00795自考綜合英語二語法知識點(diǎn)

00795點(diǎn)

自考綜合英語二語法知識系動詞系動詞，亦稱連系動詞Verb）。作為系動詞，它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)（形容詞be之外，還有一些動詞也可以做系動詞，如表示狀態(tài)或情況的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等；以及表示變化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe可以加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系動詞和其后的名詞或形容詞之間，但也可以省略。E.g.Thetaskproved(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意：在seem,appear等詞后，可加其他非tobe不定式，但這時他們不是系動詞，而是不及物動詞。Courtesy,politeness,goodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.非人稱代詞it做句子的形式主語代表不定式E.g.Itisabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstances.代表動名詞E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.that引導(dǎo)的從句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.wh-引導(dǎo)的從句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesn’tmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式賓語代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.代表從句E.g.Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.E.g.Hesoonmadeitclearwhyhehadaskedaconference.用來改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子某一成分得到強(qiáng)調(diào)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.強(qiáng)調(diào)用so表示強(qiáng)調(diào)用so強(qiáng)調(diào)聽者同意說者所言，這種用法只將so提到句首，其他成分位置不變。E.g.–youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.情態(tài)動詞+完成式could+have+過去分詞有時表示過去的時間，說明某事可能已發(fā)生，有時也表示與事實(shí)相反，表示本來有能力做某事，但卻未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+過去分詞表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況進(jìn)行揣測，但語氣相當(dāng)不肯定，表示近乎未實(shí)現(xiàn)的行為.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+過去分詞是對發(fā)生在過去的一種行為的推測，表示過去必定發(fā)生過的事情，語氣相當(dāng)肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.should/oughtto+have+過去分詞表示該做而未做到的事，表示“本應(yīng)”。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtn’tto+have+過去分詞表示做了不該做的事，表示“本不應(yīng)該”。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.can’t（couldn’t）+have+過去分詞表示對過去的動作進(jìn)行否定性推測。意為“肯定沒有，肯定不是”。E.g.Thepoemcan’thavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.would+have+過去分詞經(jīng)常用于虛擬條件句中，表示與過去事實(shí)相反的猜測。E.g. Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.needn’t+have+過去分詞表示不必做的事情卻做了，可譯為“原本不必”“其實(shí)不必”。E.g.Youneedn’thavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主謂一致知識點(diǎn)一manya,morethanone+單數(shù)名詞，謂語仍然用單數(shù)。E.g.Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.知識點(diǎn)二eitherof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)．E.g.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?知識點(diǎn)三and;bothand同一物或同一概念時，謂語用單數(shù)．E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知識點(diǎn)四eachandeach;everyandevery等結(jié)構(gòu)后，謂語用單數(shù)．E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知識點(diǎn)五主語后面有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等詞組，謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)有主語來決定．E.g.I,togetherwithmymother,wasreadingattenyesterday.oneof＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋關(guān)系分句結(jié)構(gòu)如先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語則為復(fù)數(shù)．當(dāng)前面有theonly/very等限定詞修飾，謂語用單數(shù)．E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.靠近原則：由notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor或or連接的并列主語。通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。E.g.Heoryou由“anumberof,ahavetotaltakenmypen.of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；由“thenumberof,thetotalof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒裝句帶有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒裝neither,nor,nomore被用作句首的分句前面必須是肯定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.知識點(diǎn)二虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)中的條件從句省去if時，were,had和should要移至主語之前。E.g.HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首為否定詞和帶有否定意義的詞或短語作狀語或賓語時，常用部分倒裝。常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的詞語有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger, notasingleword,notoften,等。帶only的句子的倒裝only位于句子開頭，如果修飾介詞短語或狀語從句，那么句子應(yīng)倒裝。E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首,主語應(yīng)倒裝.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/such…that結(jié)構(gòu)中的so放在句首時，需要倒裝。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim..E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中形容詞、名詞或副詞常移至從句之首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.句首為manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等狀語時，句子需要部分倒裝。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒裝。E.g.Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!介詞詞組放在句首．E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句：Itis/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分＋who/whom/that被強(qiáng)調(diào)的主語是人稱代詞時，既可用主格，也可用賓格．知識點(diǎn)四強(qiáng)調(diào)句it和先行詞it的區(qū)別如果把itis(was)that去掉，剩下的仍能組成完整的句子，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句．E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.ItwasthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的強(qiáng)調(diào)E.g.Itwasnotuntil10o’clockthathewenttobed.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非謂語動詞分詞分詞的位置：動作性，但一般僅限于過去分詞。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分詞的特殊形式時，分詞必須帶上自己的主語，稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，可以表示原因，時間，伴隨等。1) n.+分詞短語E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,we’dbetterwaitforher.With+n.+分詞短語/adj./adv/prep…E.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyofdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehisproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式with/without+分詞邏輯主語＋分詞,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.動詞+形式賓語）+形容詞(賓語補(bǔ)足語)+不定式（真正賓語），適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞：believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.“Wh-word+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語動詞ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have, hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,requireetc.to：wouldrather…than…(寧愿…也不)，hadbetter，can’thelpbut…(不得不),may/mightaswell…(不妨)務(wù)必注意的是：接不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞改成被動形式時必須加to。E.g.Hehasseenninepresidentscomeandgo.E.g.Ninepresidentshavebeenseentocomeandgo(byhim).不定式的時態(tài)完成式:不定式的動作在謂語表示的動作之前完成,或想像中過去的動作或事情,但并沒有發(fā)生。E.g.Thisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.進(jìn)行式： E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的邏輯主語ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.動名詞知識點(diǎn)一接動名詞作賓語的動詞admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(怨恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest知識點(diǎn)二有些動詞后既可以跟動名詞，也可以跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regret,omit(疏忽，省略)etc.知識點(diǎn)三to作為介詞的短語beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反對,beaddictedto沉溺于,bedevotedto專心于,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto負(fù)責(zé)，留意動詞need,require,want,deserve后面跟動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1. plan,like,love,hate后動名詞表示抽象行為和一般動作，不定式表示具體的、特定的動作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoesn’tliketodancewithstrangers.知識點(diǎn)五動名詞的邏輯主語句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.動名詞的邏輯主語可以是形容詞性物主代詞或賓格，在句中兩者均可使用，在句首要用形容詞性物主代詞。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.知識點(diǎn)一wish引導(dǎo)的賓從

虛擬語氣時間時間結(jié)構(gòu)

過去式had+過去分詞/couldhavedone將來的情況 would/could+動詞原形E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知識點(diǎn)二wouldratherthat時間時間現(xiàn)在,將來的情況的情況過去的情況結(jié)構(gòu)過去式had+過去分詞E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’ttellmetheanswernow.E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’tgotheretomorrow.It’s(about/almost/high)timethat…從句用一般過去式E.g.It’stimethatyouwenttobed. E.g.It’stimethatclassbegan.if條件句可以省略if,助動詞were,had,should要前置，形成倒裝語序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Wereitrainy,wewouldbuyanumbrella.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+賓語”表示假設(shè)條件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldn’thavebeenabletopasstheexam.asif(asthough)引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中謂語動詞一般用were/had+過去分詞表虛擬。E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifshehadsucceeded.常見的引導(dǎo)賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct（命令）,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge，recommend等常見的引導(dǎo)同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposal,request,requirement等；用在主語從句中時其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“Itis/was+形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句（用虛擬語氣）”advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial，desirable,essential,important,natural,properpreferable,strange,vital,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。獨(dú)立主格獨(dú)立主格可以分為四類：不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、現(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、過去分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、無動詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)不定式獨(dú)立主格：名詞詞組+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店?，F(xiàn)在分詞獨(dú)立主格:(介詞+）名詞詞組+現(xiàn)在分詞E.g.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁著沒人注意，我悄悄的順著窗戶溜出去過去分詞獨(dú)立主格：（介詞+）名詞詞組+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)E.g.Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作沒完成，我不敢回家。介詞+）介詞詞組或名詞詞組）E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期結(jié)束，我們回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中兩千人喪