南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)課件1_第1頁
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)課件1_第2頁
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)課件1_第3頁
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)課件1_第4頁
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)管理信息系統(tǒng)課件1_第5頁
已閱讀5頁，還剩61頁未讀， 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明：本文檔由用戶提供并上傳，收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方，若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán)，請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

16Chapter

ManagingInternationalInformationSystems

16ChapterManagingInternationIdentifythemajorfactorsdrivingtheinternationalizationofbusinessComparestrategiesfordevelopingglobalbusinessesDemonstratehowinformationsystemscansupportdifferentglobalbusinessstrategiesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsOBJECTIVESIdentifythemajorfactorsdriEvaluatetheissuesandtechnicalalternativestobeconsideredwhendevelopinginternationalinformationsystemsIdentifythechallengesposedbyglobalinformationsystemsandmanagementsolutionsOBJECTIVES(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsEvaluatetheissuesandtechniChallenge:FulfillcustomerordersmadetoanetworkoffortysubsidiariesinEurope,Asia,andNorthAmericawhosesystemscouldnotsharedatawithoneanotherSolutions:developasinglecorporatedatabaseandusemiddlewarewithstandardinterfacestoconnectallthesubsidiary’ssystemsDevelopasingleworldwidedatamodelwithstandarddefinitionsandcodesIllustratestheroleofsystemsinaninternationalenvironmentforreducinginventoryandbusinessprocesscostsworldwide.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsDragerSafetyAGCaseChallenge:FulfillcustomerorTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalProductDevelopmentandProductionManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-1THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINThebasicinformationsystemsrequiredbyorganizationstocoordinateworldwidetradeandotheractivitiesDevelopinganInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureInternationalinformationsystemsarchitecture:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSAforceintheenvironmenttowhichbusinessesmustrespondandthatinfluencesthedirectionofthebusinessBusinessdriver:ThebasicinformationsystemsInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-2InternationalInformationSystTheGlobalEnvironment:BusinessDriversandChallengesTheglobalbusinessdriverscanbedividedintotwogroups:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalcommunicationandtransportationtechnologiesDevelopmentofglobalcultureGeneralculturalfactors:Table16-1TheGlobalEnvironment:BusineManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSEmergenceofglobalsocialnormsPoliticalstabilityGlobalknowledgebaseTable16-1(Continued)GeneralCulturalFactors:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalmarketsGlobalproductionandoperationsGlobalcoordinationGlobalworkforceGlobaleconomiesofscaleSpecificbusinessfactors:Table16-1(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSBusinessChallengesCulturalparticularism:Regionalism,nationalism,languagedifferencesSocialexpectations:Brand-nameexpectations,workhoursPoliticallaws:Transborderdataandprivacylaws,commercialregulationsGeneral:Table16-2ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSStandards:

Different

ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI),telecommunicationsstandardsReliability:PhonenetworksnotuniformlyreliableSpeed:

Differentdatatransferspeeds,manyslowerthanUnitedStatesPersonnel:

ShortagesofskilledconsultantsSpecific:Table16-2(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSThreekindsoforganizationalstructure:Centralized(inthehomecountry)Decentralized(tolocalforeignunits)Coordinated(allunitsparticipateasequals)GlobalStrategiesandBusinessOrganizationManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHeavycentralizationofcorporateactivitiesinthehomecountryoforiginDomesticexporterstrategy:Centralizedfinancialmanagementandcontrolwhiledecentralizingproduction,sales,andmarketingoperationstounitsinothercountriesMultinationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTheproductisfinancedandinitiallyproducedinthehomecountry,butforproduct-specificreasonsrelyonforeignpersonnelforfurtherproduction,marketing,andhumanresources.Franchisers:Thevalue-addingactivitiesaremanagedfromaglobalperspectivewithoutreferencetonationalborders,optimizingsourcesofsupplyanddemandwherevertheyappear,andtakingadvantageofanylocalcompetitiveadvantages.Transnationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsGlobalSystemstoFittheStrategyGlobalStrategyandSystemsConfigurationsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-3GlobalSystemstoFittheStraManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsCentralizedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationoccurtotallyatthedomestichomebase.Duplicatedsystems:Developmentoccursatthehomebasebutoperationsarehandedovertoautonomousunitsinforeignlocations.Fourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystems3.

Decentralizedsystems:Eachforeignunitdesignsitsownuniquesolutionsandsystems.4.Networkedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationsoccurinanintegratedandcoordinatedfashionacrossallunits.ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOrganizevalue-addingactivitiesalonglinesofcomparativeadvantageDevelopandoperatesystemsunitsateachlevelofcorporateactivity—regional,national,andinternationalEstablishatworldheadquartersReorganizingtheBusinessTodevelopaglobalcompanyandinformationsystemssupportstructure:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsManagementChallengesinDevelopingGlobalSystemsTable16-4ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSDefinethecorebusinessprocesses:Conductworkflowanalysis,identifycentersofexcellencefortheseprocessesIdentifythecoresystemstocoordinatecentrally:ConquerthecoresystemsanddefinethesesystemsastrulytransnationalChooseanapproach:Incremental,GrandDesign,EvolutionaryMaketheBenefitsClearGlobalSystemsStrategyManagementInformationSystemsLocal,Regional,andGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSFigure16-4 Source:AdaptedfromManagingInformationTechnologyinMultinationalCorporationsbyEdardM.roche,copyright1993.Local,Regional,andGlobalSyManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSComputingplatformsandsystemsintegration:

Developglobal,distributed,andintegratedsystemstosupportdigitalbusinessprocessesspanningnationalboundariesUseofsamehardwareandoperatingsystemdoesnotguaranteeintegration.EstablishdataandtechnicalstandardsTechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOvercomingdisparatenationaltechnicalstandards,dataexchangerestrictionsandservicelevelsUserofInternettechnologytocreateglobalintranets,extranets,virtualprivatenetworks(VPNs)Connectivity:TechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystems(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsInternetPopulationinSelectedCountriesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-5TECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINS Sources:CIAWorldFactbook2003;ComputerIndustryAlmanac;and,accessedNovember9,2004InternetPopulationinSelecteManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostofnewinterfacedesignsIntegratingnewsystemswitholdUserinterfacedesignDifferencesinlanguageandconventionsSoftware:Uniquechallengesforapplicationsoftware:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOutsourcingportionsofnewsystemslikedevelopmentworkormaintenanceofexistingsystemstoexternalvendorsinanothercountryOffshoresoftwareoutsourcing:ManagingGlobalSoftwareDevelopmentManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSContractcostVendorselectioncostsTransitionmanagementandknowledgetransfercostsDomestichumanresourcescostsMajorcostcomponentsofoffshoresoftwaredevelopment:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostsofimprovingsoftwaredevelopmentprocessesCostsofadjustingtoculturaldifferencesCostofmanaginganoffshorecontractMajorcostcomponentsofoffshoresoftwaredevelopment:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsTotalCostofOutsourcingManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSFigure16-6TotalCostofOutsourcingManaManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementOpportunities:AbilitytolowercoststhroughglobalscaleeconomiesbybuildinginternationalsystemsforproducingandsellinggoodsandservicesindifferentregionsoftheworldManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFindingtherightglobalbusinessstrategyDifficultiesofmanagingchangeinamulticulturalfirmDifficultiesofachievingglobalconnectivityandintegrationManagementChallenges:MANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsSolutionGuidelines:MANAGEMENTOPPORTUNITIES,CHALLENGES,ANDSOLUTIONSManagementInformationSystems16Chapter

ManagingInternationalInformationSystems

16ChapterManagingInternationIdentifythemajorfactorsdrivingtheinternationalizationofbusinessComparestrategiesfordevelopingglobalbusinessesDemonstratehowinformationsystemscansupportdifferentglobalbusinessstrategiesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsOBJECTIVESIdentifythemajorfactorsdriEvaluatetheissuesandtechnicalalternativestobeconsideredwhendevelopinginternationalinformationsystemsIdentifythechallengesposedbyglobalinformationsystemsandmanagementsolutionsOBJECTIVES(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsEvaluatetheissuesandtechniChallenge:FulfillcustomerordersmadetoanetworkoffortysubsidiariesinEurope,Asia,andNorthAmericawhosesystemscouldnotsharedatawithoneanotherSolutions:developasinglecorporatedatabaseandusemiddlewarewithstandardinterfacestoconnectallthesubsidiary’ssystemsDevelopasingleworldwidedatamodelwithstandarddefinitionsandcodesIllustratestheroleofsystemsinaninternationalenvironmentforreducinginventoryandbusinessprocesscostsworldwide.ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsDragerSafetyAGCaseChallenge:FulfillcustomerorTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalProductDevelopmentandProductionManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-1THEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINThebasicinformationsystemsrequiredbyorganizationstocoordinateworldwidetradeandotheractivitiesDevelopinganInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureInternationalinformationsystemsarchitecture:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSAforceintheenvironmenttowhichbusinessesmustrespondandthatinfluencesthedirectionofthebusinessBusinessdriver:ThebasicinformationsystemsInternationalInformationSystemsArchitectureManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-2InternationalInformationSystTheGlobalEnvironment:BusinessDriversandChallengesTheglobalbusinessdriverscanbedividedintotwogroups:ManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalcommunicationandtransportationtechnologiesDevelopmentofglobalcultureGeneralculturalfactors:Table16-1TheGlobalEnvironment:BusineManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSEmergenceofglobalsocialnormsPoliticalstabilityGlobalknowledgebaseTable16-1(Continued)GeneralCulturalFactors:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSGlobalmarketsGlobalproductionandoperationsGlobalcoordinationGlobalworkforceGlobaleconomiesofscaleSpecificbusinessfactors:Table16-1(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSBusinessChallengesCulturalparticularism:Regionalism,nationalism,languagedifferencesSocialexpectations:Brand-nameexpectations,workhoursPoliticallaws:Transborderdataandprivacylaws,commercialregulationsGeneral:Table16-2ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTHEGROWTHOFINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSStandards:

Different

ElectronicDataInterchange(EDI),telecommunicationsstandardsReliability:PhonenetworksnotuniformlyreliableSpeed:

Differentdatatransferspeeds,manyslowerthanUnitedStatesPersonnel:

ShortagesofskilledconsultantsSpecific:Table16-2(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSThreekindsoforganizationalstructure:Centralized(inthehomecountry)Decentralized(tolocalforeignunits)Coordinated(allunitsparticipateasequals)GlobalStrategiesandBusinessOrganizationManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSHeavycentralizationofcorporateactivitiesinthehomecountryoforiginDomesticexporterstrategy:Centralizedfinancialmanagementandcontrolwhiledecentralizingproduction,sales,andmarketingoperationstounitsinothercountriesMultinationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSTheproductisfinancedandinitiallyproducedinthehomecountry,butforproduct-specificreasonsrelyonforeignpersonnelforfurtherproduction,marketing,andhumanresources.Franchisers:Thevalue-addingactivitiesaremanagedfromaglobalperspectivewithoutreferencetonationalborders,optimizingsourcesofsupplyanddemandwherevertheyappear,andtakingadvantageofanylocalcompetitiveadvantages.Transnationalstrategy:ManagementInformationSystemsGlobalSystemstoFittheStrategyGlobalStrategyandSystemsConfigurationsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFigure16-3GlobalSystemstoFittheStraManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsCentralizedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationoccurtotallyatthedomestichomebase.Duplicatedsystems:Developmentoccursatthehomebasebutoperationsarehandedovertoautonomousunitsinforeignlocations.Fourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystems3.

Decentralizedsystems:Eachforeignunitdesignsitsownuniquesolutionsandsystems.4.Networkedsystems:Systemsdevelopmentandoperationsoccurinanintegratedandcoordinatedfashionacrossallunits.ORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSFourtypesofsystemsconfiguration:(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsORGANIZINGINTERNATIONALINFORMATIONSYSTEMSOrganizevalue-addingactivitiesalonglinesofcomparativeadvantageDevelopandoperatesystemsunitsateachlevelofcorporateactivity—regional,national,andinternationalEstablishatworldheadquartersReorganizingtheBusinessTodevelopaglobalcompanyandinformationsystemssupportstructure:ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSAgreeingoncommonuserrequirementsIntroducingchangesinbusinessprocessesCoordinatingapplicationsdevelopmentCoordinatingsoftwarereleasesEncouraginglocaluserstosupportglobalsystemsManagementChallengesinDevelopingGlobalSystemsTable16-4ManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSDefinethecorebusinessprocesses:Conductworkflowanalysis,identifycentersofexcellencefortheseprocessesIdentifythecoresystemstocoordinatecentrally:ConquerthecoresystemsanddefinethesesystemsastrulytransnationalChooseanapproach:Incremental,GrandDesign,EvolutionaryMaketheBenefitsClearGlobalSystemsStrategyManagementInformationSystemsLocal,Regional,andGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsMANAGINGGLOBALSYSTEMSFigure16-4 Source:AdaptedfromManagingInformationTechnologyinMultinationalCorporationsbyEdardM.roche,copyright1993.Local,Regional,andGlobalSyManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSComputingplatformsandsystemsintegration:

Developglobal,distributed,andintegratedsystemstosupportdigitalbusinessprocessesspanningnationalboundariesUseofsamehardwareandoperatingsystemdoesnotguaranteeintegration.EstablishdataandtechnicalstandardsTechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystemsManagementInformationSystemsManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSOvercomingdisparatenationaltechnicalstandards,dataexchangerestrictionsandservicelevelsUserofInternettechnologytocreateglobalintranets,extranets,virtualprivatenetworks(VPNs)Connectivity:TechnologyChallengesofGlobalSystems(Continued)ManagementInformationSystemsInternetPopulationinSelectedCountriesManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsFigure16-5TECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINS Sources:CIAWorldFactbook2003;ComputerIndustryAlmanac;and,accessedNovember9,2004InternetPopulationinSelecteManagementInformationSystemsChapter16ManagingInternationalInformationSystemsTECHNOLOGYISSUESANDOPPORTUNITIESFORGLOBALVALUECHAINSCostofnewinterfacedesignsIntegratingnewsystemswitholdUserinterfacedesignDifferencesinlanguageandconventionsSoftware:Uniquech

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明，都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等，如果需要附件，請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙，網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽，若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間，僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理，對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯，并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容，請與我們聯(lián)系，我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評論

0/150

提交評論