高中英語命題技巧及試題考點(diǎn)分析方法(課堂)課件

高中英語命題技巧

及試題考點(diǎn)分析方法蘭春壽12/3/20221高中英語命題技巧

及試題考點(diǎn)一、英語測(cè)試的質(zhì)量評(píng)估評(píng)估英語測(cè)試的質(zhì)量，首先要研究測(cè)試的有效性問題，即效度（validity）；質(zhì)量評(píng)估要考慮的第二個(gè)問題，是測(cè)試結(jié)果的可信（可靠）程度，即信度（reliability）；還要考慮施測(cè)的可行性問題（practicality）；以及區(qū)分力（discriminatingpower）。12/3/20222一、英語測(cè)試的質(zhì)量評(píng)估評(píng)估英語測(cè)試的質(zhì)量，首先要研究測(cè)試的有考試設(shè)計(jì)與命題:基本原理信度試卷結(jié)構(gòu)是否考了所要考的？是否保證考試分?jǐn)?shù)的公平性？分?jǐn)?shù)準(zhǔn)確性一致性效度12/3/20223考試設(shè)計(jì)與命題:基本原理信度試卷結(jié)構(gòu)是否考了所要考的？是否?？荚噧?nèi)容代表性覆蓋面考試內(nèi)容是否是大綱的重點(diǎn)？考試內(nèi)容是否涵蓋大綱的主要內(nèi)容？抽樣數(shù)量質(zhì)量考試設(shè)計(jì)與命題:基本原理12/3/20224考試內(nèi)容代表性覆蓋面考試內(nèi)容是否是大綱的重點(diǎn)？考試內(nèi)容是否涵1.效度簡(jiǎn)單地說，是指某一種/某一次測(cè)試能在多大的程度測(cè)出預(yù)定要測(cè)量的東西，或者能在多大的程度完成預(yù)期的測(cè)量任務(wù)。我們希望通過測(cè)試所測(cè)量的是我們想要測(cè)量的東西，而且僅僅是想要測(cè)量的東西，絕對(duì)不是不想測(cè)量的東西。例如測(cè)“寫作能力”，不要牽扯進(jìn)“閱讀能力”的測(cè)試或其他能力的測(cè)試。實(shí)際上，由于種種原因，常常不能完全如愿。12/3/202251.效度簡(jiǎn)單地說，是指某一種/某一次測(cè)試能在多大的程度測(cè)出因此，效度是程度的問題，可以分成若干等級(jí)，如高、較高、中等、較低和低。效度只有高低之分，沒有有無之別。談效度，不能離開具體的測(cè)試以及具體的目標(biāo)。12/3/20226因此，效度是程度的問題，可以分成若干等級(jí)，如高、較高、中等、影響效度的因素1）測(cè)試的目標(biāo)不當(dāng)。測(cè)試目標(biāo)的確定要在測(cè)試能夠到達(dá)的范圍之內(nèi)。英語測(cè)試能揭示的，不是受測(cè)者在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的全部情況，而只是那些可測(cè)的，可計(jì)數(shù)的現(xiàn)象。2）測(cè)試的內(nèi)容不妥。必須使測(cè)試的內(nèi)容盡可能準(zhǔn)確地反映測(cè)試的目標(biāo)。命題實(shí)際上是一個(gè)抽樣的過程，要使抽樣合理，每一次測(cè)試的題項(xiàng)必須有代表性，側(cè)重點(diǎn)要明確

例如：某一大題以考語法為測(cè)試目標(biāo)，如何合理抽樣？12/3/20227影響效度的因素1）測(cè)試的目標(biāo)不當(dāng)。測(cè)試目標(biāo)的確定要在測(cè)試能夠以考語法為測(cè)試目標(biāo)的大題，每小題就要盡可能合理地覆蓋想測(cè)的那些語法點(diǎn)，每小題應(yīng)該有特定任務(wù)，重點(diǎn)考某個(gè)語法點(diǎn)。命題時(shí)要盡量避免別的內(nèi)容來干擾主要內(nèi)容。由于重點(diǎn)考語法，不是考詞匯，不是考文化背景知識(shí)，涉及的詞語就不宜太難，太偏，而且要用所謂的culture-freeitems，以避免考生僅因?yàn)椴徽J(rèn)識(shí)某些詞語或不了解某種文化而做不好題。又如，考詞匯的試題，如何回避無關(guān)內(nèi)容？12/3/20228以考語法為測(cè)試目標(biāo)的大題，每小題就要盡可能合理地覆蓋想測(cè)的那同樣，測(cè)試的內(nèi)容太少、太多、太易、太難

樣本太少‘不足反映整體題量太大’變成速度測(cè)試測(cè)不出考生的實(shí)際水平測(cè)不出考生的實(shí)際水平12/3/20229同樣，測(cè)試的內(nèi)容樣本太少‘題量太大’測(cè)不出3）測(cè)試方法不對(duì)。測(cè)試的方法要與測(cè)試的內(nèi)容相適宜。如：考口試要用口試法。4）測(cè)試組織不好。測(cè)試需要嚴(yán)密、科學(xué)的組織工作，組織得好將有利于提高測(cè)試的效度和信度。5）沒有合理使用分?jǐn)?shù)。要正確有效地使用通過測(cè)試獲得的包括分?jǐn)?shù)在內(nèi)的各種數(shù)據(jù)。6）考生方面的一些主觀因素。如：考生的積極性，情緒等等。12/3/2022103）測(cè)試方法不對(duì)。測(cè)試的方法要與測(cè)試的內(nèi)容相適宜。如：考口試2.信度信度是指考試結(jié)果的可信程度，實(shí)際上是指考試的一致性，所要了解的是考試在多大程度上具有一致性。信度的研究必須有比較，通常從三個(gè)方面來研究：12/3/2022112.信度信度是指考試結(jié)果的可信程度，實(shí)際上是指考試的一致性1）測(cè)試的穩(wěn)定性（stability）。常用的方法是測(cè)試-再測(cè)試法（thetest-retestmethod)，就是用同一套試卷在盡可能相似的環(huán)境中對(duì)同一批考生測(cè)試兩次。即第一次測(cè)后隔一段時(shí)間再測(cè)，間隔的長短按需要而定。比較兩次測(cè)試的成績(jī)，求出相關(guān)系數(shù)，判定測(cè)試的穩(wěn)定程度。求相關(guān)系數(shù)，有pearson的積矩相關(guān)系數(shù)和spearman排列次序相關(guān)系數(shù)。用前一種方法只要知道總?cè)藬?shù)，兩次的分?jǐn)?shù)就可以算出來。用后一種方法，是研究?jī)纱螠y(cè)試的次序相關(guān)（rankcorrelation),根據(jù)成績(jī)把考生兩次測(cè)試的名次排出來，比較兩次名次上的差異。相關(guān)系數(shù)最好高于0.9，至少不低于0.8。系數(shù)高，測(cè)試穩(wěn)定性就高。12/3/2022121）測(cè)試的穩(wěn)定性（stability）。常用的方法是測(cè)試-再2）測(cè)試的等值性（equivalence）。常用等值（卷）法（theequivalent-formsmethod)。用同一測(cè)試的兩份等值試卷對(duì)同一批人進(jìn)行測(cè)試，比較兩次的成績(jī)，算出相關(guān)系數(shù)，判斷兩次測(cè)試的等值性。12/3/2022132）測(cè)試的等值性（equivalence）。常用等值（卷）法3）測(cè)試的內(nèi)部一致性（internalconsistency）。測(cè)內(nèi)部一致性用得比較多的方法是分半法（split-halfmethod）。用一份試卷施測(cè)，然后把試卷分成題數(shù)相等的兩個(gè)部分，求這兩部分分?jǐn)?shù)的相關(guān)系數(shù)。（奇數(shù)題與偶數(shù)題、前一半題與后一半題）只計(jì)算客觀題，用KuderRichardson的KR21公式，如果是主觀題，則用Cronbach的公式。12/3/2022143）測(cè)試的內(nèi)部一致性（internalconsistenc12/3/20221512/2/20221512/3/20221612/2/202216提高信度的主要方法1）適當(dāng)增加題量。題量增加，試題的覆蓋面大，題目的代表性好，測(cè)量誤差就在一定程度上減少。2）注意各題的同質(zhì)性。即題目的一致程度，如：題型一樣、題量一樣、覆蓋面一樣、指導(dǎo)語一樣，編排一樣。3）控制好題目的難易程度，提高區(qū)分度。題目難易程度適當(dāng)，區(qū)分度高，對(duì)兩次或多次測(cè)試考生按照成績(jī)高低排列次序就比較任意一致，測(cè)試的相關(guān)性就可能提高，信度也就提高了。4）盡可能消除各種干擾因素。使全體考生在十分相似的考試環(huán)境中考試。5）改進(jìn)評(píng)分方法，提高評(píng)分的客觀性和準(zhǔn)確性。

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測(cè)試在以上5個(gè)方面都有切實(shí)可行的辦法，因此信度高。12/3/202217提高信度的主要方法1）適當(dāng)增加題量。題量增加，試題的覆蓋面大3.可行性測(cè)試無論規(guī)模大小，其過程分為三個(gè)階段：準(zhǔn)備階段、施測(cè)階段和評(píng)分階段，每個(gè)階段都有可行性問題。對(duì)于大規(guī)模的考試，命題人員盡可能考慮周到，為后續(xù)工作提供方便。例如：試卷的版面設(shè)計(jì)要規(guī)范、方便考生、閱卷教師和工作人員；為閱卷教師提供的答案要明確、全面，評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要詳盡，答題卡的設(shè)計(jì)要方便計(jì)算機(jī)閱卷。編排12/3/2022183.可行性測(cè)試無論規(guī)模大小，其過程分為三個(gè)階段：準(zhǔn)備階段、4.區(qū)分性測(cè)試應(yīng)該要起到能夠區(qū)分考生能力高低的作用。測(cè)試要具有多大的區(qū)分度，視具體情況具體分析。一般的“過關(guān)”考試，希望大部分甚至全部的人都通過考試，這時(shí)區(qū)分度就不宜太高。高考是選拔類的考試，區(qū)分度應(yīng)該怎樣？對(duì)于具有選拔性功能的高考來說，考試目的是為了擇優(yōu)，這就需要有很強(qiáng)的區(qū)分力。12/3/2022194.區(qū)分性測(cè)試應(yīng)該要起到能夠區(qū)分考生能力高低的作用。對(duì)于具難易度與區(qū)分度測(cè)試評(píng)分結(jié)束后，應(yīng)依據(jù)測(cè)試的結(jié)果進(jìn)行題項(xiàng)分析（itemanalysis），計(jì)算每小題的難易度（facilityvalue）和區(qū)分度（discriminationindex）難度值：該數(shù)值與難度呈反比，范圍在0—1，數(shù)值越高，越容易。把試卷中每道題的難度值加起來除以題數(shù)，所得的值為整卷的難度值。12/3/202220難易度與區(qū)分度測(cè)試評(píng)分結(jié)束后，應(yīng)依據(jù)測(cè)試的結(jié)果進(jìn)行題項(xiàng)分析（12/3/20222112/2/202221區(qū)分度：反映的是試題區(qū)分力的強(qiáng)弱程度。區(qū)分指數(shù)為-1--+1.在計(jì)算區(qū)分指數(shù)時(shí)，把考生按照所得的總分的高低分成人數(shù)相等的高低兩個(gè)組。

當(dāng)高分組答對(duì)某題的人數(shù)比低分組答對(duì)此題的人多時(shí)，區(qū)分指數(shù)為正數(shù)；當(dāng)兩組人數(shù)一樣時(shí)，區(qū)分指數(shù)為0；當(dāng)前者人數(shù)反比后者少時(shí)，區(qū)分指數(shù)為負(fù)數(shù)。12/3/202222區(qū)分度：反映的是試題區(qū)分力的強(qiáng)弱程度。區(qū)分指數(shù)為-1--高分組答對(duì)該題的人數(shù)區(qū)分指數(shù)低高分組答對(duì)該題的人數(shù)每組人數(shù)（高分組和低分組人數(shù)應(yīng)一樣）區(qū)分度12/3/202223高分組答對(duì)該題的人數(shù)區(qū)分指數(shù)低高分組答對(duì)該題的人數(shù)每組人數(shù)（為了提高試題的區(qū)分度，通常在試測(cè)之后要修改或刪除區(qū)分度低的題目，特別是區(qū)分度≤0的。把所有題目的區(qū)分度加起來除以題數(shù)就獲得整份試卷的區(qū)分指數(shù)。12/3/202224為了提高試題的區(qū)分度，通常在試測(cè)之后要修改或刪除區(qū)分度低的題12/3/20222512/2/20222567.Thepurposeofthepassageistoshowyouhowto____.A.playyourcardsrightB.useyourcardsabroadC.drawcashwithyourcardsD.payforgoodswithyourcards12/3/20222612/2/202226一道試題至少由以下三個(gè)部分組成：輸入

題干（文本、圖片、音頻、視頻等）過程（辨析、理解、分析、推理、概括、產(chǎn)出……）輸出答案(選擇式和構(gòu)建式)二、命題:試題結(jié)構(gòu)12/3/202227一道試題至少由以下三個(gè)部分組成：二、命題:試題結(jié)構(gòu)12/2/21.Tom:Mike,ourteamwillplayagainsttheRocketsthisweekend.I’msurewewillwin.Mike:________!A.CongratulationsB.CheersC.Bestwishes D.Goodluck題干考點(diǎn)干擾項(xiàng)答案選項(xiàng)選材設(shè)置考點(diǎn)設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)命題的基本過程無偏頗性、難易適中考點(diǎn)明確單維性12/3/20222821.Tom:Mike,ourteamwill1.單項(xiàng)填空本大題的命制要著重考查語法和詞匯知識(shí)在特定語境中的應(yīng)用，要特別注意語境的設(shè)置，并保證主干知識(shí)的覆蓋面。12/3/2022291.單項(xiàng)填空本大題的命制要著重考查語法和詞匯知識(shí)在特定語境1.單項(xiàng)填空[題干] 由一個(gè)句子或一組短對(duì)話構(gòu)成。題干至少包含一個(gè)可作為考點(diǎn)的語法結(jié)構(gòu)或意義關(guān)系。[答案] 答案選項(xiàng)通常是一個(gè)詞、短語、結(jié)構(gòu)或交際用語。它是正確理解題干中的語法結(jié)構(gòu)或意義關(guān)系的必然結(jié)果，也就是，正確答案的選擇必須基于對(duì)題干結(jié)構(gòu)或意義的正確理解。[干擾項(xiàng)]

單項(xiàng)填空中的干擾方式主要包括（1）詞形干擾、（2）詞義干擾、（3）用法干擾以及（4）結(jié)構(gòu)干擾。12/3/2022301.單項(xiàng)填空[題干]12/2/202230單項(xiàng)填空:考點(diǎn)分類題干結(jié)構(gòu)語法屬性結(jié)構(gòu)分析固定結(jié)構(gòu)意義意義理解邏輯關(guān)系選擇項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞變化語法辨析意義辨析語用辨析二維分類Icouldhavebeenontimeforthemeeting,butI___inatrafficjamforoverhalfanhour.havecaughthavebeencaughtwascaughtcaught12/3/202231單項(xiàng)填空:考點(diǎn)分類題干結(jié)構(gòu)語法屬性意義意義理解選擇項(xiàng)動(dòng)詞變FacedwithChallenges,youshouldbelieveyourcourageis____makesadifference.whatthatwhichwhether12/3/202232FacedwithChallenges,yousho考點(diǎn)設(shè)置突出:

知識(shí)鏈干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置突出：

相同語法范疇或具有某一區(qū)別特征●考點(diǎn)明確●分布合理12/3/202233考點(diǎn)設(shè)置突出:知識(shí)鏈干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置突出：12/2/202233單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/3/202234單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.I單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where

25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome

26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes

32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded

33.A.when B.while C.after D.since

34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked

35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/3/202235單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.I單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where

25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome

26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean

27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded

33.A.when B.while C.after D.since

34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon

12/3/202236單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.I單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean

27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon 12/3/202237單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.I單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.Ipracticeeveryday B.ThankyouverymuchC.No,Idon’tthinkso D.Well,it’snotgoodenough

22.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted23.A.of B.for C.by D.about24.A.that B.when C.which D.where 25.A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 26.A.shemeans B.youmean C.Imean D.wemean27.A.beg B.hesitate C.desire D.seek28.A.fightfor B.applyfor C.callon D.waiton29.A.delay B.effort C.schedule D.consideration30.A.exactly B.fortunately C.surprisingly D.hardly31.A.willmake B.hadmade C.wasmaking D.makes 32.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.Toremind D.Havingreminded 33.A.when B.while C.after D.since34.A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked 35.A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewonC.wouldwin D.wouldhavewon

12/3/202238單項(xiàng)填空考點(diǎn)分析（福建2009高考英語）21.A.I選擇項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)意義分類詞類語法屬性結(jié)構(gòu)分析固定結(jié)構(gòu)意義理解邏輯關(guān)系動(dòng)詞變化謂語動(dòng)詞22，312535非謂語動(dòng)詞3234語法辨析情態(tài)動(dòng)詞冠詞代詞26介詞23連詞從句引導(dǎo)詞2433語義辨析動(dòng)詞27，28名詞29形容詞副詞30語用辨析交際用語2112/3/202239選擇項(xiàng)結(jié)構(gòu)意義分類詞類語法屬性結(jié)構(gòu)分析固定結(jié)構(gòu)意義理解邏輯關(guān)22.-WhydoestheLakesmellterrible? -Becauselargequantitiesofwater______. [語法屬性] A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted25.ForamomentnothinghappenedThen______allshoutingtogether.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] A.voiceshadcome B.camevoices C.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome 31.Accordingtotheliteraryreview,Shakespeare______hischaritieslivethroughtheirlanguageinhisplays.[語法屬性] A.willmake B.hadmadeC.wasmaking D.makes32.______nottomisstheflightat15:20,themanagersetoutfortheairportinahurry.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] A.Reminding B.Reminded C.ToremindD.Havingreminded34.InApril,2009,PresidentHuinspectedthewarshipsinQingdao,______the60thanniversaryofthefoundingofthePLANavy.[意義理解] A.marking B.marked C.havingmarked D.beingmarked35.ButforthehelpofmyEnglishteacher,I______thefirstprizeintheEnglishWritingCompetition.[特殊結(jié)構(gòu)] A.wouldnotwin B.wouldnothavewon C.wouldwinD.wouldhavewon 12/3/20224022.-WhydoestheLakesmell23.-Howamazingitisthatastronautsareexploringouterspace! -It’sachallenge,Iguess,______managainstnature. [意義理解] A.of B.for C.by D.about24.It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituation______theycanseethemselvesdifferently.[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] A.that B.when C.which D.where26.-Yourmumisverykind.-Yeah,Mymumisprettyconsiderate,youknowwhat______,she alwaysarrangeseverythingaroundme.

[邏輯關(guān)系] A.shemeansB.youmeanC.ImeanD.wemean33.Shehadjustfinishedherhomework______hermotheraskedhertopracticeplayingthepianoyesterday.

[固定結(jié)構(gòu)] A.when B.while C.after D.since12/3/20224123.-Howamazingitisthata27.Weareatyourservice.Don’t______toturntousifyouhaveanyfurtherproblems.[意義理解]A.begB.hesitateC.desireD.seek28.TheSomalirobbers’frequentattacksontheseaurgedtheUnitedNationsto______allnationstotakeimmediateaction.[意義理解]A.fightforB.applyforC.callonD.waiton29.TheWorldHealthOrganizationgaveawarningtothepublicwithoutany______whenthevirusofH1N1hitMexicoinApril,2009.[意義理解]A.delayB.effortC.scheduleD.consideration12/3/20224227.Weareatyourservice.Do命題技巧：(a)考點(diǎn)與答對(duì)概率

You’regoingtothemovies,________?aren’tyoudon’twearen’ttheyaren’tIYou’regoingtothemovies,_______you?aren’tdon’taredo12/3/202243命題技巧：(a)考點(diǎn)與答對(duì)概率12/2/202243Don’tyoufinditsurprisingthatsuchanicehouse_________uninhabitedbyitsownereversincethetimeitwasbuilt?wouldhavebeenleavedshouldhavebeenleftshouldbeleavedwouldbeleft命題技巧：12/3/202244命題技巧：12/2/20224422.-WhydoestheLakesmellterrible? -Becauselargequantitiesofwater______.A.havepolluted B.isbeingpolluted C.hasbeenpollutedD.havebeenpolluted

12/3/20224522.-WhydoestheLakesmell(b)干擾項(xiàng)的相容：

對(duì)于不懂得正確選項(xiàng)的考生來說，每個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)都應(yīng)該具有似乎可能性命題技巧：12/3/202246(b)干擾項(xiàng)的相容：命題技巧：12/2/20224612/3/20224712/2/202247(C)答案的唯一性Whichdoyouthinktastes______,thechickenorthefish?wellgoodbetterbestFranklyonlyoneofthesetwodishestastesgood.Theothertastesawful.Whichdoyouthinktastesgood,thechickenorthefish?Thesetwodishes,thechickenandthefish,bothtastebetterthanalltheothers.Butwemustchooseoneforthefirstprize.Whichdoyouthinktastesbest,thechickenorthefish?You’vetriedmywife’stwofamousdishes–thechickenandthefish.Whichdoyouthinktastes______?命題技巧：12/3/202248(C)答案的唯一性命題技巧：12/2/202248(d)消除提示正確選項(xiàng)的線索Somepeoplethinkthattheyhavea____totheproblemsofcarcrowdingandpollutioninlargecities.A.solutionB.answerC.adviceD.suggestionHeisabrutalmanandsoeverybody_________him.A.dislikeB.respectsC.pitiesD.praises命題技巧：12/3/202249(d)消除提示正確選項(xiàng)的線索命題技巧：12/2/20224(e)避免詭題WhenImetTimyesterday,itwasthefirsttimeI_________himsinceChristmas.sawhaveseenhadseenhavebeenseeingIwouldsayitisnotimpossibleforsomeonenotascarefulasyouareto_______thisnotveryimportantpoint.overdooverlookoverrateoverstate命題技巧：12/3/202250(e)避免詭題命題技巧：12/2/202250(f)注意口語與書面語的使用----Themeetinghasbeencanceled.----______Iwouldnothavecome.A.HaveIknowearlier

B.HadIknowearlierC.KnowingthatearlierD.Knowthatearlier命題技巧：12/3/202251(f)注意口語與書面語的使用命題技巧：12/2/2022命題技巧：(g)題干與選項(xiàng)的簡(jiǎn)潔I_____thistimeyesterday.A.amwritingtomyparentsB.waswritingtomayparentsC.hasbeenwritingtomyparentsD.wrotetomyparents12/3/202252命題技巧：(g)題干與選項(xiàng)的簡(jiǎn)潔12/2/202252完型填空試題結(jié)構(gòu)

線索詞語考試詞語干擾短文答案12/3/202253完型填空試題結(jié)構(gòu)線索詞語考試詞語干擾短文答案12/2/20考點(diǎn)設(shè)置：突出關(guān)聯(lián)性[考點(diǎn)詞語] 選擇考試詞語的原則是：它必須可以根據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、意義連貫或其它上下文信息進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)的詞語。[線索詞語] 線索詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)主要來源于詞語搭配、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、篇章銜接和意義連貫等信息。[干擾項(xiàng)] 完形填空的干擾項(xiàng)主要從搭配、結(jié)構(gòu)、意義或連貫四個(gè)層面對(duì)答案進(jìn)行干擾。12/3/202254考點(diǎn)設(shè)置：突出關(guān)聯(lián)性12/2/202254完形填空題：考點(diǎn)分類詞：詞語搭配句：結(jié)構(gòu)和意義篇：銜接和連貫12/3/202255完形填空題：考點(diǎn)分類詞：詞語搭配12/2/202255考點(diǎn)層次與焦點(diǎn)因素12/3/202256考點(diǎn)層次與焦點(diǎn)因素12/2/202256考點(diǎn)分布12/3/202257考點(diǎn)分布12/2/202257ThepositionofchildreninAmericanfamilyandsocietyisnolongerwhatisusedtobe.The36familyincolonialNorthAmericawasmainlyconcernedwithsurvivaland37that,itsowneconomicprosperity.Thus,childrenwere38intermsoftheirproductivity,andtheyplayedtheroleofproducerquiteearly.39theyfulfilledthisrole,theirpositioninthefamilywasoneofsubordination.36.A.poorB.ordinaryC.happyD.wealthy37.A.exceptB.forC.beyondD.through38.A.supportedB.receivedC.encouragedD.valued39.A.UntilB.AfterC.AlthoughD.When12/3/202258ThepositionofchildreninAm2009試卷完形填空考點(diǎn)歸納12/3/2022592009試卷完形填空考點(diǎn)歸納12/2/202259閱讀理解試題結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀理解試題由閱讀短文和若干個(gè)理解問題組成，要求考生按照理解問題的要求，從閱讀短文中獲取合適的信息，回答閱讀理解的問題，即：判斷所獲取的信息是否與試題提供的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的某一項(xiàng)相匹配。所以，閱讀理解問題的4個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中只有一項(xiàng)是基于原文信息內(nèi)容的正確理解，其余3個(gè)選項(xiàng)或是對(duì)原文信息的錯(cuò)誤理解，或是基于原文以外的信息。閱讀理解試題結(jié)構(gòu)可以用右圖表示：12/3/202260閱讀理解試題結(jié)構(gòu)閱讀理解試題由閱讀短文和若干個(gè)理解問題組閱讀理解：考點(diǎn)分類信息處理

單句信息 句組信息 全文信息信息理解

意義理解

字面意義 解釋意義 語境意義

隱含意義

推理意義

概括意義

語言理解

詞義猜測(cè)

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

超篇章信息

作者態(tài)度

寫作目的考點(diǎn)設(shè)置突出信息塊12/3/202261閱讀理解：考點(diǎn)分類信息處理考點(diǎn)設(shè)置突出信息塊12/2/202閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)基本原則：a.干擾信息來源于原文b.干擾信息要集中c.不要互相干擾信息組合12/3/202262閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)基本原則：12/2/202262閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)干擾方式局部信息信息組合信息不符（干擾項(xiàng)信息大于、小于或相反于原文信息）篇外信息12/3/202263閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)干擾方式12/2/202263閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng)寫題技巧：利用語篇層面的信息理解錯(cuò)誤a)對(duì)信息的錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想：即：某點(diǎn)意思是閱讀材料里本來有的，卻把它和材料語篇里沒有的、不相干的一些別的意思聯(lián)系在一起，產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤聯(lián)想。b)對(duì)信息的錯(cuò)誤判斷：利用的是對(duì)信息在語篇中的意義的判斷錯(cuò)誤，體現(xiàn)為真假混淆，似是而非或似非而是（考潛在信息）。c)弄錯(cuò)信息間的關(guān)系：閱讀試題考的是篇章包含的信息。信息與信息之間以一定的關(guān)系互相組合（如：并列、主次、先后、因果、正反、目的和手段、命題和例證、前提和結(jié)論、包容和被包容的關(guān)系），如文章里有信息a、b、c、d，a是因，b是果，干擾項(xiàng)可以把b說為因，等。d)推理或演算錯(cuò)誤：即：給出前提，再給出結(jié)論，讓考生根據(jù)推理或演算來判斷選項(xiàng)中的結(jié)論那個(gè)是正確的。

12/3/202264閱讀理解：干擾項(xiàng)干擾項(xiàng)寫題技巧：12/2/20226412/3/20226512/2/20226512/3/20226612/2/20226612/3/20226712/2/20226712/3/20226812/2/202268Anewstudyhasfoundnoevidencethatsunscreen,commonlyusedtoreducetheriskofskincancer,actuallyincreasetherisk.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofIowabasedtheirfindingsonareviewof18earlierstudiesthatlookedattheassociationbetweensunscreenuseandmelanoma（黑素瘤）.TheysaidthattheyfoundflawsinstudiesthathadreportedassociationsbetweensunscreenuseandhigherriskofmelanomaMosthealthexpertsbelievethatbyprotectingtheskinfromtheharmfuleffectsofthesun,sunscreenhelpspreventskincancer,whichisincreasinginincidencefasterthananyothercancerintheUnitedStates.Butquestionshasbeenraisedaboutsunscreenandwhetheritmayhasoppositeeffect,perhapsbyallowingpeopletoremainexposedtothesunlongerwithoutburning.Theresearcherssaidthatamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthatthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancer---peoplewithfairskinandfreckles,forexample---aremorelikelytousesunscreen.Asaresult,itmayappearthatsunscreenusersgetcancermoreoften.Thestudies,whichgenerallyreliedonvolunteerstorecalltheirsunscreenuse,werealsounabletoprovehowwelltheproductshadbeenapplied,saidthenewstudy.72.Theunderlinedword“flaws”inthe2ndparagraphmostprobablymeans（p=0.25）.A.evidence（局部信息，單數(shù)）13.35，-0.08

B.Facts（語境不當(dāng)12.83，0.04

C.faults（詞義猜測(cè)14.25，

0.25

D.Failures（搭配不當(dāng)11.00,0.2973.Peoplewithfairskinandfreckles0.5510.4814.7810.2712.330.370.620.440.11

.A.seldomusesunscreen解釋錯(cuò)誤B.aremoreindangerofskincancer(單句理解,解釋意義C.canbefreefromtheharmofthesun(解釋錯(cuò)誤D.oftenexposethemselvestothesun(過度概括12/3/202269AnewstudyhasfoundnoevidAnewstudyhasfoundnoevidencethatsunscreen,commonlyusedtoreducetheriskofskincancer,actuallyincreasetherisk.ResearchersfromtheUniversityofIowabasedtheirfindingsonareviewof18earlierstudiesthatlookedattheassociationbetweensunscreenuseandmelanoma（黑素瘤）.TheysaidthattheyfoundflawsinstudiesthathadreportedassociationsbetweensunscreenuseandhigherriskofmelanomaMosthealthexpertsbelievethatbyprotectingtheskinfromtheharmfuleffectsofthesun,sunscreenhelpspreventskincancer,whichisincreasinginincidencefasterthananyothercancerintheUnitedStates.Butquestionshasbeenraisedaboutsunscreenandwhetheritmayhasoppositeeffect,perhapsbyallowingpeopletoremainexposedtothesunlongerwithoutburning.Theresearcherssaidthatamongtheproblemswithsomeearlierstudiesisthattheyoftenfailedtotakeintoaccountthatthosepeoplemostatriskforskincancer---peoplewithfairskinandfreckles,forexample---aremorelikelytousesunscreen.Asaresult,itmayappearthatsunscreenusersgetcancermoreoften.Thestudies,whichgenerallyreliedonvolunteerstorecalltheirsunscreenuse,werealsounabletoprovehowwelltheproductshadbeenapplied,saidthenewstudy.74.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat(0.2213.2710.3213.0014.70/-0.060.400.000.32)A.sunscreenusersgetskincancermoreoften(局部信息)B.thevolunteershaveprovedtheeffectofsunscreen(解釋錯(cuò)誤)C.thenewstudywasbasedontheexperiencesofvolunteers(過度概括)D.thenumberofskincancerpatientsisincreasinginAmerica(單句信息)75.Whichofthefollowingcanbethetitleforthispassage?(0.1313.0814.0211.8110.51/0.01-0.370.220.32)A.SunscreentoPreventSkinCancer(全文主旨信息)B.SunscreentoIncreaseSkinCancer(概括錯(cuò)誤)C.SkinCancerCausedbySunscreen(局部信息)D.SkinCancerCausedbyFreckles(篇外信息)12/3/202270Anewstudyhasfoundnoevid2009試卷閱讀考點(diǎn)歸納12/3/2022712009試卷閱讀考點(diǎn)歸納12/2/202271選項(xiàng)的同質(zhì)性長度一致性Theprisonerescapedbytheskinofhisteethfromtheheavily-guardedprison.bitthroughtheelectriccablesandescapedpretendedtogotoadentistandsoescapedbarelyescapedwashelpedbytheprisondentisttoescape.daringlyescapedcunninglyescapedbarelyescapedeasilyescaped命題技巧12/3/202272選項(xiàng)的同質(zhì)性命題技巧12/2/202272結(jié)構(gòu)一致性Anautomobilecoilcanbeused______.tochargethebatterytoincreasethevoltageofelectriccurrentitcoolstheignitionsystemdeliveringthecurrenttosparkplugsThepurposeoftheautomobilecoilisto_______.chargethebatterycooltheignitionsystemdelivercurrenttothesparkplugsincreasethevoltageofelectriccurrent命題技巧：不平行的結(jié)構(gòu)12/3/202273結(jié)構(gòu)一致性命題技巧：不平行的結(jié)構(gòu)12/2/202273寫題的簡(jiǎn)潔盡可能將選項(xiàng)中的措辭放到題干中.如果選項(xiàng)中有重復(fù)的部分應(yīng)該放到題干中。Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizes“IHearAmericaSinging”?ThegreatnessofAmericaisinitsindustrialstrengthcombinedwithanadequatelaborforce.ThegreatnessofAmericaisintherecognitionoftheindividual’sabilities.ThegreatnessofAmericaisintheindividual’sworkingindependentlyandyetharmoniously.ThegreatnessofAmericaisineachindividual’sappropriateworkchoice.InWaltWhiteman’s“IHearAmericaSinging,”thegreatnessofAmericaisinsummarizedby______.itsindustrialstrengthcombinedwithanadequatelaborforcetherecognitionoftheindividual’sabilitiesindividualsworkingindependentlyandyetharmoniouslyeachindividual’schoiceofwork命題技巧12/3/202274寫題的簡(jiǎn)潔命題技巧12/2/202274題干和選項(xiàng)盡量避免否定的措詞。如果無法避免，一定要通過劃線或大寫來突顯否定的詞。Whichofthefollowingisnotalwayscompatiblewithautomobilesafety?four-wheelbrakessafetyglasspowerdualbrakesystemAllofthefollowingarecompatiblewithautomobilesafetyEXCEPT_____.命題技巧12/3/202275題干和選項(xiàng)盡量避免否定的措詞。如果無法避免，一定要通過劃線或避免使用一些如下的表述Whichofthefollowingsis(not)true?Avoidusing“alloftheabove”asanalternative.Whichwouldbeanothernamefor9?4+515-6(6+6)-3AlloftheaboveWhichwouldbeanothernamefor9?Allofthefollowing4+515-6(6+6)-3命題技巧12/3/202276避免使用一些如下的表述命題技巧12/2/202276選項(xiàng)的排列可以按照字母順序、數(shù)字大小順序、以及其他有規(guī)律的順序。WhendidThomasarrivedattheairport?10:30am6:30am8:30am9:30amWhichofthefollowingrequiresyoutopreparewinterclothesifyougothere? A.Austria B.Wales C.France D.NorwayWhatdoesthemanimply? A.It’sbusyyearfortheclinic. B.Theafternoonwillbelesscrowded. C.Alotofpeoplearesickduringthisseason. D.Thedoctorskepttalkingforalongtime.命題技巧12/3/202277選項(xiàng)的排列可以按照字母順序、數(shù)字大小順序、以及其他有規(guī)律的順短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法1）重點(diǎn)考查單詞拼寫、語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、語篇理解能力和語言表達(dá)能力；在考查詞匯的同時(shí)也考查學(xué)生讀與寫的能力。考生必須在理解短文內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，把握短文主旨大意，運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識(shí)填空，使短文語篇完整。12/3/202278短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法1）重點(diǎn)考查單詞拼寫、語言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、語短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法2）選材符合考生的書面表達(dá)水平，短文詞數(shù)在130左右，共設(shè)10小題，第一行不設(shè)題，其余每行挖空一處設(shè)一題；考查以實(shí)詞為主，兼顧其他詞類。12/3/202279短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法2）選材符合考生的書面表達(dá)水平，短文詞短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法3）每個(gè)空格根據(jù)提示用一個(gè)單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，提示的方式有：漢語提示、首字母提示、語境提示，其中首字母提示、漢語提示各3-4個(gè)，語境提示2-3個(gè)。12/3/202280短文填詞設(shè)題思路、方法3）每個(gè)空格根據(jù)提示用一個(gè)單詞的適當(dāng)形Lastweek,wetalkedaboutdifferentkindsofshortstories.Manyofyousaidyoulikethe___(美國的）writerErnestHemingway,whoiswknownforhisshortstories.Isupposeyouhaveallfmyadviceandfinishedreadinghisstory.We’regoingtostudyit____(一起）inthislesson.Now,firstofall,Iwouldlikeyoutohavea____(討論）.Pleaselookatthethreeqontheblackboard.First,whendidthestory____place?Second,whatkindofpersondoesthewritershow____(自己）tobe?Third,whatisthewriter’smainpurposeofwthisstory?I’dlikeyoutowork___pairsandpresentyouranswersintenminutes.76.American77.well78.followed79.together80.discussion81.questions82.take83.himself84.writing85.in短語，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上下文理解12/3/202281Lastweek,wetalkedaboutdif省質(zhì)檢短文填詞試題Thismorning,onmywaytoschool,Isawsomethinglyingbytheroadside,shining.Tomys___,itwasagoldnecklace.Iquicklypickedit

andlookedaround.Nooneseemedtobelookingforthelostnecklace.ShouldIhanditintothe

(最近的）policestation?Butclasseswouldbeginina____minutes.Ihadnotimetodealwithit.So,Idecidedtot____itwithmetoschoolforthetimebeing.Soon

Igottoschool,classesbegan.Afterclass,Ihandedinthenecklacetotheheadmaster,____(告訴）himthestory.Hespokeh____ofmyhonesty.Whenschoolwasover,Iheardourschoolradiostationbroadcasttheschool___(新聞）that

(表揚(yáng)）mefordongagooddeed.MomandDadwereoverjoyedtohearmystory.76.surprise（0.46）77.up（0.84）78.nearest（0.38）79.few（0.57）80.take（0.69）81.after（0.25）82.telling（0.36）83.highly（0.51）84.news（0.79）85.praised（0.22）短語，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)上下文理解12/3/202282省質(zhì)檢短文填詞試題Thismorning,onmyw考點(diǎn)及分析思路：首字母提示、漢語提示（注意：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)）語篇提示（均考到一個(gè)介詞）填詞時(shí)需要注意的因素有：詞形變化、語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、詞語搭配、句型結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)合句等單詞拼寫在卷中其他部分可能出現(xiàn)，所以語法性會(huì)比較突出。12/3/202283考點(diǎn)及分析思路：首字母提示、漢語提示（注意：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)變化、名