全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程4課文及翻譯

Unit1Theysaythatpridecomesbeforeafall.InthecaseofbothNapoleonandHitler,themanyvictoriestheyenjoyedledthemtobelievethatanythingwaspossible,thatnothingcouldstandintheirway.Russia'sicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.人道是驕兵必?cái)?。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰(zhàn)無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士證明他們錯了。TheIcyDefenderNilaB.Smith1In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow--theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.冰雪衛(wèi)士奈拉?B?史密斯1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖?波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準(zhǔn)備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛(wèi)祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準(zhǔn)備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經(jīng)過長途跋涉才能進(jìn)軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵—俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。2In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler'smilitarymightwasunequaled.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫?希特勒進(jìn)攻當(dāng)時被稱作蘇聯(lián)的俄羅斯。希特勒的軍事實(shí)力堪稱無敵。他的戰(zhàn)爭機(jī)器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區(qū)的抵抗。希特勒希望速戰(zhàn)速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓(xùn)。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。Napoleon'sCampaign3Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.拿破侖發(fā)起的戰(zhàn)役1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓(xùn)練，作戰(zhàn)力強(qiáng)，裝備精良。這支軍隊(duì)被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預(yù)言要在5個星期內(nèi)攻下俄國。4Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon'sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進(jìn)入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發(fā)生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅(qū)直入很快由于糧草運(yùn)輸緩慢而停頓下來。5InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰(zhàn)，這一戰(zhàn)役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡?？墒?，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續(xù)后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續(xù)追擊俄國軍隊(duì)，還是把軍隊(duì)駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天？6NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinfiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠(yuǎn)在448公里之外的莫斯科進(jìn)發(fā)。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰(zhàn)。夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4.4萬名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰(zhàn)場上。7Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:"WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus."俄國軍隊(duì)再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進(jìn)入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領(lǐng)成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進(jìn)城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀了整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰(zhàn)，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機(jī)：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴(yán)冬為我們戰(zhàn)斗吧?！?Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠(yuǎn)在莫斯科的軍隊(duì)供應(yīng)糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。9TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter'sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰(zhàn)術(shù)，向法國人發(fā)起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們?nèi)静鏊?。法國士兵拖著腳步行進(jìn)，一路上留下無數(shù)死尸。10AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.正當(dāng)俄羅斯軍隊(duì)集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點(diǎn)將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進(jìn)。11OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.拿破侖發(fā)兵60萬進(jìn)入俄國，只有不到10萬士兵返回。元?dú)獯髠姆▏婈?duì)在歐洲繼續(xù)西撤。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強(qiáng)大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。1814年3月，巴黎被攻占。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。Hitler'sInvasion12Byearly1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,hadseizedcontrolofmostofEurope.TotheeastofHitler'sGermanempirewastheSovietUnion.OnJune22,1941,withoutadeclarationofwar,HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.Confidentofaquickvictory,Hitlerexpectedthecampaigntolastnolongerthanthreemonths.Heplannedtousetheblitzkrieg,or"lightningwar,"tacticsthathaddefeatedtherestofEurope.Theinvasionhadthreebroadthrusts:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.希特勒的入侵到1941年初，納粹德國元首阿道夫?希特勒已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。希特勒的德意志帝國的東部與蘇聯(lián)毗鄰。1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。希特勒自信能速戰(zhàn)速決，預(yù)計(jì)這一戰(zhàn)役不會超過3個月。他計(jì)劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。入侵計(jì)劃包含三大目標(biāo)：向列寧格勒與莫斯科進(jìn)攻，并橫掃烏克蘭。13Caughtoffguardbytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalininstructedtheRussianpeopleto"scorchtheearth"infrontoftheGermaninvaders.Farmsandfactorieswereburned,destroyed,orrendereduseless.Duringthefirsttenweeksoftheinvasion,theGermanspushedthefronteastward,andtheRussianssufferedmorethanamillioncasualties.蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫?斯大林被打了個措手不及，他指示全國人民在德國入侵者到來之前實(shí)行“焦土”政策。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。在入侵的最初10個星期內(nèi)，德國人一路東進(jìn)，俄國人傷亡人數(shù)多達(dá)一百多萬。14Inthenorth,theGermansclosedinonLeningrad.Despitegreatsuffering,however,thepeopleofLeningradrefusedtosurrender.AsthebattleofLeningraddraggedonintowinter,thecity'ssituationbecamedesperate.Asfoodranout,peoplediedfromhungeranddisease.Bythemiddleofthewinterof1941-1942,nearlyfourthousandpeoplestarvedtodeatheveryday.Closetoonemillionpeoplediedasaresultofthesiege.在北方，德國人包圍了列寧格勒。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。列寧格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)一直持續(xù)到冬季，此時該市的處境變得危急。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。到了1941年和1942年之間的寒冬，幾乎每天有4千人死于饑餓。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。15InthecenterofRussia,Hitler'sgoalwasthecaptureofMoscow.BecausetheGermanshadanticipatedaquickvictory,theyhadmadenoplansforwintersupplies.Octoberarrivedwithheavyrains."GeneralMud"sloweddownthemovementoftheGermans'lightningattack.在俄國中部，希特勒的目標(biāo)是占領(lǐng)莫斯科。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補(bǔ)給。10月來臨，大雨不停?！澳酀魧④姟蓖涎恿说聡碎W電式進(jìn)攻的行動。16AsHitler'sarmiesdrewcloserandclosertoMoscow,anearly,severewintersettledovertheSovietUnion,theharshestinyears.Temperaturesdroppedtominus48degreesCelsius.Heavysnowsfell.TheGermansoldiers,completelyunpreparedfortheRussianwinter,frozeintheirlightsummeruniforms.TheGermantankslayburiedintheheavysnowbanks.TheRussianwinterbroughttheGermanoffensivetoahalt.正當(dāng)希特勒的軍隊(duì)逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴(yán)寒。氣溫降到攝氏零下48度。大雪紛飛。對俄國的嚴(yán)寒冬季毫無思想準(zhǔn)備的德國士兵身著單薄的夏裝，一個個被凍傷。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。俄羅斯的冬季阻止了德國人的攻勢。17Bythesummerof1942,Hitlerhadlaunchedtwonewoffensives.Inthesouth,theGermanscapturedSevastopol.HitlerthenpushedeasttoStalingrad,agreatindustrialcitythatstretchedfor48kilometersalongtheVolgaRiver.Despitegreatsuffering,SovietdefendersrefusedtogiveupStalingrad.到1942夏天，希特勒又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。在南方，德國人占領(lǐng)了塞瓦斯托波爾。希特勒隨后向東推進(jìn)到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。盡管艱苦卓絕，蘇聯(lián)抵抗者拒絕放棄斯大林格勒。18InNovember1942,theRussianslaunchedacounterattack.WithlittleornoshelterfromthewintercoldinandaroundStalingrad,Germantroopswerefurtherweakenedbyalackoffoodandsupplies.NotuntilJanuary1943didtheGermansgiveuptheirsiege.OfthethreehundredthousandGermansattackingStalingrad,onlyninetythousandstarvingsoldierswereleft.ThelossofthebattleforStalingradfinallyturnedthetideagainstHitler.TheGermanvictorieswereover,thanksinparttotheRussianwinter.1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。德國軍隊(duì)在斯大林格勒城內(nèi)外幾乎沒有擋風(fēng)避寒的地方，食品和補(bǔ)給的匱乏更使其元?dú)獯髠Ｖ钡?943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。進(jìn)攻斯大林格勒的30萬德國人只剩下9萬忍饑挨餓的士兵。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使希特勒時乖運(yùn)蹇。部分地由于俄羅斯的冬季，德國人走向失敗。19During1943and1944,theSovietarmiespushedtheGermanfrontbacktowardthewest.Inthenorth,theRedArmybrokethethree-yearsiegeofLeningradwithasurpriseattackonJanuary15,1944.Withintwoweeks,theheroicsurvivorsofLeningradsawtheirinvadersdepart.ByMarch1944,theUkrainefarmingregionwasagaininSoviethands.OnMay9,1944,SevastopolwasliberatedfromtheGermans.TheRussianswerenowheadingforBerlin.在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊(duì)將德軍陣線往西逼退。在北方，1944年1月15日，紅軍發(fā)起突然襲擊，解除了列寧格勒長達(dá)3年之久的圍困。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個星期內(nèi)全部撤離。到了1944年3月，烏克蘭的農(nóng)村又回到了蘇維埃手中。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。至此，俄國人向柏林進(jìn)發(fā)。20ForHitler,theinvasionoftheSovietUnionhadturnedintoamilitarydisaster.FortheRussianpeople,itbroughtunspeakablesuffering.ThetotalSovietdeadinWorldWarIIreachedalmost23million.就希特勒而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。對俄羅斯人民來說，這場入侵帶來了無法形容的苦難。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達(dá)到2300萬。Russia'sIcyDefender21Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.NapoleonandHitlerbothunderestimatedtheseverityoftheRussianwinter.Snow,ice,andfreezingtemperaturestooktheirtollonbothinvadingarmies.FortheRussianpeople,thewinterwasanicydefender.俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士任何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。拿破侖和希特勒都低估了俄羅斯冬季的嚴(yán)酷。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價(jià)。對俄羅斯人民而言，嚴(yán)冬是他們的冰雪衛(wèi)士。Smartcarsthatcansee,hear,feel,smell,andtalk?Anddriveontheirown?Thismaysoundlikeadream,butthecomputerrevolutionissettoturnitintoareality.能看、能聽、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話的智能汽車？還能自動駕駛？這聽起來或許像是在做夢，但計(jì)算機(jī)革命正致力于把這一切變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。Unit2SmartCarsMichioKaku1Eventheautomobileindustry,whichhasremainedlargelyunchangedforthelastseventyyears,isabouttofeeltheeffectsofthecomputerrevolution.智能汽車米其奧?卡庫即便是過去70年間基本上沒有多少變化的汽車工業(yè)，也將感受到計(jì)算機(jī)革命的影響。2Theautomobileindustryranksasamongthemostlucrativeandpowerfulindustriesofthetwentiethcentury.Therearepresently500millioncarsonearth,oronecarforeverytenpeople.Salesoftheautomobileindustrystandataboutatrilliondollars,makingittheworld'sbiggestmanufacturingindustry.汽車工業(yè)是20世紀(jì)最賺錢、最有影響力的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。目前世界上有5億輛車，或者說每10人就有1輛車。汽車工業(yè)的銷售額達(dá)一萬億美元左右，從而成為世界上最大的制造業(yè)。3Thecar,andtheroadsittravelson,willberevolutionizedinthetwenty-firstcentury.Thekeytotomorrow's"smartcars"willbesensors."We'llseevehiclesandroadsthatseeandhearandfeelandsmellandtalkandact,"predictsBillSpreitzer,technicaldirectorofGeneralMotorsCorporation'sITSprogram,whichisdesigningthesmartcarandroadofthefuture.汽車及其行駛的道路，將在21世紀(jì)發(fā)生重大變革。未來“智能汽車”的關(guān)鍵在于傳感器?！拔覀儠姷侥芸?、能聽、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話并能采取行動的車輛與道路，”正在設(shè)計(jì)未來智能汽車和智能道路的通用汽車公司ITS項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)主任比爾?斯普雷扎預(yù)言道。4Approximately40,000peoplearekilledeachyearintheUnitedStatesintrafficaccidents.Thenumberofpeoplethatarekilledorbadlyinjuredincaraccidentsissovastthatwedon'tevenbothertomentiontheminthenewspapersanymore.Fullyhalfofthesefatalitiescomefromdrunkdrivers,andmanyothersfromcarelessness.Asmartcarcouldeliminatemostofthesecaraccidents.Itcansenseifadriverisdrunkviaelectronicsensorsthatcanpickupalcoholvaporintheair,andrefusetostartuptheengine.Thecarcouldalsoalertthepoliceandprovideitspreciselocationifitisstolen.美國每年有大約4萬人死于交通事故。在汽車事故中死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷的人數(shù)太多，我們已經(jīng)不屑在報(bào)紙上提及。這些死亡的人中至少有半數(shù)是酒后開車者造成的，另有許多死亡事故是駕駛員不小心所導(dǎo)致。智能汽車能消除絕大多數(shù)這類汽車事故。它能通過會感測空氣中的酒精霧氣的電子傳感器檢測開車者是否喝醉酒，并拒絕啟動引擎。這種車還能在遇竊后通報(bào)警方，告知車輛的確切地點(diǎn)。5Smartcarshavealreadybeenbuiltwhichcanmonitorone'sdrivingandthedrivingconditionsnearby.Smallradarshiddeninthebumperscanscanfornearbycars.Shouldyoumakeaseriousdrivingmistake(e.g.,changelaneswhenthereisacarinyour"blindspot")thecomputerwouldsoundanimmediatewarning.能監(jiān)控行車過程以及周圍行車狀況的智能汽車已經(jīng)建造出來。藏在保險(xiǎn)杠里的微型雷達(dá)能對周圍的汽車作掃描。如果你發(fā)生重大行車失誤（如變道時有車輛你“盲點(diǎn)”內(nèi)），計(jì)算機(jī)立即會發(fā)出警報(bào)。6AttheMITMediaLab,aprototypeisalreadybeingbuiltwhichwilldeterminehowsleepyyouareasyoudrive,whichisespeciallyimportantforlong-distancetruckdrivers.Themonotonous,almosthypnoticprocessofstaringatthecenterdividerforlonghoursisagrosslyunderestimated,life-threateninghazard.Toeliminatethis,atinycamerahiddeninthedashboardcanbetrainedonadriver'sfaceandeyes.Ifthedriver'seyelidscloseforacertainlengthoftimeandhisorherdrivingbecomeserratic,acomputerinthedashboardcouldalertthedriver.在麻省理工學(xué)院媒介實(shí)驗(yàn)室，業(yè)已制造出能測知你行車時有多少睡意的樣車，這對長途卡車司機(jī)意義尤其重要。一連數(shù)小時注視著中夾分道線這樣一個單調(diào)、幾乎能催眠的過程是被嚴(yán)重低估的威脅生命的重大隱患。為消除這一隱患，藏在儀表板里的一架微型相機(jī)可對準(zhǔn)開車者的臉部及眼睛。如果司機(jī)的眼簾合上一定時間，行車變得不穩(wěn)，儀表板里的計(jì)算機(jī)就會向司機(jī)發(fā)出警報(bào)。7Twoofthemostfrustratingthingsaboutdrivingacararegettinglostandgettingstuckintraffic.Whilethecomputerrevolutionisunlikelytocuretheseproblems,itwillhaveapositiveimpact.Sensorsinyourcartunedtoradiosignalsfromorbitingsatellitescanlocateyourcarpreciselyatanymomentandwarnoftrafficjams.Wealreadyhavetwenty-fourNavstarsatellitesorbitingtheearth,makingupwhatiscalledtheGlobalPositioningSystem.Theymakeitpossibletodetermineyourlocationontheearthtowithinaboutahundredfeet.Atanygiventime,thereareseveralGPSsatellitesorbitingoverheadatadistanceofabout11,000miles.Eachsatellitecontainsfour"atomicclocks,"whichvibrateataprecisefrequency,accordingtothelawsofthequantumtheory.開車最頭疼的兩大麻煩是迷路和交通堵塞。雖然計(jì)算機(jī)革命不可能徹底解決這兩個問題，但卻會帶來積極的影響。你汽車上與繞軌道運(yùn)行的衛(wèi)星發(fā)出的無線電信號調(diào)諧的傳感器能隨時精確地確定你汽車的方位，并告知交通阻塞情況。我們已經(jīng)有24顆環(huán)繞地球運(yùn)行的導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星，組成了人們所說的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)。通過這些衛(wèi)星我們有可能以小于100英尺的誤差確定你在地球上的方位。在任何一個特定時間，總有若干顆全球定位系統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)星在11000英里的高空繞地球運(yùn)行。每顆衛(wèi)星都裝有4個“原子鐘”，它們根據(jù)量子理論法則，以精確的頻率振動。8Asasatellitepassesoverhead,itsendsoutaradiosignalthatcanbedetectedbyareceiverinacar'scomputer.Thecar'scomputercanthencalculatehowfarthesatelliteisbymeasuringhowlongittookforthesignaltoarrive.Sincethespeedoflightiswellknown,anydelayinreceivingthesatellite'ssignalcanbeconvertedintoadistance.衛(wèi)星從高空經(jīng)過時發(fā)出能被汽車上計(jì)算機(jī)里的接收器辨認(rèn)的無線電信號。汽車上的計(jì)算機(jī)就會根據(jù)信號傳來所花的時間計(jì)算出衛(wèi)星有多遠(yuǎn)。由于光速為人熟知，接收衛(wèi)星信號時的任何時間遲緩都能折算出距離的遠(yuǎn)近。9InJapantherearealreadyoveramillioncarswithsometypeofnavigationalcapability.(Someofthemlocateacar'spositionbycorrelatingtherotationsinthesteeringwheeltoitspositiononamap.)在日本，具有某種導(dǎo)航能力的汽車已有一百萬輛之多。（有些導(dǎo)航裝置通過將方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動與汽車在地圖上的位置并置來測定汽車的方位。）10Withthepriceofmicrochipsdroppingsodrastically,futureapplicationsofGPSarevirtuallylimitless."Thecommercialindustryispoisedtoexplode,"saysRandyHoffmanofMagellanSystemsCorp.,whichmanufacturesnavigationalsystems.BlindindividualscoulduseGPSsensorsinwalkingsticks,airplanescouldlandbyremotecontrol,hikerswillbeabletolocatetheirpositioninthewoods--thelistofpotentialusesisendless.隨著微芯片價(jià)格的大幅度下降，未來對全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用幾乎是無限的?！爸圃爝@一商品的工業(yè)定會飛速發(fā)展，”生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的麥哲倫航儀公司的蘭迪?霍夫曼說。盲人可以在手杖里裝配全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)傳感器，飛機(jī)可以通過遙控著陸，徒步旅行者可以測定自己在林中的方位—其潛在的應(yīng)用范圍是無止境的。11GPSisactuallybutpartofalargermovement,called"telematics,"whichwilleventuallyattempttoputsmartcarsonsmarthighways.PrototypesofsuchhighwaysalreadyexistinEurope,andexperimentsarebeingmadeinCaliforniatomountcomputerchips,sensors,andradiotransmittersonhighwaystoalertcarstotrafficjamsandobstructions.全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)其實(shí)只是叫做“遠(yuǎn)程信息學(xué)”的這一更大行動的一部分，這一行動最終將把智能汽車送上智能高速公路。這種高速公路的樣品已經(jīng)在歐洲問世，加州也在進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，在高速公路上安裝計(jì)算機(jī)芯片、傳感器和無線電發(fā)射機(jī)，以便向汽車報(bào)告交通擁擠堵塞情況。12Onaneight-milestretchofInterstate15tenmilesnorthofSanDiego,trafficengineersareinstallinganMIT-designedsystemwhichwillintroducethe"automateddriver."Theplancallsforcomputers,aidedbythousandsofthree-inchmagneticspikesburiedinthehighway,totakecompletecontrolofthedrivingofcarsonheavilytraffickedroads.Carswillbebunchedintogroupsoftentotwelvevehicles,onlysixfeetapart,travelinginunison,andcontrolledbycomputer.在圣迭戈以北10英里的15號州際公路一段8英里長的路面上，交通工程師正在安裝一個由麻省理工學(xué)院設(shè)計(jì)的引進(jìn)“自動司機(jī)”的系統(tǒng)。這一計(jì)劃要求計(jì)算機(jī)在公路上埋設(shè)的數(shù)千個3英寸長的磁釘?shù)膮f(xié)助下，在車輛極多的路段完全控制車輛的運(yùn)行。車輛會編成10輛或12輛一組，車距僅6英尺，在計(jì)算機(jī)的控制下一齊行駛。13Promotersofthiscomputerizedhighwayhavegreathopesforitsfuture.By2010,telematicsmaywellbeincorporatedintooneofthemajorhighwaysintheUnitedStates.Ifsuccessful,by2020,asthepriceofmicrochipsdropstobelowapennyapiece,telematicscouldbeadoptedinthousandsofmilesofhighwaysintheUnitedStates.Thiscouldprovetobeanenvironmentalboonaswell,savingfuel,reducingtrafficjams,decreasingairpollution,andservingasanalternativetohighwayexpansion.這種計(jì)算機(jī)化的公路的倡導(dǎo)者對其未來的應(yīng)用充滿希望。到2010年，遠(yuǎn)程信息技術(shù)很可能應(yīng)用于美國的一條主要公路。如果成功的話，到2020年，當(dāng)微芯片的價(jià)格降到一片一美分以下時，遠(yuǎn)程信息技術(shù)就會應(yīng)用在美國成千上萬英里的公路上。這對環(huán)保也會很有利，能節(jié)省燃油，減輕交通阻塞，減少空氣污染，還可用作公路擴(kuò)建的替代辦法。HarveyMackay,whorunshisowncompany,ofteninterviewsapplicantsforjobs.Hereheletsusintothesecretofwhatqualitiesanemployerislookingfor,andgivesfourtipsonwhatcanhelpyoutostandoutfromthecrowd.自己經(jīng)營公司的哈維?麥凱經(jīng)常對求職者進(jìn)行面試。文中他告訴我們關(guān)于雇主看重什么樣品質(zhì)的秘密，并提出4點(diǎn)建議，幫助你顯得比眾人突出。Unit3GettheJobYouWantHarveyB.Mackay1Irunamanufacturingcompanywithabout350employees,andIoftendotheinterviewingandhiringmyself.Iliketalkingtopotentialsalespeople,becausethey'reourlinktocustomers.得到你想要的工作哈維?B?麥凱我經(jīng)營著一家有350名左右員工的制造公司，我本人常常要對求職者進(jìn)行面試，決定是否聘用。我喜歡與可能成為營業(yè)員的人交談，因?yàn)樗麄儠俏覀兣c顧客聯(lián)系的紐帶。2Whenarecentcollegegraduatecameintomyofficenottoolongagolookingforasalesjob,Iaskedhimwhathehaddonetopreparefortheinterview.Hesaidhe'dreadsomethingaboutussomewhere.不久前一個新近畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生到我辦公室謀求一份銷售工作。我問他為這次面試做過哪些準(zhǔn)備。他說他在什么地方看到過有關(guān)本公司的一些情況。3HadhecalledanyoneatMackayEnvelopeCorporationtofindoutmoreaboutus?No.Hadhecalledoursuppliers?Ourcustomers?No.他有沒有給麥凱信封公司的人打過電話，好了解更多有關(guān)我們的情況？沒打過。他有沒有給我們的供應(yīng)廠商打過電話？還有我們的客戶？都沒有。4HadhecheckedwithhisuniversitytoseeiftherewereanygraduatesworkingatMackaywhomhecouldinterview?Hadheaskedanyfriendstogrillhiminamockinterview?Didhegotothelibrarytofindnewspaperclippingsonus?他可曾在就讀的大學(xué)里查問過有沒有校友在本公司就職，以便向他們了解一些情況?他可曾請朋友向他提問，對他進(jìn)行模擬面試？可曾去圖書館查找過有關(guān)本公司的剪報(bào)？5Didhewritealetterbeforehandtotellusabouthimself,whathewasdoingtopreparefortheinterviewandwhyhe'dberightforthejob?Washeplanningtofollowuptheinterviewwithanotherletterindicatinghiseagernesstojoinus?Wouldtheletterbeinourhandswithin24hoursofthemeeting,possiblyevenhand-delivered?他事先有沒有寫封信來介紹自己，告訴我們自己為這次面試在做哪些準(zhǔn)備，自己何以能勝任此項(xiàng)工作？面試之后他是否打算再寫一封信，表明自己加盟本公司的誠意？這封信會不會在面試后的24小時之內(nèi)送到我們手上，也許甚至是親自送來？6Theanswertoeveryquestionwasthesame:no.Thatleftmewithonlyoneotherquestion:Howwellpreparedwouldthispersonbeifheweretocallonaprospectivecustomerforus?Ialreadyknewtheanswer.他對上述每一個問題的回答全都一樣：沒有。這樣我就只剩一個問題要問了：如果此人代表本公司去見可能成為我們客戶的人，他準(zhǔn)備工作會做得怎樣？答案不言自明。7AsIseeit,therearefourkeystogettinghired:在筆者看來，如欲被聘用，應(yīng)注意四個要訣：81.Preparetowin."Ifyoumissonedayofpractice,younoticethedifference,"thesayinggoesamongmusicians."Ifyoumisstwodaysofpractice,thecriticsnoticethedifference.Ifyoumissthreedaysofpractice,theaudiencenoticesthedifference."1.準(zhǔn)備去贏?！耙蝗詹痪?，自己知道，”音樂家中有這樣的說法。"兩日不練，音樂評論家知道。三日不練，觀眾知道。"9Whenwewatchaworld-classmusicianoratopathlete,wedon'tseetheyearsofpreparationthatenabledhimorhertobecomegreat.TheMichaelJordansoftheworldhavetalent,yes,butthey'realsothefirstonesonandthelastonesoffthebasketballcourt.Thesamepreparationappliesineveryformofhumanendeavor.Ifyouwantthejob,youhavetopreparetowinit.我們在觀看世界級音樂家或頂尖運(yùn)動員的表演時，看到的并不是使他們變成出類拔萃人物的長年苦練。世界上諸如邁克爾?喬丹這樣的頂尖人物無疑具有非凡才能，但他們在籃球場上也是第一個到，最后一個走。同樣的苦練適用于人類的各項(xiàng)活動。若想被聘用，就要準(zhǔn)備去贏。10WhenIgraduatedfromcollege,theoddsweregoodthatIwouldhavethesamejobfortherestofmylife.Andthat'showitworkedout.Butgettinghiredisnolongeraonce-in-a-lifetimeexperience.Employmentexpertsbelievethattoday'sgraduatescouldfaceasmanyastenjobchangesduringtheircareers.我大學(xué)畢業(yè)時，我極有可能終身從事同一個工作。當(dāng)時情況也的確如此。但如今已不再是一生被聘去做一個工作了。指導(dǎo)就業(yè)的專家認(rèn)為，今天的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在他們的生涯中可能會經(jīng)歷多達(dá)10次的職業(yè)變動。11Thatmaysoundlikealotofpressure.Butifyou'reprepared,thepressureisontheotherfolks--theoneswhohaven'tdonetheirhomework.聽上去似乎壓力不小。然而，如果你做了準(zhǔn)備，壓力就是別人的—那些沒做準(zhǔn)備的人.12Youwon'tgeteveryjobyougoafter.Thebestsalespeopledon'tcloseeverysale.MichaelJordanmakesbarelyhalfofhisfield-goalattempts.Butittakesnolongertopreparewellforoneinterviewthantowanderinhalf-preparedforfive.Andyourprospectsforsuccesswillbemanytimesbetter.你不可能得到你想要的每份工作。最好的售貨人員也不可能每次都成交。邁克爾?喬丹投籃命中率勉強(qiáng)過半。但認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備一次面試的時間不會多于馬馬虎虎準(zhǔn)備五次面試的時間，而你成功的可能性要多得多。132.Neverstoplearning.RecentlyIplayedadoublestennismatchpairedwitha90-year-old.Iwonderedhowthingswouldworkout;Ishouldn'thave.Wehammeredouropponents6-1,6-1!2.永不中斷學(xué)習(xí)。最近我和一位90高齡的老者搭檔打雙人網(wǎng)球。我琢磨著那會是什么結(jié)局；可我的擔(dān)心是多余的。我們以兩個6:1擊敗對手。14Aswewereswitchingsidestoplayathirdset,hesaidtome,"DoyoumindifIplaythebackhandcourt?Ialwaysliketoworkonmyweaknesses."Whatafantasticexampleofapersonwhohasneverstoppedlearning.Incidentally,wewonthethirdset6-1.我們交換場地打第三局時，他對我說：“我打反手擊球你不介意吧？我向來喜歡多練練自己的弱點(diǎn)。”好一個永不中斷學(xué)習(xí)的精彩實(shí)例。順便說一下，我們6:1贏了第三局。15Aswewalkedoffthecourt,my90-year-oldpartnerchuckledandsaid,"Ithoughtyou'dliketoknowaboutmynumber-onerankingindoublesintheUnitedStatesinmyagebracket,85andup!"Hewasn'tthinking90;hewasn'teventhinking85.Hewasthinkingnumberone.走出賽場，我那90高齡的搭檔笑著說：“你也許想知道我在85歲以上年齡段的美國網(wǎng)球雙打排名第一！”他想的不是年屆90，想的甚至也不是85歲高齡。他想的是第一。16Youcandothesameifyouworkonyourweaknessesanddevelopyourstrengths.Tobeabletocompete,you'vegottokeeplearningallyourlife.如果你努力克服自己的弱點(diǎn)，發(fā)揮自己的優(yōu)勢，你同樣可以做得那么好。要有能力競爭，就得終生學(xué)習(xí)。173.Believeinyourself,evenwhennooneelsedoes.Doyourememberthefour-minutemile?Athleteshadbeentryingtodoitforhundredsofyearsandfinallydecideditwasphysicallyimpossibleforhumans.Ourbonestructurewasallwrong,ourlungpowerinadequate.3.相信自己，哪怕沒人相信你。還記得那4分鐘跑一英里的往事嗎？幾百年來，運(yùn)動員們一直試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，最終人類的身體無法做到。我們的骨結(jié)構(gòu)不適應(yīng)，我們的肺活量跟不上。18Thenonehumanprovedtheexpertswrong.And,miracleofmiracles,sixweeksafterRogerBannisterbrokethefour-minutemile,JohnLandybeatBannister'stimebynearlytwofullseconds.Sincethen,closetoeighthundredrunnershavebrokenthefour-minutemile!可是，有一個人證明那些專家錯了。奇跡中的奇跡是，在羅杰?班尼斯特打破4分鐘一英里的紀(jì)錄6個星期之后，約翰?蘭迪又以幾乎快出整整2秒的成績打破了班尼斯特的紀(jì)錄。此后，有大約800多名運(yùn)動員打破了4分鐘一英里的記錄。19SeveralyearsagomydaughterMimiandItookacrackatrunningtheNewYorkMarathon.Atthegun,23,000runnersstarted--and21,244finished.FirstplacewenttoaKenyanwhocompletedtheraceintwohours,11minutesandonesecond.The21,244thrunnertofinishwasaVietnamveteran.Hediditinthreedays,ninehoursand37minutes.Withnolegs,hecovered26.2miles.AftermydaughterandIpassedhiminthefirstfewminutes,weeasilyfoundmorecouragetofinishourselves.幾年前，我和女兒米米參加了紐約馬拉松比賽。發(fā)令槍一響，23,000名運(yùn)動員沖出起跑線—最后有21,244名運(yùn)動員到達(dá)終點(diǎn)。第一名是一位以2小時11分鐘零1秒跑完全程的肯尼亞人。第21,244名運(yùn)動員是一位越戰(zhàn)老兵。他用了3天9小時37分鐘跑完全程。沒有雙腿的他堅(jiān)持跑完了26.2英里。我和女兒在比賽的最初幾分鐘內(nèi)超過了他，當(dāng)時頓覺勇氣倍增，一定要跑完全程。20Don'teverletanyonetellyouthatyoucan'taccomplishyourgoals.Whosaysyou'renottougher,harderworkingandmoreablethanyourcompetition?Yousee,agoalisadreamwithadeadline:inwriting,measurable,identifiable,attainable.別聽旁人說你不能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。誰說你不比你的競爭對手更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)、更努力、更能干？要知道，所謂目標(biāo)就是有最后限期的夢想：寫成文字，可測量，可確認(rèn)，可實(shí)現(xiàn)。214.Findawaytomakeadifference.Inmyopinion,themajorityofNewYorkcabdriversareunfriendly,ifnotdownrightrude.Mostofthecabsarefilthy,andalmostallofthemsportanimpenetrable,bulletproofpartition.ButrecentlyIjumpedintoacabatLaGuardiaAirportandguesswhat?Itwasclean.Therewasbeautifulmusicplayingandnopartition.4.想方設(shè)法顯得與眾不同。在我看來，紐約大多數(shù)的出租車司機(jī)即使不算無禮透頂，至少也是不友好的。車輛大都十分骯臟，幾乎所有的車都觸目地裝有難以穿透的防彈隔離裝置。可近日我在拉瓜迪亞機(jī)場跳上了一輛出租車，你猜怎么樣？車子竟然干干凈凈。放著優(yōu)美的音樂，而且沒有隔離裝置。22"ParkLaneHotel,please,"Isaidtothedriver.Withabroadsmile,hesaid,"Hi,mynameisWa