新sat2016和2017真題-20年11月

November2017NORTHTheQuestion-and-AnswerServiceUsethiswithyourQASStudentGuideandalizedQASReport.What’s-Test-TheEssaypromptsadministeredonyourtestNOTFORREPRODUCTIONORQuestion-and-AnswerABOUTTHETheCollegisamission-drivennot-for-profitorganizationthatconnectsstudentstocollegesuccessandopportunity.Foundedin1900.theCollegwascreatedtoexpandaccesstohighereducationToday,themembershipassociationismadeupofover6,000oftheworld'sleadingeducationalinstitutionsandisdedicatedtopromotingexcellenceandequityineducation.Eachyear,theColleghelpsmorethansevenmillionstudentsprepareforasuccessfultransitiontocollegethroughprogramsandservicesincollegereadinessandcollegesuccess-includingtheSAT?andtheAdvancedPlacementProgram?Theorganizationalsoservestheeducationcommunitythroughresearchandadvocacyonbehalfofstudents,educators,andschools.Forfurtherinformation,.SATCUSTOMERYoucanreachusfrom8a.m.to9p.m.easterntime(9hesummer).:sat@info.collegMail:CollegSATProgram,P.O.Box025505,Miami,FLTABLEOF12Reading18WritingandLanguage33MathTest-No40MathTest-56EssayVisit?2017TheCollag,Collag ,AdvancedPlacementProgram,SATandtheacornlogoareoftheCollagVisitontheweb CongratulationsontakingtheSAT?!ThisbookletcontainstheSATyoutookin2017.TherearealsotwoEssaypromptshere;ifyoutooktheSATwithEssay,yourespondedtooneofthese.Thisbookletcontainseveryquestionthatwasscored.AsparttheQuestion-and-AnswerService(QAS)youalsohaveAcustomizedreportthatliststhefollowingdetailsabouteachquestion:answeryougavequestiontypedifficultylevelAQASStudentguidethatexplainsyourscoresandhowtointerpretthem.Thetestbeginsonthenextpage.可能是SAT老師中，做申請最好的2017年申請季還沒結(jié)束，已經(jīng)在2017年10月20日提前斬獲一枚12位的Colby消息要在12月中旬才能得知。以不到700的閱讀成績，獲得了圣路易的錄取，超過了全校所有SAT1500+的申請者。當(dāng)然，還有如MIT全獎、康奈爾大學(xué)、斯坦福、牛津、…申請文書，真的很關(guān)鍵。源于自己，高于自己的文書才是真“包裝”。好的申請材料，一定同時具備4個屬性：如果你對自己的文書有不滿意的地方，可以 【本科申請】獲得資料?；蛘撸憧梢院臀乙黄鹩懻?。 老師個 本科申65MINUTES,52TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthisEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinany panyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisadaptedfromGeorgeEliot,Middlemarch.Originallypublishedin1871.Dorotheaandherhusband.Mr.Casaubon,amiddle-agedscholar,areontheirhoneymooninRome.WillLadislaw,anartist,isCasaubon’scousin.“Yes,”saidDorothea,withoutpause;“showhimintothesalon.”HerchiefimpressionsaboutyoungLadislawwerethatwhenshehadseenhimatLowickshehadbeenmadeawareofMr.5Casaubon’sgenerositytowardshim,andalsothatshehadbeeninterestedinhisownhesitationabouthiscareer.Shewasalivetoanythingthatgaveheranopportunityforactivesympathy,andatthismomentitseemedasifthevisithadcometo10heroutofherself-absorbeddiscontent—toremindherofherhusband’sgoodness,andmakeherfeelthatshehadnowtherighttobehishelpmateinallkinddeeds.Shewaitedaminuteortwo,butwhenshepassedintothenextroomtherewerejust15enoughthatshehadbeencryingtomakeheropenfacelookmoreyouthfulandappealingthanusual.ShemetLadislawwiththatexquisitesofgoodwillwhichisunmixedwithvanity,andheldoutherhandtohim.Hewastheelderbyseveral20years,butatthatmomenthelookedmuchtheyounger,forhistransparentcomplexionflushedsuddenly,andhespokewithashynessextremelyunlikethereadyindifferenceofhismannerwithhismalecompanionatthemuseum,whileDorothea25becameallthecalmerwithawonderingdesiretoputhimatease.

“IwasnotawarethatyouandMr.CasaubonwereinRome,untilthismorning,whenIsawyouintheVaticanMuseum,"hesaid."Iknewyouat30once—but—Imean,thatIconcludedMr.Casaubon’saddresswouldbefoundatthePosteRestante,andIwasanxioustopaymyrespectstohimandyouasearlyaspossible.“Praysitdown.Heisnotherenow,buthe35begladtohearofyou,Iamsure,"saidDorothea,seatingherselfunthinkinglybetweenthefireandthelightofthetallwindow,andpointingtoachairopposite,withthequietudeofabenignantmatron.Thesignsofgirlishsorrowinherfacewereonlythe40morestriking.“Mr.Casaubonismuchengaged;butyouwillleaveyouraddress—willyounot?—andhewillwritetoyou.”“Youareverygood,”saidLadislaw,beginningtolosehisdiffidenceintheinterestwithwhichhe45wasobservingthesignsofweewhichhadalteredherface.“Myaddressisonmycard.ButifyouwillallowmeIwillcallagainto-morrowatanhourwhenMr.Casaubonislikelytobeathome."“HegoestoreadintheLibraryofthe50everyday,andyoucanhardlyseehimexceptbyanappointment.Especiallynow.WeareabouttoleaveRome,andheisverybusy.Heisusuallyawayalmostfrombreakfasttilldinner.ButIamsurehewillwishyoutodinewithus.” WillLadislawwasstruckmuteforafewmoments.HehadneverbeenfondofMr.Casaubon,andifithadnotbeenforthesenseofobligation,wouldhavelaughedathimasaBatoferudition.Buttheideaofthisdried-uppedant,thiselaboratorof1460smallexplanationsaboutasimportantasthesurplusstockoffalseantiquitieskeptinavendor’sbackchamber,havingfirstgotthisadorableyoungcreaturetomarryhim,andthenpassinghishoneymoonawayfromher,thissuddenpicture465stirredhimwithasortofcomicdisgust:hewasdividedbetweentheimpulsetolaughaloudandtheequallyunseasonableimpulsetoburstintoscornfulinvective.Foraninstanthefeltthatthestrugglewascausingaqueercontortionofhismobilefeatures,70butwithagoodeffortheresolveditintonothingmoreoffensivethanamerrys.Dorotheawondered;buttheswasirresistible,andshonebackfromherfacetoo.WillLadislaw’sswasdelightful,unlessyouwere75angrywithhimbeforehanditwasagushofinwardlightilluminatingthetransparentskinaswellastheeyes,andplayingabouteverycurveandlineasifsomeArielweretouchingthemwithanewcharm,andbanishingforeverthetracesofmoodiness.The80reflectionofthatscouldnotbuthavealittlemerrimentinittoo.evenunderdarkeyelashesstillmoist,asDorotheasaidinquiringly,"Somethingamusesyou?"11Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsbetweenthepointsofviewofDorotheaandLadislawinordertodevelopthecharacters’thoughtsandexploretheiractions.settingsoftheVaticanandtheCasaubons’hoinRomeinordertoemphasizeDorothea’sisolationfromherhusband.contemptthatLadislawfeelsforMr.CasaubonandtheaffectionhefeelsforDorotheainordertorevealhisinner.narrator’somniscientandthecharacterslimitedsinordertosuggestthatthecharactersknowfarlessaboutoneanotherthantheybelieve.

22ThepassagesuggestthatwhileatLowick,Ladislawexpresseduncertaintyabouthisprospectsforchoiceofstandingwithinhis33AsusedInline7,"aliveto"mostnearlyrelianteagercarefulInthepassage.DorothearegardstheoccasionofLadislaw’sarrivalmainlyasachancetoconfessthefullextentofherstrengthenheralliancewithhermakeagoodimpressiononamemberofherhusband’sfamily.55Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines7-12("SheLines16-18("Shemet...to6 969ThecomparisonofLadislaw’sinteractionwith“malecompanion”tohisinteractionwithDorothea(lines21-25)mainlyservestorevealtheamountoftimeLadislawspendswithdegreeofself-consciousnessLadislawexperienceswitheach.enjoymentLadislawderivesfromconversationswitheach.

ThepassagemakesclearthatLadislawDorothea77Basedonthepassage.Ladislaw’srelationshipwithMr.Casaubonisbestcharacterizedassuperficiallycivil,becauseLadislawfeelsindebtedtoMr.Casaubon.blatantlycompetitive,becauseLadislawandMr.CasaubonshareanobligationtoDorothea.subtlyhostile,becauseLadislawbelievesthatMr.Casaubonhasbeenignoringhim.outwardlyspiteful,becauseLadislawresentsMr.Casaubon’scontrollinginfluence.

Whatmaineffectdothephrases“gushofinwardlight,”“playingabouteverycurve.”and“touchingthemwithanewcharm.”usedintheseventhparagraph(lines71-82).haveonthenarrator’sdescriptionofLadislaw’ss?Theyunderscore.Ladislaw’struefeelingaboutMr.Casaubonconcealedbehindthes.TheyemphasizetheenchantingeffectofthesonDorothea.TheyreinforceLadislaw’sefforttoamuseDorotheabysmiling.TheyrevealthespowertobringjoyeventothosewhoareangrywithLadislaw.88WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforanswertothepreviousLines2-6(“HerLines28-32(“ILines45-47(“ButLines55-57(“HeQuestions11-20arebasedonthefollowingPassage1isadaptedfromShirleyChisholm,“AddresstotheUnitedStatesHouseofRepresentatives,21May1969.”Passage2isadaptedfromPhyllisSchlafly,What’sWrongwith‘EqualRights’forWomen??1972byPhyllisSchlafly.TheEqualRightsAmendmentwasaproposedamendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionintendedtoprohibitdiscriminationonthebasisofgender.ChisholmwasamemberofCongresswhenshemadeheraddress.PassageMorethanhalfofthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesisfemale.Butwomenoccupyonly2percentofthemanagerialpositions.Theyhavenotevenreachedtheleveloftokenismyet.Nowomensiton5theAFL-CIOcouncilorSupremeCourt.TherehavebeenonlytwowomenwhohaveheldCabinetrank,andatpresenttherearenone.Onlytwowomennowholdambassadorialrankinthediplomaticcorps.InCongress,wearedowntooneSenatorand1010Consideringthatthereareabout31/2millionmorewomenintheUnitedStatesthanmen,thissituationisoutrageousItisforthisreasonthatIwishto15todayaproposalthathasbeenbeforeeveryCongressforthelast40yearsandthatsoonerorlatermust epartofthebasiclawoftheland—theequalrightsamendment.Letmenoteandtrytorefutetwoof20commonestargumentsthatareofferedagainstthisamendment.Oneisthatwomenarealreadyprotectedunderthelawanddonotneedlegislation.Existinglawsarenotadequatetosecureequalrightsforwomen.Sufficientproofofthisisthe25concentrationofwomeninlowerpaying,menial,unrewardingjobsandtheirincrediblescarcityintheupperleveljobs.Ifwomenarealreadyequal,whyisitsuchaneventwheneveronehappenstobeelectedtoCongress?... AsecondargumentoftenheardagainsttheequalrightsamendmentisthatitwouldeliminatelegislationthatmanyStatesandtheFederalernmenthaveenactedgivingspecialprotectiontowomenandthatitwouldthrowthemarriage35divorcelawsintoAsforthemarriagelaws,theyaredueforasweereform,andanexcellentbeginningwould

betowipetheexistingonesoffthebooks.Regardingspecialprotectionforworkingwomen,I40cannotunderstandwhyitshouldbeneeded.Womenneednoprotectionthatmendonotneed.Wtectionagainstsicknessandlayoffs,andprovisionfor45dignified,comfortableretirement.Menandwomenneedthesethingsequally.Thatonesexneedsprotectionmorethantheotherisamalesupremacistmythasridiculousandunworthyofrespe whitesupremacistmythsthatsocietyistryingto50cuteitselfofatthisPassageInthelastcoupleofyears,anoisymovementhassprungupagitatingfor“women’srights.”Suddenlyeverywhereweareafflictedaggressive55femalesonevisiontalkshowsyapabouthowmistreatedAmericanwomenare,suggestingthatmarriagehasputusinsomekindof"slavery,"thathouseworkismenialanddegrading,and—perishthethought—thatwomenarediscriminatedagainst.60New“women’sliberation”organizationsarepopup,agitatinganddemonstrating,servingdemandsonpublicofficials,gettingwidepresscoveragealways,andpurportingtospeakforsome100,000,000Americanwomen. It’stimetosettherecordstraight.TheclaimAmericanwomenaredowntroddenandunfairlytreatedisthefraudofthecentury.ThetruthisthatAmericanwomenneverhaditsogood.Whyshouldwelowerourselvesto“equalrights”whenwe70alreadyhavethestatusofspecialTheproposedEqualRightsAmendmentstatesthat"EqualityofrightsunderthelawshallnotbedeniedorabridgedbytheUnitedStatesorbyanystateonaccountofsex,”Sowhat’swrongwiththat?75Well,hereareafewexamplesofwhat’swrongwithit.ThisAmendmentwillabsoluyandpositivelymakewomensubjecttothedraft.Whyanywomanwouldsupportsucharidiculousandun-Americanasthisiscomprehension AnotherbadeffectoftheEqualRightsAmendmentisthatitwillabolishawoman’righttochildsupportandalimony,andsubstitutewhatthewomen’slibbersthinkisamore"equal"policy,that"suchdecisionsshouldbewithinthediscretionof85CourtandshouldbemadeontheeconomicandneedofthepartiesintheUnderpresentAmericanlaws,themanisalwaysrequiredtosupporthiswifeandeachchildhecausedtobeboughtintotheworld.Why

InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofquotationmarksAround"women’srights"(line52)and"equal"(line82)chieflyservesto90womenabandonthesegood bythemforsomethingsonebulousanduncertainasthe“discretionoftheCourt”?InPassage1,ChisholmmentionsthenumberofwomeninCongressmostlikelytogiveoneexampleofaprofessionwithveryfewwomeninit.pointouthowharditisforwomentogetlegislationpassed.suggesthowhardshehasworkedto eamemberofCongress.implythatifthereweremorewomeninCongress,theEqualRightsAmendmentwouldhavepassedalready.Asusedinline14,"introduce"mostnearly

stresstheurgencyofthereformsreferredtothepreventmisunderstandingbyindicatingthatChishoxactwordsarebeingused.suggestthattheexpressionsaretypicallyusedaninsultingway.ridiculetheideologicalpositionsunderlyingtheuseoftheseterms.InPassage2,Schlafly’suseofthewords“afflicted,“aggressive,”and“yap”（lines53-54)servestosupporthermainargumentbyacknowledgingherunderstandingofthecomplexityofthedebateongenderequality.conveyingherimplicitcritiqueofthecontentiousnatureofAmericanpoliticaldebate.suggestingthatthepositionstakenbyheropponentsareunreasonableandannoying.portrayingherasallyattackedbyheropponentsratherthanchallengedonherargument’smerits.InPassage1,Chisholmindicatesthatthefederalernmentandmanystateernmentshavepassedlawsfocusedonwomen’sworkingensuredequalrightsforwomeninthereformedmostofthemarriageanddivorcerefusedtoconsiderspecialprotectionsfor

Whichchoicebestsupportstheideathatbelievesthatwomen’scircumstancesarealreadysuperiortothoseofmen?Lines64-Lines67-Lines70-73(“Theproposed...of AccordingtoSchlaflyinPassage2,theRightsAmendmentwouldeliminateawoman’srighttojointhereceivebeahavecustodyofherBasedonPassage1,ChisholmwouldmostlikelyrespondtoSchlafly’sassertioninlines66-67ofPassage2(“Thetruth...good”)withconcern,becauseofthepolarizingnatureofsuchsonwomen.disagreement,becauseoftheeconomicplightofmanywomeninthecountry.resignation,becausetherearevalidargumentsonbothsidesofthisissue.dismay,becauseofthenumberofwomeninAmericawhoholdsuchbeliefs.

Basedonthepassages,whichstatementhowSchlaflywouldmostlikelyrespondtoChishoremarksaboutthemarriageanddivorcelawsofthattime?RevokingthemarriageanddivorcelawsrequiresanamendmenttotheUnitedStatesActivistswhobelievethatmarriageisakintoslaveryoverlookotherilleffectsofgenderTheEqualRightsAmendmentshouldcodifygenderequalityinareasotherthanchildsupportandalimonypayments.Currentmarriageanddivorcelawsshouldnotbechangedbecausetheyprovideasignificantbenefittowomen.WhichchoicefromPassage2providesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines53-Lines75- Questions21-30arebasedonthefollowingThispassageisadaptedfromwechatkangkanglaoshi"EvenBirdbrainsLearnfromExperience."?2013bySigmaXi,TheScientific:ResearchSociety.Figarowasonlyabirdbrain:acaptivecockatoo(Cacatuagoffini).ButwhenAliceAuersperg,cognitivebiologistattheUniversityofVienna,spiedhimwielding10toolshehadspontaneously5inventedfromtwigsandsplinters,shewasamazed.SuchinnovativetoolusewasknowntoexistonlyinprimatesandNewCaledoniancrows.AuerspergfirstsawFigaromake,shorten,andbendsticktoolstorakeinasmallstonehehad10droppedthroughameshpartition.ShereplacedthestonewithaseriesofcashewnutsandobservedFigarorepeathisperformance.Auersperg’sobservationsculminatedinastudyshowingthatcockatooscansolveelaboratemultisteplock15puzzles,withoutintermediatebehavioralreinforcements,andimmediaytransfertheirnewknowledgetoanovelchallenge.Figaroshowsthatcockatooscan“planinterventionsinthephysicalworldwellaheadof20beingreinforced,”saysAuersperg’scoauthor,AlexKacelnik,abehavioralecologistattheUniversityofOxford.Figaro’sachievementraisedthequestion,Towhatextentcancockatoosplanahead,completingaseriesofactionstowardamentally25representeddistant withoutAuerspergandcolleaguesreasonedthatifacockatoomustcompleteachainofactionstoreceiveasubstantialrewardat,andifeachactionleadsonlytothepossibilityofachieving30nextaction,thenthebirdcouldbeunlikelytoattainthefinalgoalbymeredistance.Randomlyattemptingtheactionsinthelongorder,forexample,wouldleadtofailure.Totestcockatoos’planningand35capacities,Auerspergdesignedaboxhousingavisablecashewnutblockedbyfiveinterlockingdevices.Thelockswereconcatenatedsothatthebirdwouldhavetosolvethelockpuzzlefarthestfromtherewardbeforegainingaccesstothenext,40andsoon.Theteammadeeachlockuniquesothattheknowledgerequiredtoopenitwouldbenovel.Auersperg’beganbytestingthecockatoos’learningprocesstodiscernwhetherandtowhat

extentthe10birdsintheirstudycouldsolveall45puzzleswithoutintermittentrewardsorobservationofbirdalreadytrained.Theresearchershadnoprecedentforpredictinghowmuchtimeandsupportthecockatooswouldrequire.In,onlyonebird,namedPipin,solvedallfivelockswithinthe50numberofsessions,numberoftrials,andamountoftimethatAuerspergusedtodefinesuccess.ButPipincompletedtheentirepuzzle,utterlyunassisted,inonly100minutesa“rapidroutetoperfection,”Auerspergnotes.Theteamsupportedtheothernine55birdswithreinforcementuntiltheyopenedthefivelocks.(youmanyalsogoto moretestpapers.)Theteamthensubjectedall10birdstoanexperimentdesignedtorevealthenatureoftheir60newlyacquiredknowledge:whetheritwasrote,oritindicatedunderstandingofmechanicalfunctions.Thescientistsremovedorresequencedpartsoftheoriginalpuzzle.Inresponse,"thebirdsimmediayapproachedthenowmostrelevantpieceof65equipmentdownstreamfromthegoal,”saysKacelnik.Insteadofrigidlyadheringtotheoriginallocksequence,inotherwords,theystrategizedaccordingtothevariousfunctionsoftheinterlockingmechanisms. Thecockatoosexploredthelocksplayfully,usingtheirbills,tongues,andfeet;individualsdifferedinhowtheyopenedthelocks.However,all10birdsprogressedlogically:Oncetheyhadsolvedalock,theyspentnotimeonthatlockinfuture75sessions,butfocusedonthenextchallengeinthechain.Thisstepwiseapproachtothecomplexsequenceshowsthatcockatooscan,withoutreinforcement,workbackwardfromadistantgoal.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisdiscussastudyofcockatoos’cognitiveprofilearesearcherstudyingcockatoos’explainatheoryaboutcockatoosplanningyzedataoncockatoosmemorization Thecentralideaofthepassageisthatcanuseknowledgegainedfromobservingotherspeciestoachievetheirowngoals.recallinformationfrompreviousexperiencesandapplyittowhollynewsituations.arecapableofperceivingandcompletingmultipleindependentstepsto plishanreconcileinggoalsbyassessingwhichgoaliseasiesttoreach.Ifyouneedanswersofthistest,pleasecontactwechatkangkanglaoshiInthecontextofthepassageasawhole,themainfunctionofthefirstparagraphistointroduceaphenomenonfirstdiscoveredinthestudiespresentedinthepassage.outlinethecontroversythattheysispresentedinthepassageisintendedtosettle.explainthehypothesisthattheexperimentsdiscussedinthepassageweredesignedtotest.describeanincidentthathelpedinspiretheresearchdiscussedinthepassage.WhichstatementaboutFigaro’sdevelopmentoftoolsisbestsupportedbythepassage?FigarodevelopedtoolsthatweresimilarinappearancetothoseusedbyNewCaledonianFigarodevelopedtoolsthatenabledhimtoopentheJocksthatAuerspergandhercolleaguesdesigned.Figarodevelopedtoolswithoutpreviouslyobservingothercockatoosusingtools.Figarodevelopedtoolsonhisowninitiativeandtosolveaproblemhehadnotanticipated.

Asusedinline12,"performance"mostnearlyBasedonthepassage,onepremiseoftheresearchers’firstexperimentwasthatpresentingcockatooswithuniquelocksthathadtobesolvedsuccessivelywouldforestalltheobjectionthatthecockatoosweretryingtoachieveintermediategoalsratherthanasinglefinalgoal.bolstertheclaimthatthecockatoosplannedtheiractionsknowingtheywouldnotreceivereinforcementastheyprogressed.reducethepossibilitythatthecockatooscouldsucceedintheexperimentwithoutpossessingtheskillsbeingassessed.ensurethattheexperimentwasevaluatingcockatoos’inlectualcapabilitiesratherthantheirmechanicalcapabilities.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines25-Lines36-38(“Thelocks...soThefourthandfifthparagraphs(lines33-55)primarilyserveto

Questions31-41arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.ThispassageisadaptedfromBenBranstetter,“Everydescribethedesignand eofthefirstlockexperiment.summarizetheviewsofotherresearchersoncockatooinligence.contrastthefirstlockexperimentwithotherassessmentsofanimalcognition.speculateonthesignificanceoftheresultsofbothlockexperiments.Asusedinline42,“discern”mostnearlyWhichchoicemostaccuraydescribestheresultsofthefirstlockexperiment?Onlyoneofthecockatooswasabletoopenallofthelocks,butthatcockatoorequiredsupportfromtheresearcherstodoso.Allofthecockatoosopenedallofthelocks,butonlyonecockatoodidsowithoutsupportfromtheresearchers.Nineofthecockatooswereunabletoopenanyofthelocks,butonecockatooopenedsomeofthelocks.Thecockatoosthatreceivedsupportopenedalllocks,butthecockatoothatdidnotreceivesupportopenedonlysomeofthelocks.

YouSendSomeoneanEmoji,aLittlePartofLanguage?2015byDailyDotMedia.Emojiaresmallimagesthataregenerallyusedintextmessaging.Language—whatyou’rereadingrightnow—entirelymadeupofsymbols.Thewordsyou’rereadingaretranslatedbyyourliteratemindandgiventhemeaningyou’vebeentaughttheyhave.Eventhelettersthemselves,thoughseeminglynow,oncereliedonliteraltranslations.letter“H,”forexample，,comesfromtheEgyptianhieroglyphfor“fence.”Infact,arowofHs—HHHHHH—certainlydragsthismillennia-oldmeaningout.TheEnglishlanguageistheproductofthousandsandthousandsofyearsofsuchsymboliclayering—literalimagesformingsinglesymbolsformingwordslike“heart,”“hearth,”and“hearthstone.”Themoreseparatedithas fromtheobjectsandactionsofthephysicalworld,themoreithasenabledustocommunicatethefullcomplexityoflifeasweknowit.Andwhilelanguageisalwaysevolving—changecanoftenlookalotlikedeterioration—therehasbeenarecentreturntotheliteralsymbolismofthehieroglyphsofold.Emojiarecertainlysymbols,andtheyhavethemeaningwegivethemandnothingelse—justlikelettersandlogos.Buttheirrelianceonphysicalimagery—onsyfaces,devilhorns—meanstheylimitusfromleavingthephysicalworld.The ionoflanguageisanecessarytactictofurtherdevelopourunderstandingofthingswecannotsee.Emojimakethismissionallthemoredifficult.Arecentstudydoneby wouldseemtocontradictme.Thedatingsiteyzedthetextingbehaviorof5,600singleAmericansandfoundemojiuseisnotreplacinglanguageasmuchasitisreplacinginflection.LedbyRutgersanthropologistHelenFisher,thestudyfoundtexting‘‘jeopardizesyourabilitytoexpressyouremotion“andemojihavefilledthisholeas”anotherwaytoexpressemotion.”Fiftypercentofthestudy’ssubjectsfound

emojitoshow“ality”and35percentfeltitmade“expressingfeelings”easier.Easierthanlanguage?Easierthantheinfinitecombinationsandwordsinfrontofyou?Easierthanthewayyouactuallyprocessthoughtsinyourmind,tothepointsomescientistsbelievewedontactuallyhavethoughtsuntilwedeveloplanguage?Whilesarcasmmightbeabitdifficultovertext,I’veneverstruggledwithgettingmymeaningthroughtexttothepointofneedingpre-ordainedcartoonstomakemyfeelingsunderstood.Ofcourse,theemojipoolisalwaysgrowing.Currently,theUnicodeConsortiumrecognizes722distinctemoji,anastonishingamount.However,eventhisimpressivenumberofsymbolsislimitedbyitsverymethodofproduction.Whereasalanguageisbuiltandalteredbyallwhospeakit,emojiiscontrolledbytheelitesofthetechnologyThishasshownitselfnowhereasstronglyasithasinreactiontothehomogeneityofemojifaces.ThedemandforethnicdiversityamongthecharactersurgedtheConsortiumtoreleaseaveritablecolorpaletteofsmiling,frowning,winking,andsmirkingfaces.WhereastheOxfordEnglishDictionaryrespondstothegrowthoftheEnglishlanguage,emojimustwaititselfforthedecisionsofanunelectedcommittee.Andtherelianceofemojiuponalready-filledlanguagestandardsmeansitcouldactuallyserveasastopsignforthedevelopmentoflanguage.Becauseitcanonlyuseimagesofphysicalitemsoractions—orpre-existingsymbolslikethedollarsign—emojicannevergroworganicallytohelprepresentconcepts.Allitcaneverbeisadirecttranslationofthelanguageswespeaknow.

FigureEmojiUseoverTimeonaPopularSocialNetworkingSersviceAdaptedfrom"EmojineeringPart1:MachineLearningforTrends."?2012by,lnc.FigureEmojiCategoriesasaPercentageofEmojiUseonaPopularSoftwareApplicationAdaptedfrom“swiftkeyEmojiReport.”?byThepassagemostdirectlysuggeststhatinordertoachievethefullestpossibleknowledgeoftheworldpeoplemustbeskilledattranslating appropriatesymbols.awareoftherichhistoryoftheirrespectiveunwillingtouseemojiorothersymboliccharacterswithliteralmeanings.abletocommunicateaboutintangibleaswellasobservablereality.Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Asusedinline46,“develop”mostnearlysetelaboratelearntoInthepassage,theauthorchallengestheclaimthatemotioncanbedifficulttoexpressthroughtextcitingcurrentresearchthatpresentsacontrastingview.statinganopinionbasedonhisalexperiencewithlanguage.distinguishingbetweenemotionalexpressioninwritingandinspeech.assertingtheinadequacyofimagesforrepresentingconcepts.Asusedinline29,"mission"mostnearly

WhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforanswertothepreviousLines35-Lines39-Lines69-Theauthorrelatesthestudy’sfindingstoargumentbystatingthattheyappearopenlyaddressdirectlyopposeTheauthor’s ontheUnicodeConsortiumisbestcharacterizedasdismissivebecausehebelievesthattheconsortiumupholdsoutdatedlanguageCriticalbecausehebelievesthattheconsortiumwieldsinappropriayrestrictivea