwomentomovetothenextlevel.Howdepressing!Whyshouldtheinferiorperformanceofonewomanleadtosuchdiversebutpassionateviewsinpeople?Theanswerisobvious:KanehasstoppedbeinganattorneygeneralbuthasinsteadbecomeTheFirstFemaleAttorneyGeneral.Shecan'tjustmakeamistakeandpaythenormalconsequences.Ifwestoppedtryingtoliveourlivesthroughtheaccomplishmentsofpublicfigures,manyofwhomlookandsoundlikeus,we'dlearnhowtorecognizetheheroiccharacterofthosewemightactuallyknow,andtheheroicpotentialwithinourselves.Or,perhaps,thehonestytoacceptourordinaryhumanity.ManypeoplewereangrywithCharlesBarkleymainlybecause _.hebrokefundamentalprinciplesinlifehewasnotgoodenoughtobearolemodelhedoubtedtheperfectionofsomesportsfigureshethoughtsportsfigurescouldhaveweaknessesAccordingtoBarkley,whyisitdangeroustotakepublicfiguresasheroes?Becausewemayletgoofourownmoralstandards.Becauseanathleteoractresscannotmatchourdreams.Becauseweblindlyadmirepublicfiguresfortheirfaults.Becauseweshouldn'twastetimeimitatingpublicfigures.65.FromthepassagewecaninferthatKathleenKanewas _.unfairlycriticizedduetobeingfemalethefirstfemaleattorneygeneralintheUSlessqualifiedthanthepublichadexpectedarolemodelforwomenseekingelectedofficeWhichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?BeOurRepresentativesforPerfectionExplorationofOurOwnHeroicPotentialOurUnrealisticExpectationofPublicFiguresOurConventionalViewsofFemalePoliticianSectionCThereisenoughevidencetosupportthemotivationalbenefitsthatresultfromcarefullymatchingpeopletoThereisenoughevidencetosupportthemotivationalbenefitsthatresultfromcarefullymatchingpeopletojobs.Forthosewhosejobsaresecure,payincreasesarerarelypossible.Highachieversaremotivatedbyjobsthatarehighinindependenceandresponsibility.Unfortunately,theyaretheonestheorganizationcanleastaffordtolose—thosewiththehighestskillsandexperience.Theanswertothatdependsonperceptionsofgoalacceptanceandtheorganization'sculture.Managersmustbesure,therefore,thatemployeesfeelconfidentthattheireffortscanleadtoperformancegoals.MotivatingEmployeesunderUnfavourableConditionsItisagreatdealeasiertomotivateemployeesinagrowingorganizationthanadecliningone.Whenorganizationsareexpanding,promotionalopportunities,payrises,andtheexcitementofbeingassociatedwithadynamicorganizationcreatefeelingsofoptimism.Whenanorganizationisshrinking,thebestandmobileworkersarelikelytoleavevoluntarily.67Theminoremployeesremainbecausetheirjoboptionsarelimited.Morale（士氣）alsosuffersduringdecline.Peoplefeartheymaybethenexttobemadeunnecessary.ProductivityoftenSuffers,asemployeesspendtheirtimesharingrumorsandprovidingoneanotherwithmoralsupportratherthanfocusingontheirjobs.68Paycuts,unheardofduringtimesofgrowth,mayevenbeimposed.Thechallengetomanagementishowtomotivateemployeesundersuchspecialconditions.69Forexample,ifthejobisrunningasmallbusinessoranautonomousunitwithinalargerbusiness,highachieversshouldbesought.Highachieverswilldobestwhenthejobprovidesmoderatelychallenginggoatsandwherethereisindependenceandfeedback.Theliteratureongoal-settingtheorysuggeststhatmanagersshouldensurethatallemployeeshavespecificgoalsandreceivecommentsonhowwelltheyaredoinginthosegoals.Regardlessofwhethergoalsareachievableorwellwithinmanagement'sperceptionsoftheemployee'sability,ifemployeesseethemasunachievabletheywillreducetheireffort.70Sinceemployeeshavedifferentneeds,managersshouldusetheirknowledgeofeachemployeetopersonalizetherewardsoverwhichtheyhavecontrol.Someofthemoreobviousrewardsthatmanagersallocateincludepay,promotionsandtheopportunitytoparticipateingoal-settinganddecision-making.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.CanBirdsongMakeYouHappier?Ifyouareabletostepoutsideandhearmanytypesofbirds,youmightalsohaveagreaterfeelingofwell-being.Twostudiesshowthathearingdiversebirdsongsmayhelpincreaseourhappiness.OnestudywasdonebytheresearchersatCaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity.TheteamstudiedtheeffectsofbirdsongonpeoplewalkingthroughaparkintheU.S.stateofColorado.DanielleFerraro,wholedtheCalPolystudy,saysthattherecouldbeanevolutionaryreasonwhywelikebirdsong.Theideaisthatwhenwehearbirdsongitcouldsignalsafetytous.TherecouldbemanyotherreasonstooFerrarostatesthatinsomeareasaroundtheworldbirdsongcanalsosignalthearrivalofspringandniceweather.Birddiversity,sheadds,canalsomeanahealthyenvironment.Similarly,scientistsinGermanyexaminedforthefirsttimewhetheradiversenaturealsoincreaseshumanwell-beingacrossEurope.TheresearcherslookedattheEuropeanQualityofLifeSurveytostudytheconnectionbetweenthedifferentkindsofbirdsintheirsurroundingsandlifesatisfaction.Theylookedatmorethan26,000adultsfrom26Europeancountries."Europeansareparticularlysatisfiedwiththeirlivesiftheirsurroundingshaveahighspeciesdiversity,"explainsthestudy'sleadauthor,JoelMethorst,aresearcherattheGoetheUniversityinFrankfurt.HeandhisteamfoundthatthehappiestEuropeansarethosewhocanexperiencemanydifferentkindsofbirdsintheirdailylife,orwholiveinnear-naturalsurroundingsthatarehometomanyspecies.So,ifbirdsongisgoodforourmentalhealth,howcanweincreasethedifferenttypesofbirdsongswehear?Scientistsalsomentioned,"Wewouldrecommendplantingnativetreesandflowersbecausewehavealotofprettydecorativeplantsinourcities.Andtheymightlooknicetous,butbirdscan'tnecessarilyuse