語言學詞素展示課件

Morphology1.MorphemeWhatisamorpheme？Itistheminimalmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Oritisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.

語素是最小的有意義的單位。它是語言中最小的構(gòu)詞單位2.MorphandallomorphThedefinitionofmorphs：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.

語素的語音或拼寫法的體現(xiàn)叫形素。Morphsareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.形素是口語中最小的意義載體。

Freevs.boundmorphemes

自由語素與粘著語素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由語素是能獨立運用的語素，它有完整的意義，在句中充當一個自由的語法單位。E.g.,man,wind,open,tourMorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘著語素不能獨立成詞，只能依附于其他語素上以構(gòu)成詞或擔當一定的語法功能。Freemorphemesareallroots/freeroots,whicharecapableofbeingusedaswordsorasword-buildingelementstoformnewwords.自由語素都是詞根,也叫自由詞根,能用作詞或作為構(gòu)成新詞的構(gòu)詞要素。Boundmorphemesconsistofeitherroots(boundroots)oraffixes.粘著語素包括詞根（粘著詞根）和詞綴。E.g.,boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-icDerivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes

派生語素與屈折語素Whatarederivationalandinflectionalmorphemes?Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折語素作為語法標記表示詞的語法意義，屈折語素只限于詞綴。3.5MorphemeandWord-formation

Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.

在構(gòu)詞法中,語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。

Inflectionalaffixes(orinflectionalmorphemes)servetoindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.表示詞的語法意義的是屈折詞綴。Theyexpressthefollowingmeanings:Plurality名詞復數(shù)Thegenitivecase名詞所有格Thecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees形容詞/副詞比較級、最高級Theverbalendings動詞詞尾變化e.g.-sinchairs,pens;-esinboxes,tomatoes;-eninoxene.g.’sinboy’s,children’se.g.-erinwordslikesmaller;-estinwordslikesmallest.a.-(e)sinwordslikeeats,teachesshowsthethirdpersonsingularpresenttense.b.-inginwordslikeeating,showsthepresentparticipleorgerund.c.-(e)dinwordslikeworkedshowsthepasttenseorpastparticiple.DerivationalaffixesorderivationalmorphemesTheycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.

(1)Prefixesareaffixesbeforetheroot.e.g.，unjust,rewrite.Asarule,mostprefixesmodifythemeaningofroots,butnottheirpartsofspeech.

(2)SuffixesareaffixesaftertherootBytheadditionofthesuffix,thewordisusuallychangedfromonepartofspeechintoanother,e.g.liberation,modernize.Root,stem,base

詞根、詞干、詞基Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.

詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootorastem.詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。詞根、詞干、詞基詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。詞基是任何一種詞綴都可加在上面的形式。它與詞根有區(qū)別，因為它是可以從派生角度進行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的，因為派生詞綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。ClassificationofprefixesThemajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前綴Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前綴Pejorativeprefixes貶義前綴Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范圍和程度的前綴Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和態(tài)度的前綴Locativeprefixes方位前綴Prefixesoftimeandorder表時間和順序的前綴Numberprefixes數(shù)字前綴Conversionprefixes轉(zhuǎn)化前綴Miscellaneousprefixes其他類型的前綴1.Negativeprefixes

prefixes

meaningexamplesun-not,theconverseofunwisenon-nonessentialdis-dishonestin-informalim-immatureil-illegalir-irregular3.Pejorativeprefixes

prefixes

meaningexamplesmis-wronglymishearmal-badmalformedpseudo-falsepseudoscience4.Prefixesofdegreeorsize

prefixes

meaningexamplesarch-supremearchbishopsuper-morethansupermarketout-surpassingoutlivesur-oversurchargesub-belowsubnormalover-excessiveoverconfidentunder-toolittleunderhandhyper-extremehypercriticalultra-extremeultrafashionablemini-littleminiskirt5.Prefixesofattitude

prefixes

meaningexamplesco-withcooperatecounter-againstcounterattackanti-againstanti-clockwisepro-forpro-Chinese7.Prefixesoftimeandorder

prefixes

meaningexamplesfore-beforeforeseepre-inadvancepreschoolpost-afterpostindustrialex-formerex-presidentre-againresell8.Numberprefixesprefixesmeaningexamplessemi-,demi-,hemi-halfsemi-feudal,demi-circle,hemisphereuni-,mono-oneuniform,monotonebi-,di-twobilingual,dioxidetri-threetrianglequadr(i)-,tetra-fourquadrennial,tetrapetalous8.Numberprefixes

prefixesmeaningexamplesquinqu-,penta-fivequinquagenarian,pentagonhexa-,sex-sixhexahedron,sexcentenarysept-,hepta-sevenseptangle,heptadocta-eightoctadennea-nineenneadBeforenounsandadjectivestoformtransitiveverbsbefriend(tobehaveasafriendto)becloud(tocoverwithclouds使遮暗,蒙蔽)benumb(Tomakenumb,especiallybycold;Tomakeinactive;dull:使失去知覺：使失去活力；使遲鈍belittlebecalm(Tomakecalmorstill;soothe.使平靜：成為安靜的或靜止的；使鎮(zhèn)靜)Withnounsplus–edtoyieldadjectives

bespectacled(Wearingeyeglasses)Benighted(Overtakenbynightordarkness陷入黑暗;Beinginastateofmoralorintellectualdarkness;unenlightened.蒙昧的：處于道德或智力的愚昧狀態(tài)的；未啟蒙的)en-(embeforep,b,m)Beforenounsoradjectivestocreatetransitiveverbs.使成為使處于…狀態(tài)Beforenouns,

enslave(causetobe);empower(v.授權(quán)）embody(v.體現(xiàn)）endanger(V.使處于危險之中)Beforeadjectivestoformverbsenableenrichenlargeendear使受喜愛ensure擔保9.Conversionprefixes

prefixes

examplesa-astridebe-becalmen-enlargeem-empower2.SuffixationQuestion:Whyistheclassificationofsuffixesdifferentfromtheclassificationofprefixes?Prefixesprimarilyfunctionasasemanticmodificationofthebase,whilesuffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticroleandtheirprimaryfunctionaretochangethegrammaticalfunctionofthebase.PrefixesareclassifiedonasemanticbasisandsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisTypesofsuffixesNounsuffixesAdjectivesuffixesVerbsuffixesAdverbssuffixesNounsuffixesDe-nominalnounsuffixesDe-verbalnounsuffixesDe-adjectivenounsuffixesNounandadjectivesuffixes1.1Nounsuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-sterpersonengagedinanoccupationoractivitygamester-eermountaineer-er(or)driver-antinhabitant-letsmall,unimportantbooklet,-ettesmall;imitation;femalecigarette,leatherette,usherette-essfemalehostess1.1Nounsuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-hoodstatuschildhood-shipconditiondictatorship-domrealmofficialdom-ingstatebathing-fulamounthandful-tionstateoppressionAdjectiveSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-fulfullofhopeful-lesswithoutmeaningless-lyhavingthequalityoffriendly-likelikechildlike-ysomewhatlikesilkyAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ishsomewhatlikefoolish-somecausingtroublesome-ablecapablechangeable-edhavingmoneyed-altypicalofregionalAdjectiveSuffixessuffixesmeaningexamples-ary(ory)connectedwithimaginary-esquelikepicturesque-ousfullofmalicious-ictypicalofdramatic-ivehavingthequalityofattractiveAdverbSuffixes

suffixesmeaningexamples-lyina…mannerattentively-warddirectionofmovementhomeward-foldtimeshundredfold-wiseinthemannerofasfaras…isconcernedcrabwiseweatherwise4.2Compounding

復合法Thedefinition

ofcompoundingandcompoundCharacteristicsofcompoundsPhonologicalfeaturesSemanticfeaturesGrammaticalfeaturesOrthographicalfeatures4.2Compounding

復合法3.FormationofCompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsThroughconversion:nickname;first-nameThroughbackformation:lip-readingtolip-readchain-smokertochain-smoke4.3Conversion

轉(zhuǎn)化法Question:Whatisconversion?Whyisitcalledzero-derivation?changeofword-class;functionalshiftderivationprocesswithouttheadditionofanaffixTypesofConversionConversiontoNounsConversiontoVerbsConversiontoAdjectivesWordsproducedbyconversionareprimarilynouns,adjectivesandverbs,amongwhichtheconversionbetweennounsandverbsarethemostproductive.4.3.1ConversiontonounsDe-verbalDe-adjectivalMiscellaneousconversion1)Deverbal（由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的名詞）Almostallmonomorphemic(單語素結(jié)構(gòu)的)verbscanbeusedasnouns，whicharesemanticallyrelatedtotheoriginalverbsinvariousways.State(ofmindorsensation)(doubt;want;desire)Eventoractivity(search;laugh;teach-in)Resultoftheaction(catch;find,answer)Doeroftheaction(help;cheat,bore)Toolorinstrumenttodotheactionwith(cover;wrap)Placeoftheaction(pass;walk;divide)2)De-adjectival

由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的名詞Fullconversion完全轉(zhuǎn)換:Anounfullyconvertedfromanadjectivehasallthecharacteristicsofnouns.Itcantakeanindefinitearticleor–(e)stoindicatesingularorpluralnumber.

Partialconversion部分轉(zhuǎn)換Nounspartiallyconvertedfromadjectivesdonotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinitearticlesasnounswhileretainingsomeoftheadjectivefeatures.Thegradableadjectivescankeeptheircomparativeorsuperlativedegrees.Wordsinthiscategorygenerallydenoteagroupofthekind.3).Miscellaneousconversion

其他類型的轉(zhuǎn)換Nounsconvertedfromotherclassesasconjunctions,modals,finiteverbs,prepositions,etc.ConversiontoverbsTheuseoftheverbconvertedisbotheconomicalandvivid.ThreekindsofconversiontoverbsDenominal:topocketthemoney;thenursethebabyDe-adjectival:

Thephotographyellowedwithage.Miscellaneousconversion:Thestudentstut-tuttheidea.ConversiontoadjectivesItoccursmostlybetweennounsandadjectives.LessproductiveWord-formation

BlendingClippingAcronymyBackformationSoundreduplicationCommonizationofpropernames4.4Blending拼綴法DefinitionClassificationFeaturesofblendssmog（smoke+fog）fogintensifiedbysmokesci-fi(science+fiction)of,relatingto,orbeingsciencefictionairtel(air+hotel)hotelsituatedatorclosetoanairportmedicare(medical+care)agovernmentprogramofmedicalcare,esp.fortheagedskylab(sky+laboratory)UnitedStatesspacestation;inorbitfrom1973to1979FivetypesofblendingaccordingtotheirmorphologicalstructuresHead+tail:Thefirstpartofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondone:Head+head:thefirstpartofthefirstword+thefirstpartofthesecondoneHead+word:thefirstpartofthefirstword+wholeformofthesecondoneWord+tail:wholeformofthefirstword+thelastpartofthesecondoneWord+head:wholeformofthefirstword+firstpartofthesecondoneFeaturesofBlendsTheoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns,veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.Therelationofthecomponentsofablendcanbeclassifiedintotwokinds:thetwopartsmayenjoyequalstatusandcanbeconnectedby“and”asin“brunch”oronecomponentisthemodificatoroftheotherasin“psywar”.particularlycommonincommercialandjournalisticlanguage(newspapersandmagazines)andinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology4.5Clipping截短法DefinitionReasonsforusingclippingTypesofclippingCharacteristicsofclippingsFrontclippingBackclippingFrontandbackclippingPhraseclippingTypesofclippingFrontclipping首部截短Thedeletionoccursatthebeginningoftheword.quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)bus(omnibus)phone(telephone)Backclipping詞尾截短Thedeletionoccursattheendoftheword.ad(advertisement)lib(liberation)自由黨prof(professor)dorm(dormitory)lab(laboratory)memo(memorandum)Frontandbackclipping首尾部截短flu(influenza)tec(detective)fridge(refrigerator)jams(pajamas)Clippingmaygiverisetoalterationsinspellingandpronunciation.bike(bicycle)mike(microphone)coke(Cocacola)pram(perambulator)Thischangeinformandsoundispossiblyduetotheinformalitytypicalofclippedforms.Forconvenienceandcasualnessinspeech,peopleoftenomitoneortwosyllablesfromaword;andthenwhenitiswrittendown,anewspellingformiscoinedtosuittheoralform.

Phraseclipping短語截短Thisinvolvestheshorteningofaphrase.pop(popularmusic)pub(publichouse)perm(permanentwaves)zoo(zoologicalgarden)Gents(Gentlemen'sRoom)FeaturesofclippingsClippingsmaygiverisetoalterationsinspellingandpronunciation.Clippingsmayvarywithsocialclasses,groupsoroccupations,certainlocutionsarepeculiartotheirowngroups.Thesportsmanhasref(=referee).Theschoolgirlhasherhols(=holidays)andprep(=preparationofschoolwork).Butthecollegestudentshashisexam,prof,math,lab,trigandgym.Featuresofclippings

Afewoftheclippedwordsliketaxi,plane,busarenowacceptedinthecommoncorevocabularyoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyhavereplacedtheiroriginalsandsomepeoplearenolongerawarethatbus

wasclippedfromomnibusandtaxifromtaxicab.Stylisticallyspeaking,clippedwordsaregenerallyusedinlessformalsituationsthantheirfull-lengthequivalents.Mostofthemareregardedtobeinformalandcolloquial.Buttherearestillsomecasesinwhichtheoriginalformsareregardedasbookishandpeopleprefertheclippedwords.e.glunch(luncheon)4.6Acronymy首字母縮略法DefinitionTwotypesofacronymsdependingonthepronunciationofthewordsinitialisms首字母縮略詞Definitionclassificationacronyms首字母拼音詞DefinitionclassificationInitialisms首字母縮略詞Definition---Initialismsarewordsformedbyacronymyandpronouncedasasequenceofletters.TwokindsofinitialismsLettersrepresentfullwords字母代表整個詞VOAVoiceofAmericaLettersrepresentconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofawordTVtelevision字母代表一個復合詞的構(gòu)成成分或詞的一部分IDidentificationoridentitycardAcronyms首字母拼音法Atrueacronymisawordformedfromtheinitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.Arealinnovationofthe20thcenturyandhasoriginatedspontaneouslyinthemilitaryjargonoftheFirstWorldWar.Itremainsafavoritewiththemilitary,butisalsousedbyacademics,bureaucrats,corporations,children,andallotherclassesofwordcoiners.Pureacronyms(formedfrominitiallettersonly)純粹的首字母拼音詞Hybridacronymslikeradar(formedwithmorethaninitialletters)混合的首字母拼音詞radiodetectingandrangingSyllabicacronyms,likeDelmarva(Delaware,Maryland,andVirginia)首字母拼音詞Asyllabicabbreviation(SA)isanabbreviationformedfrom(usually)initialsyllablesofseveralwords,suchasInterpolforInternationalpolice國際警察組織.Structurally,3kindsofacronyms4.7Backformation逆生法DefinitionClassificationThemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes,socalledbecausemanyoftheremovedendingsarenotsuffixesbutinseparablepartsofthewords.