管理信息系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)資料

Chapter1Whatisaninformationsystem?Whatactivitydoesitperform?.Aninformationsystemcanbedefinedtechnicallyasasetofinterrelatedcomponentsthatcollect(orretrieve),process,store,anddistributeinformationtosupportdecisionmakingandcontrolinanorganization.Inadditiontosupportingdecisionmaking,coordination,andcontrol,informationsystemalsohelpmanagersandworkersanalyzeproblems,visualizecomplexsubjectsandcreatenewproducts..Input.Processing.OutputWhatisthedifferencebetweendataandinformation?Information:Byinformationwemeandatathathavebeenshapedintoaformthatismeaningfulandusefultohumanbeings.Data:Dataarestreamsofrawfactsrepresentingeventsoccurringinorganizationsorthephysicalenvironmentbeforetheyhavebeenorganizedandarrangedintoaformthatpeoplecanunderstandanduse.Whatarethedimensionsofinformationsystem?Organizations,people,informationtechnologyChapter2Whatarethecharacteristicsoftransactionprocessingsystems?Whatroledotheyplayinabusiness?Transactionprocessingsystems(TPS)arecomputerizedsystemsthatperformandrecorddailyroutinetransactionsnecessaryinconductingbusiness;theyservetheorganization'soperationallevel.Theprincipalpurposeofsystemsatthislevelistoanswerroutinequestionsandtotracktheflowoftransactionsthroughtheorganization.Attheoperationallevel,tasks,resources,andgoalsarepredefinedandhighlystructured.ManagersneedTPStomonitorthestatusofinternaloperationsandthefirm'srelationshipwithitsexternalenvironment.TPSaremajorproducersofinformationforothertypesofsystems.TransactionprocessingsystemsareoftensocentraltoabusinessthatTPSfailureforafewhourscanleadtoafirm'sdemseandperhapsthatofotherfirmslinkedtoit.WhatarethecharacteristicsofMIS?HowdoMISdifferfromTPS?FromDSS?Middlemanagementneedssystemstohelpwithmonitoring,controlling,decisionmaking,andadministrativeactivities.MISprovidemiddlemanagerswithreportsontheorganization'scurrentperformance.Thisinformationisusedtomonitorandcontrolthebusinessandpredictfutureperformance.MISsummarizeandreportthecompany’sbasicoperationsusingdatasuppliedbyTPSs.ThebasictransactiondatafromTPSarecompressedandusuallypresentedinreportsthatareproducedonaregularschedule.MISservemanagersprimarilyinterestedinweekly,monthly,andyearlyresults,althoughsomeMISenablemanagerstodrilldowntoseedailyorhourlydataifrequired.MISgenerallyprovideanswerstoroutinequestionsthathavebeenspecifiedinadvanceandhaveapredefinedprocedureforansweringthem.MISsystemsgenerallyarenotflexibleandhavelittleanalyticalcapability.MostMISusesimpleroutines,suchassummariesandcomparisons,asopposedtosophisticatedmathematicalmodelsorstatisticaltechniques.MISdiffersfromTPSinthatMISdealswithsummarizedandcompresseddatafromtheTPS.WhileMIShaveaninternalorientation,DSSwilloftenusedatafromexternalsources,aswellasdatafromTPSandMIS.DSSsupports“what-if”analysesratherthanalong-termstructuredanalysisofMIS.MISaregenerallynotflexibleandprovidelittleanalyticalcapabilities.Incontrast,DSSaredesignedforanalyticalpurposesandareflexible.WhatarethecharacteristicsofDSS?HowdotheydifferfromthoseofESS?Decision-supportsystems(DSS)supportnonroutinedecisionmakingformiddlemanagers.DSSprovidesophisticatedanalyticalmodelsanddataanalysistoolstosupportsemi-structuredandunstructureddecision-makingactivities.DSSusedatafromTPS,MIS,andexternalsources,incondensedform,allowingdecisionmakerstoperform“what-if”analysis.DSSfocusonproblemsthatareuniqueandrapidlychanging;proceduresforarrivingatasolutionmaynotbefullypredefined.DSSaredesignedsothatuserscanworkwiththemdirectly;thesesystemsincludeinteractive,user-friendlysoftware.Executivesupportsystemshelpseniormanagersaddressstrategicissuesandlong-termtrends,bothinthefirmandintheexternalenvironment.ESSaddressnonroutinedecisionsrequiringjudgment,evaluation,andinsightbecausethereisnoagreed-onprocedureforarrivingatasolution.ESSprovideageneralizedcomputingandcommunicationscapacitythatcanbeappliedtoachangingarrayofproblems.ESSaredesignedtoincorporatedataaboutexternalevents,suchasnewtaxlawsorcompetitors,buttheyalsodrawsummarizedinformationfrominformationfrominternalMISandDSS.ESSaredesignedforease-of-useandrelyheavilyongraphicalpresentationsofdata.DescribetherelationshipsbetweenTPS,MIS,DSSandESS.Ideally,allfoursystemsusethesamebasicdata.TPSareamajorsourceofinternaldataforothersystems,especiallyMISandDSS.InternaldatafromTPSandMIScombinewithexternaldatatoprovideasourceofanalysisforDSSandESS.Allfoursystemsaredesignedtogivemanagersofallorganizationallevelsandcomplete,consolidatedviewofthefirm.Chapter3Describethefourdifferentkindsofcompetitiveadvantageforbusiness.BarrierstoentrythatrestrictsupplyDemandcontrol(switchingcostreferstocostofswitchingfromoneproducttoacompetingproduct)?Economiesofscale?Processefficiency(createcostadvantage)Chapter4Whatisinformationtechnology(IT)infrastructure?Listanddescribeeachofitscomponents.?ComputerHardwareComputerharderconsistoftechnologyforcomputerprocessing,datastorage,inputandoutput.?ComputerSoftwareItincludesbothsystemsoftwareandapplicationsoftware.Systemsoftwaremanagestheresourcesandactivitiesofthecomputer.Applicationsoftwareappliesthecomputertoaspecifictaskforanenduser.DataManagementTechnology(Software)Datamanagementsoftwareorganizes,manages,andprocessesbusinessdataconcernedwithinventory,customers,andvendors.?NetworkingandTelecommunicationsTechnologyNetworkingandtelecommunicationstechnologyprovidesdata,voice,andvideoconnectivitytoemployers,customers,andsuppliers.?TechnologyServicesRunandmanageinfrastructureandtrainusers.Listanddescribesthevarioustypesofcomputersavailabletobusinesstoday.Personalcomputer(PC)microcomputer;Workstation;Servermidrangecomputer,minicomputer;Mainframe;Supercomputer.Whatistheclient/servermodelofcomputing?Describethedifferencebetweenatwo-tieredandN-tierclient/serverarchitecture.Client/serverisacomputationalarchitecturethatinvolvesclientprocessesrequestingservicefromserverprocesses.Inclient/servercomputing,computerprocessingissplitbetweenclientmachinesandservermachineslinkedbyanetwork.IntheN-tierclient/serverarchitecture,theworkoftheentirenetworkisbalancedoverseveraldifferentlevelsofservers,dependingonthekindofservicebeingrequest.WhatisTCO?Thetotalcostofownership(TCO)modelcanbeusedtoanalyzethesedirectandindirectcosts(hardwareacquisition,softwareacquisition,installation,training,support,maintenance,infrastructure,downtime,spaceandenergy)tohelpdeterminetheactualcostofowningaspecifictechnology.Whatiscloudcomputing?Cloudcomputingisamodelforenablingconvenient,on-demandnetworkaccesstoasharedpoolofconfiguredcomputingresourcesthatcanberapidlyprovisionedandreleasedwithminimalmanagementeffortorserviceproviderinteraction.Chapter5Whatisarelationaldatabase?Howdoesitorganizeandstoreinformation?Therelationaldatabaseisthemostcommontypeofdatabasetoday.Relationaldatabaseorganizedataintotwo-dimensionaltableswithcolumnsandrows.Eachtablecontainsdataonanentityanditsattributes.Eachindividualelementofdataaboutasupplierisstoredasaseparatefieldwithinthesuppliertable.Theactualinformationaboutasinglesupplierthatresidesinatableiscalledarow.Rowsarecommonlyreferredtoasrecords,or,inverytechnicalterms,astuples.Onesuppliercouldsupplymorethanonepart,thetablewouldneedmanyextrarowsforasinglesuppliertoshowallthepartsthatsupplierprovided.Wewouldbemaintainingagreatdealofdataaboutsuppliers,anditwouldbedifficulttosearchfortheinformationonanyindividualpartbecauseyouwouldnotknowwhetherthispartisthefirstoffiftiethpartinthissupplier'srecord.Whatisadatawarehouse?Whatproblemsdoesitsolveforabusiness?Adatawarehouseisadatabasethatstorescurrentandhistoricaldataofpotentialinteresttodecisionmakersthroughoutthecompany.Thedatawarehouseconsolidatesandstandardizesinformationfromdifferentoperationaldatabasesothattheinformationcanbeusedacrosstheenterpriseformanagementanalysisanddecisionmaking.Chapter6WhatisTCP/IP?TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)isacommunicationsstandardsforlinkingdisparatenetworksandcomputers.Nameanddescribetheprincipalnetworktopologies.Starnetwork—consistofacentralhostcomputerconnectedtoanumberofsmallercomputersorterminalBusnetwork——linksanumberofcomputersbysinglecircuitmadeoftwistedwire,coaxialcable,orfiberopticcableRingnetwork—doesnotrelyonacentralhostcomputerandwillnotnecessarilybreakdownifoneofthecomponentcomputersmalfunctionDefinethefollowings:WAN,MAN,3G,modem,protocol,opticalnetwork,bandwidth,andInternet2.WANWide-areanetworks(WANs)spanbroadgeographicaldistances-entireregions,states,continents,orglobal.MANMetropolitan-areanetwork(MAN)isanetworkthatspansametropolitanarea,usuallyacityanditsmajorsuburbs.3G3Garemorecellular,andhavetransmissionspeedsrangingfrom144Kbpsformobileusersin,say,acar,tomorethan2Mbpsforstationaryusers.ModemAdeviceisrequiredtotranslatedigitalsignalsintoanalogformProtocolAprotocolisasetofrulesandproceduresgoverningtransmissionofinformationbetween2pointsinanetwork.OpticalnetworkOpticalnetworkcantransmitalltypesoftraffic-voice,data,andvideo-overfibercablesandprovidethemassivebandwidthfornewtypesofservicesandsoftware.BandwidthTherangeoffrequenciesthatcanbeaccommodatedonaparticulartelecommunicationschanneliscalleditsbandwidth.Internet2Areconsortiarepresenting200universities,privatebusiness,andgovernmentagenciesinUSthatareworkingonanew,robust,high-bandwidthversionoftheinternet.Whatareintranetsandextranets?Howdotheyprovidevaluetobusinesses?OrganizationsuseInternetnetworkingstandardsandWebtechnologytocreateprivatenetworkscalledintranets.Afirmcreatesanextranettoallowauthorizedvendorsandcustomerstohavelimitedaccesstoitsinternalintranet.Bothintranetsandextranetsreduceoperationalcostsbyprovidingadditionalconnectivityforcoordinatingdisparatebusinessprocesseswithinthefirmandforlinkingelectronicallytocustomersandsuppliers.Chapter8Whatisanenterprisesystem?Anenterprisesystem,alsoknownasanERPsystem,isasystemthatintegratesalldepartmentsandfunctionsacrossacompanyintoasinglecomputersystemthatcanserveallthosedifferentdepartments’particularneeds.Whatisasupplychain?Whatentitiesdoesitcomprise?Supplychainisanetworkoforganizationsandbusinessprocessedforprocuringrawmaterials,transformingmaterialsintoproducts,anddistributingtheproductstocustomers.Itcomprisessuppliers,manufacturingplants,distributioncenter,retailoutletsandcustomers.Whatiscustomerrelationshipmanagement?Whyarecustomerrelationshipssoimportanttoday?Customerrelationshipmanagementreferstobusinessandtechnologydisciplinethatusesinformationsystemstocoordinateallofthebusinessprocessessurroundingthefirm怎interactionwithitscustomersinsales,marketing,andservice.Withoutcustomers,therewouldbenobusiness.②Becausecompetitiveadvantagebasedonaninnovativenewproductorserviceisoftenveryshort-lived,companiesarerealizingthattheironlyenduringcompetitivestrengthmaybetheirrelationshipswiththeircustomers.③Thebasisofcompetitionhasswitchedfromwhosellsthemostproductsandservicestowho"owns”thecustomer④Customerrelationshipsrepresentafirm'smostvaluableasses.WhatarethestepsforCRM?Step1Identifyyourcustomerandgetdifferentinformationaboutyoucustomer.Step2Calculatethecustomerlifevalue.Step3Providecustomizeproductandservice.WhatarethebenefitsanddisadvantagesifwechangeourERPsoftwaretomatchourbusinessprocess?ThebenefitsofERPsystem：IntegratecustomerorderinformationStandardizeandspeedupmanufacturingprocessesIntegratefinancialinformationAdvantages:?Integration:Costreduction:Lesspersonnel:?AccuracyTheadvantagesofERParereducedoperatingcostslikelowerproductioncosts,lowerinventorycostsandlowermarketingcosts.Itfacilitatesdaytodaymanagementbyprovidingrealtimedataforquickdecisionmaking.ERPsystemssupportstrategicplanningtoo.Disadvantages:Expensive:Thisentailssoftware,hardware,implementation,consultants,training,etc.Oryoucanhireaprogrammerortwoasanemployeeandonlybuybusinessconsultingfromanoutsidesource,doallcustomizationandend-usertraininginside.Thatcanbecost-effective.Notveryflexible:Itdepends.SAPcanbeconfiguredtoalmostanything.InNavisiononecandevelopalmostanythingindays.Othersoftwaremaynotbeflexible.Notefficient:Implementationofthesystemrequiresalotofeffort,timeandmoney.TrainingtheemployeesproperlycantakequitesometimeelsetheERPwillnotbeefficientTheERPmaynotbesuccessfulifnotimplementedintherightmannerleadingtoalotoflossto

theorganization.Customizationalsoinvolvesabigamountofmoneyandtime.Therecouldbechancesofsecurityissuesandleakageofinformationwhichcanbeveryharmfulfortheorganization.WhatlessonscanyoulearnofERPofcisco?What’sstepsofci案例？（Doalotofthingstoidentifythebestsoftwarepackage.MakingtherightdecisionandseniormanagershouldmakesuretosupporttheimplementationERPsystem,payingattentiontothisproject.CentralizedfunctionalorganizationAssumeexcellentemployees,establishstableandefficiencyimplementationteamandcompleteProjectmanagementinstitutions.Choosetheteampartnerwithresponsibilityandinordertoachievethewin-winpurposeasthemotiveforceandcooperationbasedAdvancedmanagementconcepts,efficientmodeofoperation,Analyzethepresentsituationofthecompany,knowmoreaboutwhatquestionstheERPsystemshouldbesolvedandcontroltheprocessoftheprojectstrictlyMoneysupportChapter9Listanddescribethesevenuniquefeaturesofe-commerce.E-CommerceTechnologyDimensionUbiquity.Internet/Webtechnologyisavailableeverywhere:atwork,athome,andelsewhereviamobiledevices,anytime.GlobalReach.Thetechnologyreachesacrossnationalboundaries,aroundtheearth.UniversalStandards.Thereisonesetoftechnologystandards,namelyinternetstandards.Richness.Video.Audio,andtextmessagesarepossible.Interactivity.Thetechnologyworksthroughinteractionwiththeuser.InformationDensityE-CommerceTechnologyDimensionUbiquity.Internet/Webtechnologyisavailableeverywhere:atwork,athome,andelsewhereviamobiledevices,anytime.GlobalReach.Thetechnologyreachesacrossnationalboundaries,aroundtheearth.UniversalStandards.Thereisonesetoftechnologystandards,namelyinternetstandards.Richness.Video.Audio,andtextmessagesarepossible.Interactivity.Thetechnologyworksthroughinteractionwiththeuser.InformationDensity.TheThereisonesetoftechnicalstandardsacrosstheglobesothatdisparatecomputersystemscaneasilycommunicatewitheachother.Video,audio,andtextmessagesareintegratedintoasinglemarketingmessageandconsumerexperience.Consumersareengagedinadialogthatdynamicallyadjuststheexperiencetotheindividual,andmakestheconsumeraco-participantintheprocessofdeliveringgoodstothemarket.Informationprocessing,storage,and

technologyreducesinformationcoatsandraisesquality.Personalization/Customization.Thetechnologyallowspersonalizedmassagestobediliveredtoindividualstechnologyreducesinformationcoatsandraisesquality.Personalization/Customization.Thetechnologyallowspersonalizedmassagestobediliveredtoindividualsaswellasgroups.Personalizationofmarketingmessagesandcustomizationofproductsandservicesarebasedonindividualcharacteristics.Nameanddescribesixinternetbusinessmodelsforelectroniccommerce.Distinguishbetweenapure-playInternetbusinessmodelandaclicks-and-mortarbusinessmodel.CategoryDescriptionExamplesVirtualStorefrontSellsphysicalproductsdirectlytoconsumersortoAindividualbusinesses.RedEEInformationbrokerProvidesproduct,pricing,andavailabilityinformation丁八〔Ktoindividualsandbusinesses.GeneratesrevenuefromT〔Iadvertisingorfromdirectingbuyerstosellers.RTransactionbrokerSavesusersmoneyandtimebyprocessingonlinesalesETRADE.comtransactionsandgeneratingafeeeachtimeatransactionEoccurs.Alsoprovidesinformationonratesandterms.Providesadigitalenvironmentwherebuyersandsellerscanmeet,searchforproducts,displayproducts,andestablishpricesforthoseproducts.Canprovideonline?eBavcomOnlinemarketplacey.auctionsorreverseauctionsinwhichbuyerssubmitPbidstomultiplesellerstopurchaseatabuyer-specified八ChemCpriceaswellasnegotiatedorfixedpricing.CanserveconsumersorB2Be-commerce,generatingrevenuefromtransactionfees.WSJ.comCreatesrevenuebyprovidingdigitalcontent,suchasGettymagescomContentprovider.digitalnews,music,photos,orvideo,overtheweb.TheiTcustomermaypaytoaccessthecontent,orrevenuemayTurnerSportbegeneratedbysellingadvertisingspace.InteractiveOnlineserviceproviderProvidesonlineserviceforindividualsandbusinesses.SGeneratesrevenuefromsubscriptionortransactionfees,Xfromadvertising,orfromcollectingmarketingKodakGinformationfromusers.SVirtualcommunityMMySiVProvidesanonlinemeetingplacewherepeoplewithsimilarinterestscancommunicateandVirtualcommunityMMySiVPortalProvidesinitialpointofentrytothewebalongwithspecializedcontentandotherservices.YMSN.comStarMMostofthebusinessmodelsdescribedintableabovearecalledpur-playbusinessmodelsbecausetheyarebasedpurelyontheinternet.Thesefirmsdidnothaveanexistingbricks-andmortarbusinesswhentheydesignedtheirinternetbusiness.However,manyexistingretailfirms,suchasL.L.Bean,OfficeDepot,R.E.I.,andtheWallStreetJournal,havedevelopedWebsiteasextensionsoftheirtraditionalbricks-and-mortarbusinesses.SuchbusinessesrepresentahybridClicks-and-mortarbusinessmodel.Nameanddescribethevariouscategoriesofelectroniccommerce.B2C(Business-to-consumerelectroniccommerce)-involvesretailingproductsandservicestoindividualshopperB2B(Business-to-businesselectroniccommerce)-involvessalesofgoodsandservicesamongbusinessC2C(Consumer-to-consumerelectroniccommerce)-involvesconsumerssellingdirectlytoconsumersMobilecommerce-theuseofhandheldwirelessdevicesforpurchasinggoodsandservicesfromanylocationChapter10Whatisthedifferencebetweenanunstructured,semistructured,andstructureddecision?Unstructureddecisionsarethoseinwhichthedecisionmakermustprovidejudgment,evaluation,andinsighttosolvetheproblem.Structureddecisionsarerepetitiveandroutine,andtheyinvolveadefiniteprocedureforhandlingthemsothattheydonothavetobetreatedeachtimeasiftheywerenew.Semistructureddecisionsonlyhavepartoftheproblemswhichhaveclear-cutanswerprovidedbyanacceptedprocedure.Ingeneral,structureddecisionsaremoreprevalentatlowerorganizationallevels,whereasunstructuredproblemsaremorecommonathigherlevelsofthefirm.Defineanexpertsystem,describehowitworks,andexplainitsvaluetobusiness.Definition:Anexpertsystemcaptureshumanexpertiseinalimiteddomainofknowledgeasasetofrulesinasoftwaresystemthatcanbeusedbyothersintheorganization.Howitworks:1、Expertsystemsbuildknowledgebasetomodelhumanknowledgeasasetofrulesthatcollectively.2、Dependingonthecomplexityofthedecision-makingproblem,expertsystemcanhavefrom200tomanythousandsofrules.3、Usinginferenceenginetosearchthroughthecollectionofrulesandformulateconclusions.Value:Itperformsalimitednumberoftasksthatcanbeperformedbyprofessionalsinafewminutesorhours.Theyareusefulindecision-makingsituationswhereexpertiseisexpensiveorinshortsupply.Whatisaneuralnetwork?Howdoesitwork?Howcanneuralnetworksbenefitbusiness?Neuralnetworksareusedforsolvingcomplex,poorlyunderstoodproblemsforwhichlargeamountsofdat