16世紀英國文學(xué)

四、TheRenaissance（16世紀）一、文學(xué)知識DefinitionsoftheLiteraryTerms:TheRenaissance:Itisaculturalandintellectualmovement.ItstartedinItalyinthelate13thcentury and spreadinEurope.ThepeakofRenaissanceoccurredatdifferenttimeindifferentplaces.InEnglanditwasin16th century.Itwasbroughtoutbythegrowthofproductiveforceswiththedevelopmentofnewforcesofsocialrelationships.Itsignifiedthebeginningofdisruptionoffeudalsystem.It’sagreatliberationofhumanthought.Itbecamethemovementagainstfeudalismandtheclassicalliteratureandculture.Thesecondfeatureiskeeninterestinhumanactivities.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itisakindofliteratureandpsychologicalsystemofthought.Ittriestoplacetheaffairsofmankindatthecenteroftheirconcerns.ItoriginatedinItalyduringRenaissanceandsoonspreadthroughoutwestEurope.Itreflectstheinterestandnewoutlookoftherisingbourgeoisclass.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.二、文學(xué)分類和代表作家1、小說：ThomasMore(1478-1535)anoutstandinghumanistintheearly16thcenturyUtopia:ThefirstbookcontainsalongdiscussiononthesocialconditionsofEngland.Inthesecondbookisdescribedindetailanidealcommunistsociety,Utopia.JohnLyly(1553-1606): EupheusThomasKyd,JohnLyly,ThomasLodge,ThomasDeloney,ThomasChristopherMarlowe,RobertGreene.2、詩歌lyricalpoems:Sonnet:isalyricalpoemin14lineswith10syllablesineachline,usuallyiniambicpentameter.It’scomposedindefiniterhymingscheme,ofwhichthePetrarcanandShakespeareanaretheprinciple.ThePetrarcansonnetwasintroducedintoEnglandbyThomasWyattandEarlofSurreyintheearly16thcentury.Therhymepatternwasabbaabbacdcdcd/cdecde.TherhymepatternofShakespeareansonnetisababcdcdefefgg.SonnetbecameaperfectEnglishpoeticmediuminthehandsofShakespeareandMiltonandsoon.ThomasWyatt(1503-1542)[firstintroducedthesonnetintoEnglishliterature];EarlofSurreyEarlofSurrey(1527-1547)[createdblank3）PhilipSidney(1554-1586);4）EdmundSpenser(1552-1599).theauthorofthegreatestepicpoemofthetimeTheFairyQueen;TheShepherds’Calendar.Hecreatedanewstanza,calledtheSpenserianstanza,whichiswellsuitedtonarrativeverse.Spenserianstanza:SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.3、EssayFrancisBacon(1561-1626)ThefounderofEnglishmaterialistphilosophyandmodernscienceinEngland..HeisthefirstEnglishessayist.散文：OfTruth;OfStudies4、戲劇A）ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)MarlowewasthefirstgreatEnglishDramatist.Inhisplays,Marloweusedblankverse,whichhemoldedintoasuperbinstrumentforexpressingintenseemotions.AfterhisdevelopmentofblankverseitbecamethestandardmediumforEnglishdramatic&epicpoetry.作品：DoctorFaustus;TheJewofMalta;TamburlaineB)BenJonson(1572-1637)作品：EveryManinHisHumour;Volpone,ortheFox;TheAlchemist;BartholomewFair.C）WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)Generally,hisdramaticcareerisdividedinto4periods.TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)-fivehistoricalplays&fourcomedies:HenryⅥ,partⅠ(1590)HenryⅥ,partⅡ(1590)HenryⅥ,partⅢ(1591)RichardⅢ(1592)TitusAndronicus(1593)TheComedyofErrors(1592)TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(1594)TheTamingoftheShrew(1593)Love'sLabor'sLost(1594)TheSecondPeriod(1595-1600)-fivehistoricalplays,sixcomedies&twotragedies:RichardⅡ(1595)KingJohn(1596)HenryⅣ,PartⅠ&PartⅡ(1597)HenryV(1598)AMidsummerNight'sDreamTheMerchantofVenice(1596)MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598)AsYouLikeIt(1599)TwelfthNight(1600)TheMerryWivesofWinsor(1598)Romeo&Juliet(1595)JuliusCaesar(1599)TheThirdPeriod(1601-1609)-Seventragedies&twodarkcomedies:HamletOthelloKingLearMacbethAntony&CleopatraTroilus&CressidaCoriolonusAll'sWellThatEndsWellMeasureforMeasureTheFourthPeriod(1609-1612)-Romantictragic-comedies&twopl