英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)匯總

英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)匯總英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)匯總英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)匯總英語(yǔ)專八英美文學(xué)常識(shí)匯總編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:3專八人文知識(shí):英國(guó)地理概況theenglishchannel:thechannelisanarrowseapassagewhichseparatesenglandandfranceandconnectstheatlanticoceanandnorthsea.英吉利海峽：英吉利海峽是一道狹長(zhǎng)的海峽，分割英法兩國(guó)，連接大西洋和北海。

thedeeestuary:asmallsea(inirishsea)wherethedeeriverenters.

迪河河口：是迪河流入的一個(gè)小海。"theactofunionof1801":in1801theenglishparliamentpassedanactbywhichscotland,walesandthekingdomofenglandwereconstitutionallyjoinedasthekingdomof1801合并法：1801年英國(guó)議會(huì)通過(guò)法令，規(guī)定英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士根據(jù)憲法合并成為大不列顛王國(guó)。

gaelic:itisoneofthecelticlanguage,andisspokeninpartsofthehighlands.

蓋爾語(yǔ)：是蓋爾特語(yǔ)言的一種，在高地地區(qū)仍有人說(shuō)這種語(yǔ)言。

the"backboneofengland":itreferstothepennies,theboardridgeofhills.

英格蘭脊梁：指的是山脈的背脊。

leadore:britishleadoreshavebeenworkedsincepre-romantimes.itcontainssilver.

鉛礦：自前羅馬時(shí)代開(kāi)始，英國(guó)的鉛礦就被開(kāi)發(fā)了。內(nèi)含銀。

chinaclay:thedepositsofchinaclayincornwallareofgreateconomicvalue.瓷土：康沃爾的瓷土沉淀帶來(lái)了巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。

4專八人文知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)：美國(guó)地理概況

本文針對(duì)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)考試的人文知識(shí)部分，總結(jié)了美國(guó)國(guó)家的主要地理概況，希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。TheFallLine瀑布線：Apointwherewater-fallsorrapidssuddenlydropfromahigherleveltothelowerone.瀑布線指的是瀑布急速地從高處向低處流瀉的點(diǎn)。

TheAppalachianRange阿巴拉契亞山脈：1200mileslong，consistsofthePiedmontPlateau,AppalachianPlateausandAppalachianRange.阿巴拉契亞山脈全場(chǎng)1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亞高原及阿巴拉契亞山脈組成。

TheCordilleraRange科迪勒拉山脈：ComposedoftheCoastRange,theCascadesandtheRockyMountains科迪勒拉山脈由海岸山脈、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山組成。

TheGreatBasin大盆地：ThePartbetweentheColoradoandColumbiaPlateaus.指的是科羅拉多和哥倫比亞高地之間的部分。TheGreatCentralPlain中部大平原：ThelandmassbetweentheRockyMountainsandtheAppalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亞山之間的平原。

TheGreatPlain大平原：Thewesternpartofthecentralplain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。

TheMississippiRiver密西西比河：Thelongest,themostimportantriverintheU.S.A..Ithasadrainageareaof3225000squarekilometers.密西西比河是美國(guó)最長(zhǎng)、最重要的河流。它的流域面積達(dá)3225000平方公里。

TheFiveGreatLakes北美五大湖：LakeMichigan,Superior,Erie,HuronandOntario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、蘇必利爾湖、伊利湖、休倫湖以及安大略湖。

TheNiagaraFalls尼亞加拉瀑布：FamousfallsinNorthAmerica,1240meterswide,thedropaverages49meters.尼亞加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米寬，平均落差為49米。YellowstoneNationalPark黃石國(guó)家公園：LocatedinthenorthernpartofWyoming.ItistheoldestnationalparkintheworldandthelargestwildlifepreserveintheU.S.A.黃石國(guó)家公園位于懷俄明州的北部地區(qū)。是世界上最古老的國(guó)家公園，是美國(guó)最大的野生保護(hù)區(qū)。

GrandCanyon大峽谷：InnorthernArizona,oneofthegreatnaturalwondersoftheworld.Itmeasuresabout277mileslong,upto18mileswide,andmorethanamiledeep.Itswallsshowlayersthattellthestoryoftheformationoftheearth.大峽谷在亞利桑那州的北部，是世界上最偉大的自然奇跡之一。它約有277英里長(zhǎng)，18英里寬，約1英里深。它的墻壁斷層記錄了地球形成的過(guò)程。OldFaithful老忠實(shí)噴泉：ThemostfamousgayerinYellowstoneNationalPark老忠實(shí)噴泉是黃石國(guó)家公園最著名的噴泉，每73分鐘向空中噴水100英尺多高。

Chinatown唐人街：AnareainacitywheremanyChinesepeopleliveandwhereareChineseshops,restaurants,clubs;two,importantChinatowns:NewYorkCityandSanFrancisco.唐人街是許多中國(guó)人生活、居住的地區(qū)，那里有許多中國(guó)店鋪、飯店、夜總會(huì)。兩條最重要的唐人街分別在紐約和舊金山。

IndianReservation印第安保留地：ItreferstothebarrendesertregionswhereonlyIndiansliveexclusively.印第安保留地指的是專門(mén)給印第安人居住的貧瘠的沙漠地區(qū)。

NewEngland新英格蘭：Itconsistsofsixstates:Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIslandandConnecticut新英格蘭由六個(gè)州組成：緬因州、新罕布什爾州、佛蒙特州、馬薩諸塞州、羅德島州以及康涅狄格。這個(gè)地區(qū)主要以多山、多山谷、河流為特征。

TheMountainStates山地諸州：Montana,Wyoming,Colorado,andNewMexico.山地諸州指的是蒙大拿州、懷俄明州、科羅拉多州以及新墨西哥州。

ThePacificCoastStates太平洋沿岸諸州：Washington,OregonandCalifornia.太平洋沿岸諸州包括華盛頓州、俄勒岡州以及加利弗尼亞州。MountMcKinley麥金利山：6187metershigh,onthemiddleoftheAlaska,thehighestpeakonthiscontinent.麥金利山高達(dá)6187米。在阿拉斯加的中部。是這片大陸上最高的山峰。PearlHarbor珍珠港：ThebaseofthePacificFleetoftheU.S.A.nearthecityofHonoluluinHawaii.珍珠港是美國(guó)太平洋艦隊(duì)的基地，在夏威夷的火奴魯魯市附近。5專八人文知識(shí)復(fù)習(xí)：加拿大地理概況

Canadaistheworld'ssecondlargestcountryafterRussia.60%ofthepopulationinCanadainhabitintheareabetweenQuebeccityandthewesternendofLake加拿大是世界上幅員第二大的國(guó)家，大約60%的人口集中在魁北克市與安大略省西端。Toronto多倫多：TorontoisCanada'slargestcityandtheprovincialCapitalofOntario.多倫多是安大略省的省會(huì)，加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)中心，第一大城市。

Ottawa渥太華：OttawaisthecapitalofCanadaandthecountry'sfourthlargestcity.ItislocatedintheOttawaValleyintheeasternpartoftheprovinceof加拿大首都，第四大城市，地處安大略省東部的安大略谷。

Vancouver溫哥華：VancouverisBritishColumbia’slargestcityandthethirdlargestcityinCanada.Itisanimportantice-freeharborandthemajorCanadianoutlettothePacificOcean不列顛哥倫比亞省的最大城市，也是加拿大第三大城市。它是加拿大一個(gè)非常重要的不凍港，而且是加拿大通往太平洋的主要通道，太平洋最大的貨運(yùn)港口。

Quebec魁北克省：QuebecisthelargestprovinceinCanadageographically,andthesecondmostpopulous,afterOntario.ItdiffersfromtheotherprovincesofCanadabecauseofitsstrongFrenchculture.Montreal,thesecondlargestcityofCanada,islocatedinthisprovince.TheQuebeccityisthecenteroftheprovince.魁北克省是加拿大最大的省，人口僅次于安大略省。法國(guó)文化的強(qiáng)烈影響使它與其他省區(qū)不一樣。加拿大第二大城市蒙特利爾位于該省。其中心是位于圣勞倫斯河上的魁北克城。

TheCanadianShield加拿大地盾：TheCanadianShieldisasemicirclebandofrockyhighlandsandplateausaroundtheHudsonBayfromthenorthernshoresofQuebectotheArcticshoresoftheNorthwestTerritories.TheShieldcoversalmosthalfoftheCanadianterritory.這是圍繞哈得孫海灣的一塊半圓形多石高低和高原，從魁北克省的北部海岸一直延伸到西北自治領(lǐng)的北極沿岸。幾乎加拿大的一半面積在加拿大地盾一帶。

MountLogan洛跟峰：MountLoganisthehighestpeakinCanadaandislocatedintheYukonTerritoryofnorthwestCanada.加拿大最高峰，位于加拿大西北部的育空地區(qū)。

TheMackenzieRiver馬更些河：TheMackenzieRiveristhelongestriverinCanada,flowingbetweentheCanadianShieldandtheRockyMountains.馬更些河是加拿大最長(zhǎng)的河流，流經(jīng)加拿大地盾與西部落基山脈之間，全長(zhǎng)1600公里。英國(guó)文學(xué)(EnglishLiterature)450-1066OldEnglish(orAnglo-Saxon)Period古英語(yǔ)（或盎格魯—撒克遜）時(shí)期1066-1500MiddleEnglishPeriod中古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期1500-16601516-15781578-16251625-1660TheRenaissance文藝復(fù)興1)ThebeginningoftheRenaissance2)Thefloweringperiod3)TheepilogueoftheRenaissance1660-1785TheNeoclassicalPeriod新古典主義時(shí)期1785-1830TheRomanticPeriod浪漫主義時(shí)期1832-1901TheVictorianPeriod維多利亞時(shí)期1901-1914TheEdwardianPeriod愛(ài)德華時(shí)期1910-1936TheGeorgianPeriod喬治五世時(shí)期1914-TheModernPeriod現(xiàn)代時(shí)期1945-Postmodernism后現(xiàn)代主義一、OldandMedievalEnglishLiterature中古英語(yǔ)文學(xué)(8世紀(jì)-14世紀(jì))1)TheOldEnglishPeriod/TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod古英語(yǔ)時(shí)期(449-1066)a.paganpoetry(異教詩(shī)歌):Beowulf《貝奧武甫》-最早的詩(shī)歌；長(zhǎng)詩(shī)(3000行)heroism&fatalism&Christianqualitiesthefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes;aheroicScandinavianepiclegend;善惡有報(bào)b.religiouspoetry:Caedmon(凱德蒙610-680):thefirstknownreligiouspoet;thefatherofEnglishsongCynewulf(基涅武甫9C):TheChristc.8thC,Anglo-Saxonprose:VenerableBede(673-735);AlfredtheGreat(848-901)2)TheMedievalPeriod中世紀(jì)(1066-ca.1485/1500):a.Romance中世紀(jì)傳奇故事(1200-1500):theMiddleAges;英雄詩(shī)歌無(wú)名詩(shī)人-SirGawainandtheGreenKnight《高文爵士與綠色騎士》:Celticlegend;verse-romance;2530lines~14thC,AgeofChaucer:*GeoffreyChaucer(喬叟1340-1400):文風(fēng)：vividandexactlanguage,hispoetryisfullofvigorandswiftnessthefatherofEnglishpoetry;thefatherofEnglishfiction;首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”;首位用倫敦方言寫(xiě)作英國(guó)作家TheCanterburyTales:pilgrimsstories受Boccaccio(薄伽丘)-Decameron《十日談》啟發(fā)TheHouseofFame;TroilusandCriseyde;TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰羅曼史》(譯作)*WilliamLangland(朗蘭1332-1400)：TheVisionofPiersPlowman《農(nóng)夫皮爾斯之幻象》:普通人眼中的社會(huì)抗議b.15thC,Englishballads:ThomasMalory(1395-1471):Morted’Arthur《亞瑟王之死》-圓桌騎士二、TheRenaissancePeriod英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興(1500-1660):humanism十四行詩(shī)，文藝復(fù)興，無(wú)韻詩(shī)，伊麗莎白戲劇1)詩(shī)歌HenryHoward(霍華德1516-1547)a.ThomasWyatt(懷亞特1503-1542):thefirsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliteratureb.SirPhilipSidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了當(dāng)時(shí)的理想-“thecompleteman”DefenseofPoetry《為詩(shī)辯護(hù)》AstrophelandStella;Arcadia《阿卡狄亞》:aproseromancefilledwithlyrics;aforerunnerofthemodernworldc.EdmundSpenser(斯賓塞1552-1599):thepoets’poet;non-dramaticpoetof伊麗莎白時(shí)代-longallegoricalromance文風(fēng)：aperfectmelody,araresenseofbeautyandasplendidimagination.TheShepherdCalendarTheFaerieQueen《仙后》：longpoemforQueenElizabeth;Allegory-nine-lineversestanza/theSpenserianStanzaSpenserianStanza(斯賓塞詩(shī)體):Ninelines,thefirsteightlinesisiniambic(抑揚(yáng)格)pentameter(五步詩(shī)),andtheninthlineisaniambichexameter(六步詩(shī))line.2)Prose散文a.ThomasMore(莫爾1478-1535):歐洲早期空想社會(huì)主義創(chuàng)始人Utopia《烏托邦》:More與海員的對(duì)話b.JohnLyly(黎里1553-160，劇作家&小說(shuō)家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸飾文體):Abundantuseofbalancedsentences,alliterations(頭韻)andotherartificialprosodic(韻律)means.Theuseofoddsimiles(明喻)andcomparisonsc.FrancisBacon(培根1561-1626)：英國(guó)首位散文家，中世紀(jì)至現(xiàn)代歐洲時(shí)期;近代唯物主義哲學(xué)奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)先驅(qū)thetrumpeterofanewage;Essays(論說(shuō)文集)：OfStudies,OfLove,OfBeauty:thefirsttrueEnglishproseclassic3)戲劇a.ChristopherMarlowe(馬洛1564-1593):UniversityWits大學(xué)才子派EdwardII；TheJewofMalta《馬耳他的猶太人》firstmadeblankverse(無(wú)韻詩(shī)：不押韻的五步詩(shī))theprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdramaTheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus《浮士德博士的悲劇》：根據(jù)德國(guó)民間故事書(shū)寫(xiě)成;完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。TamburlainetheGreat《帖木兒大帝》：殘酷而野心勃勃的帝王b.WilliamShakespeare(劇作家&詩(shī)人,1564-1616):154sonnets(十四行詩(shī))+37plays+longpoems;現(xiàn)實(shí)主義創(chuàng)始人16comedies:MerchantofVenice(Shylock;Antonio;Bassanio;Portia);TheTamingoftheShrew《馴悍記》AMid-SummerNight’sDream;AsYouLikeIt《皆大歡喜》;TheTwelfthNight;TheComedyofErrors;MuchAdoAboutNothing《無(wú)事生非》;TheWinter’sTale《冬天的故事》;AllisWellthatEndsWell《終成眷屬》11tragedies:RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Macbeth《麥克白》;TheTempest《暴風(fēng)雨》Othello:aheroOthellovs.badmanIago;VeniceandCyprusKingLear:BritishKing;greatestachievement;mostcomplexinplotandmostpainful10historicalplays:HenryIV;HenryVc.BenJonson(瓊生1562-1637詩(shī)人&劇作家&批評(píng)家):ComedyofHumors;Volpone《狐貍》;TheAlchemist《煉金術(shù)士》三、17世紀(jì)文學(xué)1)LiteratureoftheRevolutionPeriod(AgeofMilton)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命時(shí)期:poetry(Metaphysical玄學(xué)派+Cavalier騎士派)a.JohnDonne(多恩1572-1631)：玄學(xué)派創(chuàng)始人;AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《臨別辭：莫悲傷》文風(fēng)：obscene,vulgarandseriousphilosophicalthinking–theconflictbetweenbodyandsoulTheHolySonnets;TheFlea;GoandCatchaFallingStar;TheSongsandSonnets（主題-愛(ài)）b.JohnMilton(彌爾頓1608-1674)：RenaissanceandReformation(宗教改革)ParadiseRegained《復(fù)樂(lè)園》;ParadiseLost《失樂(lè)園》:thegreatestEnglishepic;SatanistheheroSamsonAgonistes《力士參孫》：closetdrama;forreadingratherthanperforming;OnHisBlindness《目盲自詠》;Areopagitica《論出版自由》;Comus;L’allegro《快樂(lè)的人》;Lycidasc.JohnBunyan(班揚(yáng)1628-1688):prosewritinginthePuritanAge;文風(fēng)：simpleandlivelyprosestyleThePilgrim’sProgress《天路歷程》:proseallegorydepictingahumansoulsearchingforsalvation宗教寓言“具有永恒意義的百科全書(shū)”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁《神曲》、奧古斯丁《懺悔錄》并列世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。2)LiteratureoftheRestorationPeriod(AgeofDryden)王政復(fù)辟/德萊頓時(shí)期:tendancytoRealismandFormalismrestorationliterature:cliquishculture小集團(tuán)文化;Frenchclassicaltastea.JohnDryden(德萊頓1631-1700,批評(píng)家&戲劇家)：firstpoetlaureate(桂冠詩(shī)人);thefatherofEnglishCriticismestablishtheheroiccouplet(英雄史詩(shī)式兩行詩(shī))asthefashionforsatiric,didactic(說(shuō)教)anddescriptive(描寫(xiě))poetry最先提出“玄學(xué)詩(shī)人”一詞；他創(chuàng)造的“英語(yǔ)雙韻體couplet”,成為英國(guó)詩(shī)歌的主要形式之一。AllforLove;Alexander’sFeast;AnEssayofDramaticPoesy《論戲劇詩(shī)歌》:thegreatplaywrightsofGreeceandRome,英國(guó)文藝復(fù)興&當(dāng)代法國(guó)四、18世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué):Realism(關(guān)注社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀，普通人)TheNeoclassicalPeriod(17世紀(jì)中期-18世紀(jì))~Enlightenment(啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)):18thC,法國(guó)-西歐,aprogressiveintellectualmovement.文藝復(fù)興的衍伸；資本主義反對(duì)封建主義Enlightentheworldwithmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas;rationality,equality&science~Neo-Classicism:早期(Addison,SteeleandPope);中期(SamuelJohnson)oldclassicsConformtorulesandprinciplesestablishedbyRomanandGreekClassicalwriters;userimedcouplet(押韻的兩行詩(shī))Order,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,bejudgedintermsofthethematicconcerna.SamuelPepys(畢博思1633-1703):Thegreatestdiaristin17thCTheDiaryb.AlexanderPope(蒲柏1688-1744):新古典主義代表;masterinsatireandheroiccouplet;AgeofPope–18世紀(jì)初期文風(fēng)：詞句工整、精練、富有哲理；對(duì)Byron影響巨大firstintroducedrationalismtoEnglandAnEssayonCriticism(處女作);AnEssayonMan;Odyssey;TheRapeoftheLock《奪發(fā)記》;Dunciad《愚人記》c.RichardSteele(斯梯爾1672-1729)&JosephAddison(艾迪生1672-1719):literaryperiodicalsTheTattler(閑談?wù)邎?bào)):1709,bySteele;Addisonwroteessays;抨擊封建偏見(jiàn)，傲慢的富人，及大眾對(duì)賭博和決斗的反感TheSpectator(旁觀者報(bào))：共同創(chuàng)辦；theSpectatorClub現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)小說(shuō)先鋒貢獻(xiàn)：資產(chǎn)階級(jí)新社會(huì)道德；18世紀(jì)英國(guó)社會(huì)真實(shí)寫(xiě)照；英語(yǔ)散文正式成為一大文學(xué)流派d.SamuelJohnson(字典約翰1709-1784):literarydictator;“grandchampioninliteratureofthatage”TheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:英語(yǔ)字典的基礎(chǔ)；TheLivesofEnglishpoets:52earlyEnglishpoets2)十八世紀(jì)小說(shuō)的崛起:首批英國(guó)小說(shuō)家–theSentimentalist&theRealist*現(xiàn)實(shí)主義a.DanielDefoe(笛福1661-1731):英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)奠基人;FatherofEnglishandEuropeanNovelsMollFlandersTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe:thefirstpersonsingularCrusoerepresentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystageofitsdevelopment.AJournalofthePlagueYearb.HenryFielding(菲爾丁1707-1754,小說(shuō)家&戲劇家):英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父;英國(guó)現(xiàn)代小說(shuō)創(chuàng)始人；comicepicinprose創(chuàng)始人文風(fēng)：exactstudyandobservationofreallifeJosephAndrews;AmeliaTheHistoryofTomJones,aFoundling《棄嬰湯姆·瓊斯的故事》:18世紀(jì)英國(guó)群像；Mr.Allworthy“ProseHumor”c.JonathanSwift(斯威夫特1667-1745,政論家&諷刺小說(shuō)家):偉大文學(xué)創(chuàng)造者之一；masterofEnglishsatiricalprose文風(fēng)：simple,clearandvigor;“Properwordsinproperplaces,makesthetruedefinitionsofastyle”Gulliver’sTravels《格列佛游記》:Liliput(小人國(guó));Brogdingnagians(大人國(guó));Laputa(勒普泰島);Houyhnhnms(慧馬國(guó))TheBattleoftheBooks;TheTaleofaTub;AModestProposal(bitterirony)d.TobiasGeorgeSmollett(1721-1771)：冒險(xiǎn)小說(shuō)*Sentimentalism(感傷主義):Itindulgesinemotionandsentiment,whichareusedasasortofreliefforthegrieffelttowardstheworld’swrongsandasakindofmildprotestagainstsocialinjustice.a.SamuelRichardson(理查森1689-1761):thefounderoftheEnglishdomesticnovel小說(shuō)開(kāi)始審視“發(fā)生于內(nèi)心的東西”P(pán)amela;Clarissa;TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandisonb.LaurenceSterne(斯特恩1713-1768)：LifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy《項(xiàng)狄傳》-unusualandqueerartisticformc.OliverGoldsmith(戈德史密斯1728-1774)：Romanticschool;TheDesertedVillage《荒村》;ShestoopstoConquerTheVicarofWakefield《威克菲爾德的牧師》：oneofthemostenduringcharactersinEnglishfiction3)PoetryofthePre-RomanticismandSentimentalism(前浪漫主義和感傷主義詩(shī)歌)：18世紀(jì)中期a.JamesThomson(湯姆森1700-1748蘇格蘭)：TheSeasons:theme-nature;blankverse；thefirstsignificantpoeminthetraditionofPre-Romanticismb.EdwardYoung(楊1683-1765)c.WilliamCollins(柯林斯1721-1759)：OdetoEvening《晚頌》d.ThomasGray(格雷1716-1771)：sympathyforthepoorandunknown,mocksthegreatoneswhodespiseandhurtthemElergyWritteninaCountryChurchyard《墓園挽歌》；OdeontheSpringe.WilliamBlake(布萊克1757-1827浪漫派詩(shī)人、畫(huà)家、雕刻家)：symbolismTheMarriageofHeavenandHellSongsofExperience《經(jīng)驗(yàn)之歌》:TheTiger;London;TheChimney-Sweeper《掃煙囪的孩子》世間的丑惡SongsofInnocence《天真之歌》:TheLambPoeticalSketches《素描詩(shī)集》f.RobertBurns(彭斯1759-1796蘇格蘭)：thegreatestsongwriter;thenationalpoetofScotland;thepeople’spoet文風(fēng)：lyricsonloveandfriendship;simplicity;ScotchdialectsMyHeart’sintheHighlandARed,RedRose;AuldLangSyne《舊日美好時(shí)光》;Fora’Thatanda’That《不管那一套》4)戲劇a.JohnGay(蓋伊1685-1732):TheBeggar’sOpera《乞丐歌劇》:oneofthemostconspicuousstagetriumphsb.RichardBrinsleySheridan(謝立丹1751-1816喜劇作家)：tendencytoRealismtheartificialcomedy(風(fēng)俗喜劇)&anti-sentimentalmovement頂峰TheRivals《情敵》TheSchoolforScandal《造謠學(xué)?！罚篵estEnglishcomedysinceShakespearetwobrothers–Joseph/Charlessurface;criticizeEnglishhighsocietyforitsvanity,greedandhypocrisy五、TheRomanticPeriod英國(guó)浪漫主義文學(xué)(1798-1832)女性小說(shuō)家涌現(xiàn)passion,emotionandnaturalbeautyItbeginswithWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge’sjointwork–LyricalBalladsin1798.ItendswiththedeathofWalterScottin1832.~ThePoeticRevolution(1798-1837):Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeats反對(duì)新古典主義文學(xué)1)特點(diǎn)individuals1.Itismarkedbyastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom.2.Itreturnstonatureandtoplainhumanityforitsmaterial.3.Itismarkedbyrenewedinterestandmedievalidealsandliterature.4.Itismarkedbyintensehumansympathyandbyaconsequentunderstandingofthehumanheart.5.Itistheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanestablishedrules.6.Spenser,ShakespeareandMiltonareinspirationoftheRomanticMovement.2)詩(shī)歌–Lakers/LakePoets(湖畔詩(shī)人,第一代):Wordsworth,Coleridge&Southey-worshipperofnaturea. WilliamWordsworth(華茲華斯1770-1850)：PoetLaureateLyricalBallads《抒情歌謠集》：LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey《丁登寺雜詠》;LinesWritteninEarlySpring英國(guó)浪漫主義開(kāi)端ThePrelude《序曲》；TheSolitaryReaper《孤獨(dú)的割麥女》；IWanderedLonelyasaCloud；ComposeduponWestminsterBridge；LucyPoems;MyHeartLeapsUp;TotheCuckoo《致布谷鳥(niǎo)》b.SamuelTaylorColeridge(柯勒律治1772-1834)：poetandliterarycritic；KublaKhan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel；TheRimeoftheAncientMariner(LyricalBallads)《古舟子詠》;TheFalloftheBastille《巴士底獄的倒塌》c.RobertSouthey(騷賽)：JoanofArc《圣女貞德》3)詩(shī)歌–第二代詩(shī)人:早熟、熱情而短命；againstthebourgeoissocietyandtherulingclass;自由至上a.GeorgeGordonByron(拜倫1788-1824)：lyricalpoemsdealwithnatureandloveCain《該隱》DonJuan《唐璜》：西班牙貴族子弟周游各國(guó)，發(fā)生在18世紀(jì)后半葉。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰爾德·哈羅爾德游記》:Childe是其詩(shī)歌中首位拜倫式英雄。長(zhǎng)詩(shī)ByronicHeroes:孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿反抗精神。內(nèi)心孤獨(dú)苦悶，卻又蔑視群小。SheWalksinBeauty;WhenWeTwoParted;HebrewMelodies《希伯來(lái)歌曲》b.PercyByssheShelley(雪萊1792-1822)：lovethepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsandexploitersQueenMab；TheRevoltofIslam《伊斯蘭的反叛》；Adonais；ADefenceofPoetry；TheNecessityofAtheism(無(wú)神論)詩(shī)?。篢heCenci《欽契一家》；PromethusUnbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》(Greekmythology)lovelyrics:OdeToaSkylark《云雀頌》；OdetotheWestWind(冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎):swift,proudandwild的西風(fēng)c.JohnKeats(濟(jì)慈1794-1821)：ode;“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty”–leadingprincipleOdetoPsyche《普賽克頌》Hispoetryisdistinguishedbysensuousness(知覺(jué))andtheperfectionofform.OdeonMelancholy；IsabellaOdetoAutumn;OdetoaNightingale；OdeonaGrecianUrn《希臘古甕頌》4)散文:19世紀(jì)早期，criticalprosewriting-LeighHunt,DeQuincya.CharlesLamb(蘭姆1774-1834隨筆):nostalgia,humor,delicacy,personalandobservations最佳散文家OldChina《古舊的瓷器》;TalesfromShakespeare(兒童文學(xué));EssaysofElia(論說(shuō)文集)b.WilliamHazlitt(哈茲利特1778-1830):犀利的文學(xué)批評(píng)-TheCharactersofShakespeare’sPlaysLecturesontheEnglishPoets;LecturesontheDramaticLiteratureoftheAgeofQueenElizabethMyFirstAcquaintancewithPoets;OnGoingaJourney《論出游》5)小說(shuō)a.WalterScott(司各特1771-1832):西歐歷史小說(shuō)之父；thefirstnovelisttorecreatethepast浪漫主義向現(xiàn)實(shí)主義轉(zhuǎn)變Waverley《威弗利》；RobRoy《羅伯·羅伊》(蘇格蘭歷史)；Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》b.JaneAusten(簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁1775-1817)：humor,witanddelicatesatire;truetolife首位女作家，以特有的敏銳和細(xì)膩刻畫(huà)英國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的生活和思想。預(yù)示現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)崛起NorthangerAbbey《諾桑覺(jué)寺》SenseandSensibility；PrideandPrejudice；Emma；Persuasion《勸導(dǎo)》;MansfieldPark《曼斯菲爾德莊園》c.MaryShelly(雪莉)：Frankenstein六、TheVictorianPeriod維多利亞時(shí)期(1832-1901)CriticalRealism批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義-novelpoetry/proseFullanddetailedrepresentationofsocialandpoliticalevents,andthefateofcommonpeopleandofwholesocialclass1)小說(shuō)a.CharlesDickens(狄更斯1812-1870):小資產(chǎn)階級(jí)知識(shí)分子humoritst,satiristWithstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hepicturedbourgeoiscivilization,showingthemiseryofcommonpeople.BleakHous《荒涼山莊》；HardTimes《艱難時(shí)世》；AChristmasCarol《圣誕頌歌》~1stPeriod(1836-1841):youthfuloptimism-TheOldCuriosityShop《老古玩店》;OliverTwist《霧都孤兒》ThePickwickPapers《匹克威克外傳》：退休商人Pickwick冒險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷-18世紀(jì)早期的英國(guó)的小資們petty-bourgeoisie~2ndPeriod(1842-):excitementandirritationDavidCopperfield;DombeyandSon《董貝父子》~3rdPeriod:intensifyingpessimismGreatExpectations《遠(yuǎn)大前程》ATaleofTwoCities:革命主題–法國(guó)革命中的巴黎與倫敦Dr.Manette-Lucie&Darnay,Defarge,SidneyCartonb.TheBronteSistersCharlotteBronte(1816-1855):JaneEyre(Mr.Rochester);Shirley《雪莉》EmilyBronte(1818-1848):WutheringHeights(Heathcliff&Catherine)–資本主義社會(huì)婚姻制度AnneBronte(1820-1849):AgnesGreyc.Mrs.Gaskell(蓋斯凱爾夫人1810-1865):LifeofCharlotteBronte–英國(guó)最佳傳記MaryBarton《瑪麗·巴頓》：theclassstrugglebetweentheworkersandthecapitalistsd.GeorgeElliot(艾略特1819-1880女作家):田園生活，道德問(wèn)題，心理描寫(xiě)SilasMarner《織工馬南》文風(fēng)：richhumorandkeenobservation,veryphilosophicalAdamBede：Adam愛(ài)上變心女TheMillontheFloss《弗洛斯河上的磨房》：Tom&Maggie；Middlemarch,aStudyofProvincialLife《米德?tīng)栺R契》e.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(薩克雷1811-1863):VanityFair/ANovelwithoutaHero《名利場(chǎng)》f.ThomasHardy(哈代1840-1928詩(shī)人&小說(shuō)家): 多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說(shuō)家。theWessexnovels(虛構(gòu)地點(diǎn))UndertheGreenwoodTree《綠蔭下》；TheMayorofCasterbridge《卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng)》；TheReturnoftheNative《還鄉(xiāng)》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》；JudetheObscure《無(wú)名的裘德》TessoftheD’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》:Tess&AngelClare–人無(wú)法掌控自己的命運(yùn)g.RobertStevenson(史蒂文森1850-1894):TreasureIsland《金銀島》;Kidnappedh.WilliamMorris(莫里斯):TheEarthlyPradise;PilgrimsofHope《希望的探求者》2)詩(shī)歌:optimismandprogressivevitalitya.AlfredTennyson(丁尼生1809-1902)：維多利亞時(shí)代最具代表性的詩(shī)人PoetLaureateInMemoriam《悼念》soundsandrhythms;evokingmoods;linkingdescriptionsofnaturetothestateofmindsPoemsbyTwoBrothersThePrincess;Maud;Break,Break,Break《拍岸曲》；TheIdyllsoftheKing《國(guó)王敘事詩(shī)》;Ulysses《尤利西斯》b.TheBrownings布朗寧夫婦Robert/ElizabethBrowningTheRingandtheBook;SonnetsfromthePortuguese~RobertBrowning(1812-1889)：dramaticmonologues;realistic;optimistic;believedintheprogressofmankindMenandWomen(詩(shī)集)；MyLastDuchess《我的前公爵夫人》；MeetingatNight；HomeThoughts,fromAbroad3)散文a.ThomasCarlyle(卡萊爾1795-1881歷史學(xué)家):TheFrenchRevolution–起因(theworker’smiserablelivingcondition)b.JohnRuskin(作家&藝術(shù)評(píng)論家):其社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)觀念對(duì)WilliamMorris,OscarWilde,BernardShaw&D.H.Lawrence影響巨大ModernPainters;TheSevenLampsofArchitecture;UntothisLast;SesameandLiliesc.MatthewArnold(阿諾德1822-1888):DoverBeach《多弗爾海灘》4)無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)文學(xué)a.ErnestJones(瓊斯1819-1869):theChartistpoets(憲章派詩(shī)人)b.WilliamMorris(莫里斯1834-1896):thefirstsocialistwriter5)19世紀(jì)末期文學(xué)趨勢(shì)a.Naturalism:19世紀(jì)后半期，從現(xiàn)實(shí)主義發(fā)展而來(lái)；subjectiveandsomber-達(dá)爾文EmileZola&GeorgeGissingb.New-Romanticism:opposetheideathatartreflectslifereality–Stevenson(蘇格蘭小說(shuō)家)c.Aestheticism(唯美主義):artisself-sufficientandhasnoreferencetolife–在詩(shī)歌中傾向于withdrawaloraversiond.Descadence(頹廢派文藝):thecrisisofbourgeoisculture;opposesthedemocraticandsocialistideals;“artforart’ssake”~OscarWilde(王爾德1854-1900):AestheticismandDecadence-AnIdealHusband;AWomanofNoImportance;ThePictureofDorianGrey;TheHappyPrinceandOtherTales;Salome《莎樂(lè)美》LadyWindermere’sFan《溫德米爾夫人的扇子》；TheImportanceofBeingEarnest《認(rèn)真的重要》七、TheModernPeriod現(xiàn)代時(shí)期(1914-)：symbolism;thestreamofconsciousness;naturalism;impressionismImpressionism–個(gè)人經(jīng)歷(低層中產(chǎn)階級(jí)&工人階級(jí))Poetry–shortlyricsNovels(代表JamesJoyce)–心理活動(dòng)；人性的深度及缺陷anunendingstreamofimpression,feelingsandthoughtsa.JohnGalsworthy(高爾斯華綏1867-1933小說(shuō)家&劇作家):1932NobelPrizeTheWhiteMonkey《白猿》strength&elasticity;powerfulsweep&深度心理分析文風(fēng)：concise,clearandstraightforwardTheForsyteSaga《福賽特家史》(小說(shuō)集)：TheManofProperty《有產(chǎn)者》(批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義頂峰SoamesForsyte&Irene)InChancery《騎虎難下》；ToLet《出讓》;Interlude:TheIndianSummerofaForsyte;Awakeningb.GeorgeBernardShaw(蕭伯納1856-1950批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義劇作家)：1925NobelPrizeMrs.Warren’sProfession;批判資本主義的罪惡面；humoristdealswithcontemporarysocialproblemsHeartbreakHouse;Widowers’House;ManandSuperman《人與超人》；Pygmalion《賣花女》；MajorBarbara《巴巴拉少校》；TheAppleCart《蘋(píng)果車》c. WilliamButlerYeats(葉芝1865-1939愛(ài)爾蘭詩(shī)人&劇作家)：1923NobelPrize；TheIrishnationalistSailingtoByzantine《駛向拜占庭》；TheSecondComing《基督再臨》；LedaandtheSwan《麗達(dá)與天鵝》TheWindAmongtheReeds《蘆葦中的風(fēng)》；Responsibilities；TheWindingStair《盤(pán)旋的樓梯》；TheLakeIsleofInnisfree《茵尼斯弗里島》；Easter,1916；TheTower；TheLandofHeart’sDesired.T.S.Eliot(艾略特1888-1965詩(shī)人&劇作家&批評(píng)家):1948NobelPrizeTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockclassicistinliterature,royalistinpoliticsandAnglo-CatholicinreligionTheHollowMen《空心人》TheWasteLand《荒原》:alandmarkandamodelofthe20thCEnglishpoetryTheFourQuartets《四個(gè)四重奏》：anewserenityofoutlookAshWednesdaye.D.H.Lawrence(勞倫斯1885-1930詩(shī)人&小說(shuō)家&散文家)：心理活動(dòng)；資本主義工業(yè)化吞噬人性WomeninLoveTheWhitePeacock《白孔雀》；TheRainbow；SonsandLovers(半自傳體)；LadyChatterley’sLoverf.JamesJoyce(喬伊斯1882-1941愛(ài)爾蘭小說(shuō)家)：意識(shí)流奠基者obsessedwithwordsTheDubliners《都柏林人》(短篇小說(shuō)集)；Finnegan’sWake《芬尼根守靈夜》APortraitofanArtistasaYoungMan《青年藝術(shù)家的肖像》:自傳性–bitterexperiences;最終藝術(shù)和精神上的解放Ulysses《尤利西斯》(非傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō))：modernism–nostory/plot/actiong.VirginiaWoolf(伍爾芙1882-1941)：現(xiàn)代主義&意識(shí)流代表;BloomsburyGroupTheCommonReader；OrlandoNovels:Mrs.Dalloway;TotheLighthouse;TheWavesEssays:ARoomofOne’sOwn;ThreeGuineas《三個(gè)基尼》-女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)經(jīng)典作品h.JosephConrad(康拉德1857-1924):TheNiggeroftheNarcissus《白水仙號(hào)上的黑家伙》；LordJim；HeartofDarknessi.RobertTressell(屈賽爾1870-1911)：TheRaggedTrouseredPhilanthropists《穿破褲子的慈善家》j.EdwardMorganForster(E.M.福斯特):HowardsEnd《霍華德莊園》;APassagetoIndia《印度之行》ARoomwithaView;WhereAngelsFeartoTread《天使不敢駐足的地方》k.WilliamSomersetMaugham(W.S.毛姆1874-1965):TheMoonandSixPence;OfHumanBondage《人生的枷鎖》i.GeorgeOrwell(奧威爾1903-1950)：政治諷刺小說(shuō)AnimalFarm;1984*Post-modernism(二戰(zhàn)后):憤怒青年AldousLeonardHuxley(赫胥黎):BraveNewWorlda.JohnJamesOsborne(奧斯本1929-1994劇作家)：LookBackinAngerb.SamuelBeckett(貝克特1906-1989愛(ài)爾蘭劇作家&小說(shuō)家)：1969NobelPrize荒誕派WaitingforGodot《等待戈多》c.WilliamGolding(戈?duì)柖?911-1993小說(shuō)家):1983NobelPrize寓言風(fēng)TheLordofTheFlies《蠅王》d.DorisLessing(多麗絲·萊辛1919-小說(shuō)家)：2007NobelPrizeTheGrassisSinging(1950)；TheGoldenNotebook(1962)e.V.S.Naipaul(奈保爾1932-印度裔小說(shuō)家):2001NobelPrize小說(shuō)及非虛構(gòu)文學(xué)AHouseforMr.Biswas;InaFreeState;ABendintheRiver《河灣》;TheEnigmaofArrival《抵達(dá)之謎》g.HaroldPinter(品特1930-2008劇作家):2005NobelPrize蕭伯納之后英國(guó)最重要?jiǎng)∽骷?20世紀(jì)下半葉英國(guó)戲劇創(chuàng)作流派Pinteresque，早期作品常為荒誕派戲劇TheCaretaker《看房者》；TheBirthdayParty；TheHomecomingg.HerbertGeorgeWells(小說(shuō)家-科幻)：TheTimeMachine;TheInvisibleMan美國(guó)文學(xué)一、BeforetheRevolutionofIndependence(17世紀(jì)之前)1)NativeAmericanLiterature(AmericanIndians)印第安傳統(tǒng)文學(xué)1.TraditionalLiterature:口頭文學(xué)–祝詞、部落神話、英雄傳說(shuō)、民歌2.TransitionalLiterature:19世紀(jì)白人侵占史；翻譯作品3.ModernLiterature:19-20世紀(jì)，美國(guó)印第安人所著作品2)ColonialAmeri